CURRENT:

THE CURRENT IS THE RATE FLOW OF

ELECTRONCES IN
ANY CONDUCTOR ,IT CALLED CURRENT.IT IS DENOTED BY `I` .
THE UNIT IS Amp.
I=V/R
1Amp =6.26*10^18 e

POTENTIAL:
THE WORK DONE PER UNIT CHARGE IN MOVING
AN INFINITECMAL PONT CHARGE FROM THE COMMON REFERENCE
POINT TO THE GIVEN POINT.
OR
IT IS IHE MULTYFICATION OF THE CURRENT AND RESISTANCE,IT`S
CALLED POTENTIAL.IT IS DENOTED BY `V`.THE UNIT IS VOLT .
V=IR
WHERE,
V= POTENTIAL
I= CURRENT
R= RESISTANCE

POWER:
POWER IS THE RATE AT WHICH ELECTRIC ENERGY IS
TRANSFERRED BY AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT.IT IS DENOTED BY`P`.
THE S.I. UNIT OF POWER IS THE WATT.
P=VI
WHERE,
P=POWER

UNITS OF ELECTRICAL POWER

1KW = 10^3W
1MW = 10^6W
1HP

= 746W

1W-H = 3600J
1K-H = 3.6*10^6

PERFORMANCE OF SOLLER
CELL
Max.Voltage
Max. Current

Power

= 17.36 V
= 1.16 Amp.

= 20.137 W

In Open Circuit Voltage = 20.04 V

In Short Circuit Current = 1.32 Amp.
System Voltage

CALCULATION :
FOR FAN,
P=8W,V=12V,I=?,R=?

= 1000 V DC

1.

WE KNOW THAT,
P = VI
I = P/V
I = 8/12=0.66 Amp

2.

V = IR
R = V/I
R = 12/0.66 =18 Ohm

FOR LED,
P=5W,V=12V,I=?,R=?
1. WE KNOW THAT

P = VI
I = P/V
I = 5/12 = 0.42 Amp

2.

V = IR
R = V/I
R = 12/0.42 =28.57 Ohm

RESULTANT:
IF WE CAN GENERATE THE ELECTRICITY
1.16Amp
BY SOLLER PANAL CELL SIZE
450*530.IF WE ARE INCREASE SOLLER CELL
THEN,WE CAN INCREASE
ELECTRICITY.

ADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES
Today, PV systems have an important use in areas remote from an
electricity grid where they provide power for water pumping, lighting,
vaccine refrigeration, electrified livestock fencing, telecommunications
and many other applications. However, with the global demand to reduce
carbon-dioxide emissions, PV technology is also gaining popularity as a
mainstream form of electricity generation.
Photovoltaic modules provide an independent, reliable
electrical power source at the point of use, making it particularly suited to
remote locations. However, solar PV is increasingly being used by homes
and offices to provide electricity to replace or supplement grid power,
often in the form of solar PV roof tiles. The daylight needed is free, but
the cost of equipment can take many years before receiving any payback.
However, in remote areas where grid connection is expensive, PV can be
the most cost effective power source.
Main Merits are as follows The power source of the sun is absolutely free.
The production of solar energy produces no pollution.
The technological advancements in solar energy systems have made
them extremely cost effective.
Most systems do not require any maintenance during their lifespan,
which means you never have to put money into them.
Most systems have a life span of 30 to 40 years.
Most systems carry a full warranty for 20 to 30 years or more.
Unlike traditional monstrous panel systems, many modern systems
are sleeker such as Uni-Solar rolls that lay directly on the roof like
regular roofing materials.

LIMITATION
S

LIMITATION

1. High Equipment Cost:

The high cost of solar panels and related
equipment is the primary disadvantage to a solar powered home.
However, local and national governments often provide tax breaks to
individuals who install solar electric systems. Despite tax breaks, solar
panels, mounting hardware, electrical components and installation might
cost tens of thousands of dollars for the average consumer. Importantly, if
a solar electric system reduces or eliminates monthly utility bills, the
system eventually pays for itself.

2. Location:
Climate, environment and location can limit or enhance the
viability of a solar energy system. Solar energy systems depend upon
access to the sun's energy. Therefore, disadvantageous locations for solar
energy systems include areas that receive intermittent light, heavy shade
or sun blockage from natural features. Alternatively, homes located in
areas that receive regular, consistent sunlight generally benefits from the
installation of solar energy systems.

3. Less Efficiency:
It is less efficient because firstly it converts only
60% of total radiation it gets from sun into Electrical Energy and some
energy is lost while storing charge into battery. It also loses some charge
while running the appliance in the form of Heat.

4. Rapid Voltage Fluctuation:

This problem takes place due to
change in intensity of Radiation as well as the angle of incidence of
Sunrays. The Intensity of Radiation is maximum during Peak Hours
(10am to 2pm) and reduces to half after these hours.

FUTURE SCOPE

FUTURE SCOPE:

10

Solar power deals with the use of solar radiation for practical
purposes. It has been employed in order to decrease the carbon
footprints from our environment. It is the basic motor of all
forms of energy generation methods. It is free and clean to use.
This form of energy is available in abundance in our
environment. The fossil fuels are also mere frozen solar power.
Solar energy has remained a necessary ingredient for decades
now. It's demand for usage still prevails.
Solar power is the most flourishing form of eco-friendly energy.
It contains no moving parts and generates no noise. It does not
release any harmful radiations into the environment. This form
of energy does not affect the human life as well as the animal
life. It converts light form into electricity very silently. There is a
particular disadvantage of this form of energy i.e. its output
variability, when there is no direct sun light, these panels fail to
work until there is adequate sunlight.
As the technology has advanced, we now have started making
use of electric vehicles too. Such vehicles have started becoming
readily available and are operated using battery technology as
well as solar energy. Their costs are now dropping and such
vehicles are becoming readily available to the masses. Electric
vehicles have a wonderful future for sure as they do not pollute
the environment. They are also cheap in their usage.

11

ESTIMATE

S.No.

12

COMPONENTS

QS.

R.S.

01

Photovoltaic Cell 12V DC, 20W

4,000.00

02

CHARGE CONTROLLER,1.6Amp

700.00

03

Battery 12V DC, 10Ah

3,500.00

04

LED LAMP

2,000.00

05

DC FAN

1,500.00

06

CONECTION WIRE

07

WOODEN STAND

08

NUT&BOLT,NAIL&PAINT

TOTAL AMOUNT

ESTIMAT:

13

2 meter

100.00

350.00

4+12+1

75.00

12,225.00

BIBLIOGRAPHY

14

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Non Conventional Energy Resources By B. H. Khan

2. Non Conventional Energy Resources By Mr. D. K.Sharma
3. Non Conventional Energy Resources By D. S. Chauhan
4. A Text Book Of Electrical Technology Volume 11 By A.
K. Theraja
5. Basic Electronics Module 1 by Jetking Indias No. 1 C. H
& N. I
6. www.google.com (search engine)
7. www.yahoo.com (search engine)
8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_lighting
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell
10.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28electricity%29

15

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