Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
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3DH,
UK
PRESENT ADDRESS: SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA, NORWICH NR4
7TJ, UK
PRESENT ADDRESS: BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY, NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL, HIGH CROSS, MADINGLEY ROAD, CAMBRIDGE CB3
0ET,
UK
Received November 30, 2007; accepted in principle November 30, 2007; accepted for publication December 4, 2007; published online
December 11, 2007
Communicating editor: K.J. Flynn
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at the MBA. Robin and Patrick formed a working partnership that was to last 10 years and to include about
250 days at sea together (Table I). Together they pioneered the application of continuous measuring techniques and remote sensing to interdisiplinary studies of
shelf seas around the UK, receiving strong support
from colleagues including Gary Mardell, Bob Head,
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3 5 July
9 23 April
9 13 June
17 31 July
19 21 August
7 10 October
13 17 October
3 7 November
8 12 December
13 14 January
9 23 March
20 23 April
20 July 4 August
9 12 August
21 March11 April
30 April 6 May
28 May1 June
11 28 July
16 26 August
30 August 3 September
21 28 April
15 23 June
11 21 July
21 22, 25 27 September
10 23 April
17 30 August
22 April 1 May
29 July 14 August
22 July 2 August
24 August 4 Sept
24 May3 June
18 27 June
20 30 July
2 13 August
16 27 May
July
10 19 June
9 19 July
23 August 2 Sept
10 July 3 August
30 April 15 May
5 22 July
8 June 3 July
9 12 June
19 26 June
27 June 19 July
12 June 3 July
18 April 23 May
9 May16 June
30 July 14 August
25 July 14 August
26 April 2 June
15 July 7 August
12 October 28 Nov
2 14 December
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any change process of this type is inherently demanding, but Patrick led with warmth, good humour and
clarity of vision. During his 4-year tenure as Head of
School, Patrick initiated the development of marine
molecular biology at Southampton and oversaw the
process whereby SOES became the main UK centre
for marine geophysics, as well as expanding capabilities
in marine geochemistry. Patricks legacy as a scientific
leader continues to be warmly regarded as having been
crucially instrumental in developing oceanography and
earth science at Southampton.
In his 12 years at Southampton, Patrick supervised
16 PhD students (Table II) and mentored a number of
postdoctoral staff including Toby Tyrrell, Cathy Lucas
and Emilio Maranon. The effects of coccolith light scattering on the optical properties of seawater were investigated by Toby Tyrrell. The Monte Carlo modelling
study showed that high coccolith concentrations caused
increased brightness and heating of the surface water,
increased albedo of the ocean, stronger stratification,
net cooling of the water column and decreased total
water column productivity (Tyrrell et al., 1999). At the
same time, a new interest in intertidal benthic microalgae had led to funding of a project within the
EU-funded programme ECOFLAT (Eco-Metabolism of
a Tidal Flat). Studies of algal pigment distribution on
the Molenplaat tidal flat within the Westerschelde
estuary (SW Netherlands) showed that microalgal
biomass was redistributed both horizontally and vertically by a combination of biological and physical processes (Lucas and Holligan, 1999). Chl a distribution
was highly correlated with sedimentological parameters,
with algal biomass greatest at siltier sites. Field measurements and annular flume experiments also showed that
benthic abundance and resuspension of large planktonic diatoms, such as Coscinodiscus spp., increased in
response to increases in current velocity (Lucas et al.,
2001).
In 1994, together with Jim Aiken at the Plymouth
Marine Laboratory, Patrick had written one of the two
NERC standard grants within the PRIME (Plankton
Reactivity in the Marine Environment) thematic programme which would become the AMT programme.
Patrick participated in the second AMT cruise between
the Falkland Islands and the UK, crossing the equator
on board ship for the first time in his career. His
research on oceanic phytoplankton flourished through
the opportunities afforded by the AMT. Maranon and
Holligan (Maranon and Holligan, 1999) and Maranon
et al. (Maranon et al., 2000) examined the latitudinal
and vertical distributions of phytoplankton size structure
and productivity in relation to physical, chemical and
biological variables along the AMT track between 508N
and 508S. A surprisingly large degree of variability
occurred in the Atlantic subtropical gyres, where estimated rates of primary production and phytoplankton
growth varied by as much as 8-fold, while Chl a concentrations remained relatively constant. This has major
implications for satellite-based models of global productivity, because the observed variability in biomassspecific photosynthesis was at least three times higher
than previously assumed. These studies also found a
significant negative correlation between the latitudinal
changes in the maximum Chl a normalized rate of
photosynthesis (P Bm) and those in the depth of the nitracline, emphasizing the need to include nutrient driven
changes of phytoplankton photophysiology in models of
primary productivity.
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Data from four AMT cruises were used to characterize the patterns of phytoplankton size structure and productivity in temperate, oligotrophic, upwelling and
equatorial regions (Maranon et al., 2001). On average,
picophytoplankton (0.2 2 mm) accounted for 56 and
71% of the total integrated carbon fixation and autotrophic biomass, respectively, and most of the latitudinal
variability in total photoautotrophic biomass and production was driven by changes in this size class. In temperate and coastal upwelling regions, small (,2 mm)
and large (.2 mm) phytoplankton accounted for a proportion of total biomass that was similar to their proportion of total productivity. In contrast, in the
oligotrophic and equatorial regions, large phytoplankton tended to account for a fraction of the total primary
production that was significantly higher than their proportion of total biomass. Interestingly, in the equatorial
upwelling, the increased biomass and production was
not associated with a corresponding change in the phytoplankton size structure (Maranon et al., 2001).
Other related work on phytoplankton pigment distributions and absorption properties was continued in collaboration with Ray Barlow and Stuart Gibb during
AMT (Gibb et al., 2000; Barlow et al., 2002, 2004) and
through supervision of PhD students Mark Moore and
David Suggett (Table II) who investigated the variability
and environmental controls on phytoplankton physiology using fast-repetition-rate-fluorometry (Moore
et al., 2003, 2006; Suggett et al., 2001, 2006).
In 2000, the first overview paper of the AMT programme was published (Aiken et al., 2000) and Patrick
became one of the main co-investigators of further
funding for AMT, through the submission of a NERC
marine/atmospheric consortium proposal. This subsequently funded 45 researchers (including 9 students) in
6 UK research establishments to undertake six 40 day,
13 500 km transect cruises between 2003 and 2005
(Robinson et al., 2006). Patrick was the Principal Scientist
on two of these cruises (Fig. 1; Table I) and at the time of
going to press, the AMT programme has enabled collaboration with 27 research groups from 10 countries and
resulted in 160 publications (www.amt-uk.org).
Patricks research within the NERC Consortium
phase of the AMT programme included the study of
coccolithophore distribution and activity, the impact of
coccolithophores on oceanic carbonate budgets and the
relative magnitude of phytoplankton photosynthesis, calcification and silicification. Simultaneous measurements
of the biogenic production of calcite (calcification), opal
(silicification) and organic carbon ( photosynthesis) in
the upper ocean between 498N and 428S in the
Atlantic Ocean, confirmed the light dependency of calcification and photosynthesis, and the substrate
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P U B L I C AT I O N S O F PAT R I C K
M. HOLLIGAN (IN
C H RO N O LO G I C A L O R D E R )
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D. J. (2003) Physical controls on phytoplankton physiology at a shelf sea front: a fast repetition-rate fluorometer based field study. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 259,
29 45.
Friend, P. L., Collins, M. B., and Holligan,
P. M. (2003) Day night variation of intertidal
flat sediment properties in relation to sediment stability. Estuarine Coast. Shelf Sci. 58, 663 675.
Barlow, R. G., Aiken, J., Moore, G. F., Holligan,
P. M. and Lavender, S. (2004) Pigment adaptations
in surface phytoplankton along the eastern boundary
of the Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 281,
13 26.
Chuck, A., Tyrrell, T., Totterdell, I. J. and Holligan,
P. M. (2005) The oceanic response to carbon emissions over the next century: investigation using three
ocean carbon cycle models. Tellus 57B, 70 86.
Sharples, J. and Holligan, P. M. (2006)
Interdisciplinary studies in the Celtic Sea. In
Robinson, A. R. and Brink, K. (Eds), The Sea. Vol
14B, Harvard Univ., pp. 1003 1031.
Moore, C. M., Suggett, D. J., Hickman, A. E., Kim,
Y.-M., Tweddle, J. F., Sharples, J., Geider, R. J. and
Holligan, P. M. (2006) Phytoplankton photoacclimation and photoadaptation in response to environmental gradients in a shelf sea. Limnol. Oceanogr. 51,
936 949.
Robinson, C., Poulton, A. J., Holligan, P. M., Baker,
A. R., Forster, G., Gist, N., Jickells, T. D., Malin, G.,
Upstill-Goddard, R., Williams, R. G., Woodward,
E. M. S. and Zubkov, M. V. (2006) The Atlantic
Meridional Transect (AMT) Programme: a contextual view 1995 2005. Deep-Sea Res. II., 53, 1483
1513.
Heywood, J., Zubkov, M. V., Tarran, G. A., Fuchs,
B. M. and Holligan, P. M. (2006) Prokaryoplankton
standing stocks in oligotrophic gyre and equatorial
provinces of the Atlantic Ocean: evaluation of interannual variability. Deep-Sea Res. II., 53, 1528 1545.
Suggett, D., Moore, C. M., Maranon, E., Omachi,
C., Varela, R. A., Aiken, J. and Holligan,
P. M. (2006) Photosynthetic electron turnover in the
tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res.
II., 53, 1571 1590.
Poulton, A. J., Sanders, R., Holligan, P. M.,
Stinchcombe, M. C., Adey, T. R., Brown,
L. and Chamberlain, K. (2006a) Phytoplankton mineralization in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic
Ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 20, GB4002, doi:
10.1029/2006GB002712, 2006.
Poulton, A., Holligan, P. M., Hickman, A., Kim,
Y.-N., Adey, T. R., Stinchcombe, M. C., Holeton, C.,
Root, S. and Woodward, M. S. (2006b)
AC K N OW L E D G E M E N T S
Many thanks to everyone who contributed information
for this biography, particularly Peter Burkill, Roger
Harris, Alan Kemp, Duncan Purdie, Andrew Roberts
and Dave Suggett. Especial thanks go to Patrick
himself, first for inspiring the conference held in his
honour, (Plymouth, April 2008) and this journal special
issue, secondly for giving up a day of his time to reminisce on his scientific career with us and thirdly for
reviewing the first draft of this biography.
REFERENCES
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Gulf of Maine coccolithophore bloom. Photogram. Eng. Rem. Sens.,
55, 473 474.
Ackleson, S. G., Balch, W. M. and Holligan, P. M. (1994) Response of
water-leaving radiance to particulate calcite and chlorophyll a concentrations: a model for Gulf of Maine coccolithophore blooms.
J. Geophys. Res., 99, 7483 7499.
Aiken, J., Rees, N., Hooker, S. et al. (2000) The Atlantic Meridional
Transect: overview and synthesis of data. Prog. Oceanog., 45,
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Balch, W. M., Holligan, P. M., Ackleson, S. G. et al. (1991) Biological
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Barlow, R. G., Aiken, J., Moore, G. F. et al. (2004) Pigment adaptations
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Fasham, M. J. R., Holligan, P. M. and Pugh, P. R. (1983) The spatial
and temporal development of the spring phytoplankton bloom in
the Celtic Sea, April 1979. Prog. Oceanog., 12, 87 145.
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Holligan, P. M., Aarup, T. and Groom, S. (1989) The North Sea: satellite colour atlas. Contin. Shelf Res., 9, 667 765.
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Suggett, D., Kraay, G., Holligan, P. et al. (2001) Assessment of photosynthesis in a spring cyanobacterial bloom by use of a fast repetition
rate fluorometer. Limnol. Oceanogr., 46, 802 810.
Malin, G., Turner, S., Liss, P. et al. (1993) Dimethyl sulphide and
dimethylsulphonioproprionate in the north east Atlantic during the
summer coccolithophore bloom. Deep-Sea Res. I., 40, 14871508.
Turner, S. M., Malin, G., Liss, P. S. et al. (1988) The seasonal variation
of dimethyl sulphide and dimethylsulphoniopropionate concentrations in nearshore waters. Limnol. Oceanogr., 33, 364 375.
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