Ideology

Anarchism

Aristocracy

Definitions

Values

Society
Views of Human Nature: Optimistic in
without
general although Stirners views differ
government,
from those of other anarchists
laws, police Emphasis on the rationality and
or
other
sovereignty of the individual
authority.
Very strong emphasis on individual
System
of
liberty although it is important to
self-control
clarify the meaning of liberty for
anarchists.
Economic Freedom. Opposition to
stateownership and control of the
means of production as in USSR State
Socialism
Support for laissez faire, minimal
Government and some economic
Inequality
Opposition to capitalist inequality and
opposition to private property.
Support for: Mutualism, Collectivism,
Communism
The
the rule of the few bestthe morally
privilege of
and intellectually superiorgoverning
social class
in the interest of the entire population.
whose
the ruling upper layer of a stratified
members
group. Thus, the upper ranks of the
possess
government
form
the
political
disproportion
aristocracy of the state; the stratum of
ately
large
the highest religious dignitaries
percentage of
constitutes the aristocracy of the
society's
church; and the richest captains of
wealth,
industry and finance constitute an

Author(s)

Period

Forms

the
Young
Hegelians in the
1840s, during the
revolutionary
upheavals
that
swept
across
Europe
and
destroyed the Old
Order:
Mikhail
Bakunin
and
Frederick
Engels,Hegel,Max
Stirner, Proudhon.

the
Enlightenmen
t or Age of
Reason (17th
to
21st
centuries)

Left Anarchism (communalist

polity, participatory economy,
oppositional worldview)
Anarcho-Primitivism (emphasi
s on psychology, anthropology,
on lived experience)
Taoism
Anarcho-communism
Anarcho-syndicalism,
Individualist anarchism

the
Greek
philosophers Plato
(c.
428/427
348/347 bc) and
Aristotle (384322
bc)

from 1570s
and became
paramount
17century.

There are three main kinds of

aristocracy:
(1)
Natural
aristocracy,
frequently found in primitive
civilizations, where elders and
heads of families govern a
village or tribe.
(2)Elective aristocracy, which
Rousseau considers the best kind
of aristocracy, where those with
power or riches, or those who

Autocracy

prestige and
political
influence

aristocracy of economic wealth.

Supreme
political
power is in
the hands of
one person
whose
decision are
unregulated

a system of government in which a

supreme power is concentrated in the
hands of one person, whose decisions
are subject to neither external legal
restraints nor regularized mechanisms
of popular control.
Its essential features were the
embodiment of the supreme power in
the person of the party leader and a
small circle of the highest Communist
party leadership; government through
decrees rather than the legislative
process, in which the key role would lie
with the elected, representative bodies;
and the extreme centralization of
political and economic administration.

Its roots can be

traced back to the
Grand Principality
of Muscovy and the
prince's
struggle
against the boyar
oligarchy; it was
further developed
theoretically under
the
Russian
Empire. Autocracy
is also associated
with the theory of
Moscow as the
Third Rome. Ivan
IV The Terrible
(154684) was the
first
ruler
of
Muscovy to elevate
autocracy to a
political
craft
based on divine

1650s,
"independent
power, selfsustained
power," from
Fr.
autocratie,
from
Gk.
autokrateia
"ruling
by
oneself,"
noun of state
from
autokrates
(see
autocrat).
Meaning
"absolute
government,
supreme
political
power"
is

are best suited to govern, are

placed in charge.
(3)Hereditary
aristocracy,
which Rousseau considers the
worst kind of aristocracy, where
certain
families
govern
everybody else. As long as the
magistrates can be trusted to
govern justly, Rousseau believes
that aristocracy is an excellent
form of government.
Totalitarian Dictatorship
Leader glorified
Government controls all
aspects of social
and economic life
Monarchy
(absolute,
constitutional)
King or queen exercises the
supreme
powers of government
Inherit their positions

Capitalism

Right-wing
political
system where
the principle
means
of
production
and
distribution
are in private
hands

an economic system in which trade,

industry, and the means of production
are controlled by private owners with
the goal of making profits in a market
economy.
Central characteristics of capitalism
include
capital
accumulation,
competitive markets and wage labor. In
a capitalist economy, the parties to a
transaction typically determine the
prices at which assets, goods, and
services are exchanged.
The degree of competition, role of
intervention and regulation, and scope
of public ownership varies across
different models of capitalism

right. The main

promoters
of
theocratic
absolutism were the
archpriests Joseph
of the Volokolamsk
Monastery
and
Philotheus of Pskov
and the secular
writer
I.
Peresvetov.
Adam Smith is
considered the first
theorist of what we
commonly refer to
as capitalism. His
1776 work, An
Inquiry into the
Nature and Causes
of the Wealth of
Nations, theorized
that within a given
stable system of
commerce
and
evaluation,
individuals would
respond to the
incentive of earning
more
by
specializing their
production.

recorded
from 1855.

traced
back to early
forms
of
merchant
capitalism
practiced in
Western
Europe
during
the
Middle Ages/
V-XVc.
It
began
to
develop into
its
modern
form during
the
Early
Modern
period in the
Protestant
countries of
NorthWestern

Various forms:
laissez-faire
capitalism,
welfare capitalism and state
capitalism.
Each highlighting varying
degrees of dependency on
markets, public ownership, and
inclusion of social policies.

Communis
m

Extreme
left-wing
ideology
based on the
revolutionary
socialist
teachings of
Marx.
Collective
ownership
and
a
planned
economy.
Each should
work to their
capability
and receive
according to
their needs

Conservatis
m

Governme
ntal system

The desire to end capitalism feeling

that it was the social class system that
led to the exploitation of workers. The
workers that were exploited would
develop class consciousness. Then there
would be a fundamental process of
class conflict that would be resolved
through revolutionary struggle. In this
conflict, the proletariat will rise up
against the bourgeoisie and establish a
communist society. Marx and Engels
thought of the proletariat as the
individuals with labor power, and the
bourgeoisie as those who own the
means of production in a capitalist
society. The state would pass through a
phase,
Communist
Manifestooften
thought of as a socialism, and
eventually settle finally on a pure
communist society. In a communist
society, all private ownership would be
abolished, and the means of production
would belong to the entire community.
In the communist movement, a popular
slogan stated that everyone gave
according to their abilities and received
according to their needs.
opposition to rapid changes, and
promotes keeping traditions in society:

founded by Karl
Marx and Friedrich
Engels
in
the
second half of the
19th century. Marx
and Engels met in
1844,
and
discovered
that
they had similar
principles. In 1848
they wrote and
published
"The
Communist
Manifesto."

English author
Edmund
Burkes

Europe,
especially the
Netherlands
and England.
In the late
19th century,
communist
philosophy
began
to
develop
in
Russia.
In
1917,
the
Bolsheviks
seized power
through the
October
Revolution.

In 1790s,
as a reaction

1 Marxist Communism
1.1 Leninism and Marxism
Leninism
- Stalinism
- Trotskyism
- Maoism
- Prachanda Path
- Hoxhaism
- Titoism
- Eurocommunism
- Luxemburgism
- Council communism
2.Non-Marxist Communism:
- Anarchist communism
- Christian communism

Gradualism
Crunchy Conservative

where
the
existing
institution are
maintained,
emphasizing
freeenterprise
and minimal
governmental
intervention

"... this Conservatism accepts and

defends most of the institutions and
values of the contemporary West. Not
only does it continue to hold in trust the
great Western heritage from Israel,
Greece, Rome and all Christianity, the
way of life that speaks of humanity and
justice; it also pledges its faith to what
we know and cherish as constitutional
democracy, the way of life that speaks
of liberty and the consent of the people.
Conservatism ... is full of harsh doubts
about the goodness and equality of men,
the wisdom and possibilities of reform,
and the sagacity of the majority -- that
is to say, about the democratic
dogma. ... however, it ... respects the
desire for human liberty hardly less
firmly than it pleads the cause for social
order."
Stability: Stability is a precious
thing, and change must be made
gradually in order to preserve it.
Undermining stability is very dangerous
because societies can easily fall into
chaos and violence. Classical liberals
frequently called for revolution, which
opens the door to great turbulence,
according to the classical conservative
view.
Concreteness: Liberalism is too
abstract. It focuses on freedom and

book Reflections on
the Revolution in
France.

to the Age of
Enlightenmen
t

National Review commentator

Rod Dreher first coined the term
"crunchy conservative" in 2006
to describe his personal
ideology, according to NPR.org.
Dreher says "crunchy cons" are
conservatives
who
stand
outside
the
conservative
mainstream, and tend to focus
more
on
family-oriented,
culturally conservative concepts
such as being good stewards of
the natural world and avoiding
materialism in everyday life.
Dreher describes crunchy cons
as those who embrace a
counter-cultural, yet traditional
conservative lifestyle." On his
blog, Dreher says crunchy cons
are as mistrutful of big business
as they are big government.
Cultural Conservative
Politically,
cultural
conservatism is often confused
with social conservatism. In the
US, the term often incorrectly
describes members of the
religious right because the two
share ideologies on social
issues. Christian conservatives
tend to like being described as
cultural conservatives, because

equality, not on the concrete way people

live every day.
Human
fallibility:
Liberalism
overestimates human beings. Humans
are frequently ignorant, prejudiced, and
irrational. By ignoring these defects,
liberalism becomes unrealistic.
Unique circumstances: There is no
universal answer to the problems of
society; the circumstances are unique in
each country.

it implies that America is a

Christian nation. True cultural
conservatives worry less about
religion in government and more
about using politics to prevent
fundamental changes to US
culture. The goal of cultural
conservatives is to preserve and
maintain the American way-oflife both at home and abroad.
Fiscal Conservative
Libertarians
and
Constitutionalists are natural
fiscal conservatives due to their
desire to reduce government
spending, pay off the national
debt and shrink the size and
scope
of
government.
Nevertheless, the Republican
Party is most often credited with
creating the fiscal conservative
ideal, despite the big-spending
tendencies of the most recent
GOP administrations. Fiscal
conservatives seek to deregulate
the economy and lower taxes.
Fiscal conservative politics has
little or nothing to do with social
issues, and it is therefore not
uncommon
for
other
conservatives
to
identify
themselves
as
fiscal

conservatives.
Neoconservative
The
neoconservative
movement sprouted in the 1960s
in response to the counterculture movement. It was later
bolstered by disillusioned liberal
intellectuals of the 1970s.
Neoconservatives believe in a
diplomatic
foreign
policy,
stimulating economic growth by
lowering taxes and finding
alternative ways to deliver
public
welfare
services.
Culturally,
neoconservatives
tend to identify with traditional
conservatives, but stop short of
providing guidance on social
issues. Irving Kristol, co-founder
of Encounter magazine is largely
credited with founding the
neoconservative movement.
5. Paleoconservative
As the name suggests,
paleoconservatives emphasize a
connection with the past. Like
neoconservatives,
paleoconservatives tend to be
family-oriented,
religiousminded and opposed to the
vulgarity permeating modern
culture. They are also opposed

to mass immigration and believe

in the complete withdrawal of
US military troops from foreign
countries.
Paleoconservatives
claim author Russell Kirk as
their own, as well as political
ideologues Edmund Burke and
William
F.
Buckley
Jr.
Paleoconservatives believe they
are the true heirs to the US
conservative movement and are
critical of other "brands" of
conservatism.
6. Social Conservative
Social conservatives adhere
strictly to a moral ideology
based on family-values and
religious traditions. For US
social
conservatives,
Christianity -- often Evangelical
Christianity -- guides all
political positions on social
issues. US social conservatives
are mostly right-wing and hold
firmly to a pro-life, pro-family
and pro-religion agenda. Thus,
abortion and gay rights are often
lightning rod issues for social
conservatives.
Social
conservatives are the most
recognized
group
of
conservatives on this list due to
their strong ties to the

Democracy

Governme
nt by the
people
usually
through
elected
representativ
es

Dictatorship

Governme
nt by a single
person with
absolute

Democratic
countries
cherish
INDIVIDUAL
FREEDOM
and
generally believe that laws should not
be REPRESSIVE; a little order can be
sacrificed in the name of LIBERTY. So
one kind of balance is between order
and liberty.
Democratic societies also expect
another kind of balance: a compromise
between liberty and equality. Complete
liberty logically leads to inequality. A
strong or ambitious person might
acquire more goods and property than
another, and someone is bound to
dominate. But the line has to be drawn
before an individual seizes power that
greatly restricts the liberties of others.
Under democracy an individual
possesses rights only when he is a
member of the majority. Even then those
rights are limited and continually
threatened, because if the individual
finds himself in the minority on any
issue, he is required to follow the
dictates of the majority. He may be on
the winning side on a vote regarding
light rail, but be on the losing side on a
vote regarding school bonds.
There are four principles of
dictatorship. They are: Continuing of
the socialist road, supporting the
dictatorship, supporting the leadership

Athenian
statesman
and
member of the
exiled
Alcmaeonidae
aristocracy,
Cleisthenes
is
considered
the
father
of
democracy. Before
his rise around 510
B.C.
Some others: Th.
Jefferson, J. Locke,
J. Madison, etc.

back from
classical
Athens in the
6th century
B.C.E. to the
present day.

In the Roman
Empire, dictators
such as Sulla or the
Roman Emperors

From the
II
century
BC to XXth
century.
nd

Republican Party.
The two types of democracy
are representative democracy
and direct democracy. A
representative democracy is
when
citizens
vote
on
representatives,
such
as
senators, who will then vote on
issues. A direct democracy is
when the citizens vote for laws
themselves.

Absolutism
Despotism
Autocracy
Totalitarianism

Egalitariani
sm

control over
the resources
of the state

of the communist party, and upholding

Marxism, Leninism, and Mao Zedong
thought.

exercised power.

Belief
where
all
citizens have
equal rights
and
privileges

political doctrine that holds that all

people should be treated as equals from
birth, usually meaning held equal under
the law and in society at large. It is a
belief in human equality, especially with
respect to social, political and
economic rights and privileges, and
advocates the removal of inequalities
among people and of discrimination (on
grounds such as race, gender, sexual
orientation, religion, etc).

the United States

Declaration
of
Independence
of
1776 includes a
kind of moral and
legal
Egalitarianism in
its assertion that
"all
men
are
created equal"

From
XVIIIth
century

Communism
Fascism
Theocracy
Imperialism
Between the two world wars,
four types of dictatorships have
been described: constitutional,
the
communist
(nominally
championing "dictatorship of the
proletariat"),
the
counterrevolutionary, and the
fascist.
Economic Egalitarianism (or
Material Egalitarianism) is
where the participants of a
society are of equal standing and
have equal access to all the
economic resources in terms of
economic power, wealth and
contribution. It is a founding
principle of various forms of
Socialism.
Moral Egalitarianism is the
position that equality is central
to justice, that all individuals are
entitled to equal respect, and
that all human persons are equal
in fundamental worth or moral
status.
Legal
principle

Egalitarianism the
under which each

individual is subject to the same

laws, with no individual or
group or class having special
legal privileges, and where the
testimony of all persons is
counted with the same weight.
Political Egalitarianism is
where the members of a society
are of equal standing in terms of
political power or influence. It is
a founding principle of most
forms of democracy.
Luck Egalitarianism is a view
about distributive justice (what
is just or right with respect to the
allocation of goods in a society)
espoused by a variety of leftwing political philosophers,
which seeks to distinguish
between outcomes that are the
result of brute luck (e.g.
misfortunes in genetic makeup,
or being struck by a bolt of
lightning) and those that are the
consequence
of
conscious
options (e.g. career choices, or
fair gambles).
Gender Egalitarianism (or
Zygarchy) is a form of society in
which power is equally shared

between men and women, or a

family structure where power is
shared equally by both parents.
Racial Egalitarianism (or
Racial Equality) is the absence
of racial segregation (the
separation of different racial
groups in daily life, whether
mandated by law or through
social norms).
Opportunity Egalitarianism
(or Asset-based Egalitarianism)
is the idea that equality is
possible by a redistribution of
resources, usually in the form of
a capital grant provided at the
age of majority, an idea which
has been around since Thomas
Paine (1737 - 1809).

Fascism

Extreme
right-wing
ideology
where
the
existing

Fascists sought to unify their nation

through an authoritarian state that
promoted the mass mobilization of the
national
communityand
were
characterized by having leadership that

Mussolini
adopted the term to
his application of
socialism,
which
allowed for the

came
to
prominence
in
early
th
XX century
Europe

Christian
Egalitarianism
holds that all people are equal
before God and in Christ, and
specifically teaches gender
equality in Christian church
leadership and in marriage.
Italian
Fascism
* corporatism combined with
nationalism,
interventionism,
imperialism,
futurism,
totalitarianism.

social order
is protected
by
the
forcible
suppression
of
the
working class

initiated a revolutionary political

movement aiming to reorganize the
nation along principles according to
fascist ideology. Fascist movements
shared certain common features,
including the veneration of the state, a
devotion to a strong leader, and an
emphasis on ultranationalism and
militarism. Fascism views political
violence, war, and imperialism as a
means to achieve national rejuvenation,
and it asserts that stronger nations have
the right to expand their territory by
displacing weaker nations.
Fascist ideology consistently invokes
the primacy of the state. Fascism
borrowed terminology from socialism
but replaced socialism's focus on class
conflict with a focus on conflict between
nations and races. Fascists advocate a
mixed economy, with the principal goal
of achieving autarky to secure national
self-sufficiency
and
independence
through
protectionist
and
interventionist economic policies.

restricted right to
private
property,
from the Roman
symbol for the rule
of law a bound
collection
of
straight one yard
long sticks.
The first applied
movement
of
fascism
as
a
political
party
started in America
under
Theodore
Roosevelt.

National
Socialism
*
Hitlerism/SS:
scientific
racialism
combined
with
romantic nationalism, mixed
economy.
* Strasserism/SA: scientific
racialism
combined
with
working
class
nationalist
revolution, guild socialism, a
more
planned
economy.
Italian Fascism (in Italian,
Fascismo) is the authoritarian
political movement which ruled
Italy from 1922 to 1943 under
the leadership of Benito
Mussolini (1883 - 1945). It is the
original model which inspired
other Fascist ideologies, and is
generally referred to simply as
Fascism. It grew out of
Mussolini's desire to re-affirm
Italian national identity and
pride after so many centuries of
disunity leading up to the
unification of 1870. Similar
movements appeared throughout
the world (including Europe,
Japan, and Latin America)
between World War I and World
War II.

Nazism
(or
National
Socialism) refers to the ideology
and practices of the German
Nazi Party (or National Socialist
German Workers' Party) under
Adolf Hitler (1889 - 1945)
between 1933 and 1945. It was a
strongly nationalist, totalitarian,
racist, anti-Semitic and antiCommunist movement, which
grew up in the aftermath of
German humiliation after World
War I, which was partly blamed
on Germany's Jews. Hitler
published his political beliefs in
"Mein Kampf" in 1925 and,
inspired by the Italian Fascism
of
Mussolini,
assumed
dictatorial powers as Chancellor
in 1933. His belief in the
superiority of an Aryan race and
the possibilities of eugenics
(racial purification), his fierce
anti-Semitism
and
antiCommunism, combined with his
militaristic and expansionist
ambitions led to World War II,
with its atrocities and genocide,
eventual military defeat and the
subsequebt abandonment of
Nazism as a viable ideology.
Clerical

Fascism

is

an

ideology that combines the

political and economic doctrines
of Fascism with theology or
religious tradition. The term
originally emerged in the 1920s
referring to Catholic support for
the Fascist regime of Benito
Mussolini, but has since been
applied to various regimes and
movements,
particularly
in
Europe and South America.

Imperialism

The
extension of
power
and
rule beyond
established
geographical
boundaries

Imperialists normally hold the belief

that the acquisition and maintenance of
empires is a positive good, combined
with an assumption of cultural or other
such superiority inherent to imperial
power. However, imperialism has often
been considered to be an exploitive evil:
Marxists, and also many non-Marxists
from the left, use the term imperialism
as Lenin defined it: "the highest stage

The concept of
an
American
Empire was first
popularized during
the presidency of
James K. Polk who
led the United
States into the
MexicanAmerican
War of 1846.

The

term
as
such
primarily has
been applied
to
Western
political and
economic
dominance in
the XIXth and
XXth

Neo-Fascism is any postWorld War II ideology that

includes significant elements of
Fascism, or that expresses
specific admiration for Benito
Mussolini and Italian Fascism,
again particularly in Europe and
South America. It includes
various Neo-Nazi movements,
which can be found almost
worldwide.
The four types of imperialism
are
Colonial,
Economic,
political, and socio-cultural.

of capitalism", specifically the era in

which monopoly finance capital
becomes dominant, forcing the empires
to compete amongst themselves
increasingly for control over resources
and markets all over the world. This
control may take the form of
geopolitical machinations, military
adventures, or financial maneuvers.
Globalisation and the practices of the
World Bank, for example, frequently are
said to serve imperialist interests.
Although the classical cases of
imperialist powers are the richest
capitalist countries of the First World,
there are also many people, including
some Marxists, who believe that the
Soviet Union eventually became socialimperialistsocialist in words but
imperialist in deeds using its power
and influence to dominate the East Bloc
and various other countries. China,
India, and other large countries with
regional influence are sometimes
charged with imperialism as well.

centuries.
According
to the OED, it
dates back to
1858,
to
describe Pax
Britannica.
However its
intellectual
roots
can
certainly be
traced as far
back
as
Dante, who
in
his
Monarchia
depicted
a
world with a
single
political
focus
and
governed by
rationalism.
Dante
was
very
influential on
John
Dee,
who coined
the
term
British
Empire in the
late
16th
century.

Liberalism

Representa
tive
government,
free-speech,
abolition of
class
privilege and
state
protection of
the individual

Individualism: The individual takes

priority over society.
Freedom: Individuals have the right
to make choices for themselves. This
freedom is not absolute, and some
behaviors, such as murder, are
prohibited. Freedom of religion is a
particularly important freedom to come
out of liberalism because so many
governments at the time were very
closely tied to a particular religious
creed.
Equality: No person is morally or
politically
superior
to
others.
Hierarchies are rejected.
Rationalism: Humans are capable of
thinking logically and rationally. Logic
and reason help us solve problems.
Progress: Traditions should not be
kept unless they have value. New ideas
are helpful because they can lead to
progress in the sciences, the economy,
and society.
The free market: Liberalism and
capitalism go hand in hand. Liberals
like the free market because it more
easily creates wealth, as opposed to
traditional economies, which often have
extensive regulations and limits on
which occupations people can hold.

Classical
liberalism
developed
when
such thinkers as
John Locke (in his
Second Treatise of
Government
in
1690).

In the early
modern age
of
the
Western
world
(beginning
roughly in the
early 1500s
and running
for about 200
years).

There are two major currents

of thought within Liberalism,
Classical Liberalism and Social
Liberalism:
Classical Liberalism holds
that the only real freedom is
freedom from coercion, and that
state intervention in the economy
is a coercive power that restricts
the economic freedom of
individuals, and so should be
avoided as far as possible. It
favours laissez-faire economic
policy
(minimal
economic
intervention and taxation by the
state beyond what is necessary
to maintain individual liberty,
peace, security and property
rights), and opposes the welfare
state (the provision of welfare
services by the state, and the
assumption by the state of
primary responsibility for the
welfare of its citizens).
Social Liberalism argues that
governments must take an active
role in promoting the freedom of
citizens, and that real freedom
can only exist when citizens are
healthy, educated and free from
dire poverty. Social Liberals
believe that this freedom can be

ensured when governments

guarantee the right to an
education, health care and a
living wage, in addition to other
responsibilities such as laws
against
discrimination
in
housing and employment, laws
against
pollution
of
the
environment, and the provision
of welfare, all of which would be
supported by a progressive
taxation system.
As with many political
philosophies, there are several
forms
and
variations
of
Liberalism,
including
the
following:
Conservative Liberalism is a
variant
of
Liberalism
representing the right-wing of
the Liberal movement, and
combines liberal values and
policies
with
conservative
stances.
Unlike
Liberal
Conservatives, however, who
tend to be more committed to
authority,
tradition
and
established
religion,
Conservative
Liberals
are
supporters of the separation
between church and state. It also
differs from Libertarianism in

that it is far less radical in its

economic program, and in its
support for an active defense
policy
and
military
interventions.
Economic Liberalism is the
theory of economics in Classical
Liberalism, developed during the
Enlightenment, particularly by
Adam Smith, which advocates
minimal
interference
by
government in the economy.
Libertarianism, Neoliberalism
and
some
schools
of
Conservatism,
particularly
Liberal Conservatism are often
referred to as Economic
Liberalism.
Neoliberalism refers to a
program of reducing trade
barriers and internal market
restrictions,
while
using
government power to enforce
opening of foreign markets. In
some ways it is a modern
attempt,
championed
by
Conservatives
like
Ronald
Reagan and Margaret Thatcher
since the 1970's, to revert to a
more pure Classical Liberalism.
American
Liberalism
is
largely a combination of social
liberalism, social progressivism,

and mixed economy philosophy.

It is distinguished from Classic
Liberalism (see above) and
Libertarianism, which also claim
freedom as their primary goal, in
its insistance upon the inclusion
of positive rights (such as
education, health care and other
services and goods believed to
be
required
for
human
development
and
selfactualization) and in a broader
definition of equality.
National Liberalism is a
variant of Liberalism commonly
found in several European
countries in the 19th and 20th
Century,
which
combines
nationalism with policies mainly
derived
from
Economic
Liberalism (see above).
Ordoliberalism is a mid-20th
Century school of Liberalism,
developed mainly in Germany,
emphasizing the need for the
state to ensure that the free
market produces results close to
its theoretical potential.
Paleoliberalism is a term that
has at least a few distinct,
though
largely
ambigious,
meanings, including extreme
Liberalism, and very socialist or

Maoism

Interpretati
on of Marxist
communism
emphasizing
the
development
of agriculture

Maoism sees the agrarian peasantry,

rather than the working class, as the
key revolutionary force which can
fundamentally transform capitalist
society towards socialism. Holding that
"Political power grows out of the barrel
of a gun," Maoist organizations mainly
draw upon Mao's ideology of the
People's War, mobilizing large parts of
rural populations to revolt against
established institutions by engaging in
guerrilla warfare. Maoism views the
industrial-rural divide as a major
division exploited by capitalism,
identifying capitalism as involving
industrial urban developed "First
World" societies ruling over rural
developing "Third World" societies.
Maoism identifies peasant insurgencies
in particular national contexts were
part of a context of world revolution, in
which Maoism views the global
countryside would overwhelm the
global cities.Due to this imperialism by
the capitalist urban First World towards
the rural Third World, Maoism has

Mao Tse tung /

Zedong

Developed
during
the
1950s
and
1960s, it was
widely
applied as the
political and
military
guiding
ideology of
the
Communist
Party
of
China (CPC).

socially libertarian Liberalism,

and opposed to Neoliberalism
(see above).
Cultural Liberalism is a
liberal view of society that
stresses
the
freedom
of
individuals from cultural norms.
Idealism
Populism
Nationalism
Daoism

endorsed national liberation movements

in the Third World.
Although Maoism is critical of urban
industrial capitalist powers, it views
urban industrialization as a prerequisite
to expand economic development and
socialist
reorganization
to
the
countryside, with the goal being the
achievement of rural industrialization
that would abolish the distinction
between town and countryside.
People's war and the mass line: The
party must not be separate from the
popular masses, either in policy or in
revolutionary struggle. To conduct a
successful revolution the needs and
demands of the masses must be the most
important issues.
New Democracy: In so called
backward countries, socialism cannot
be introduced before the country has
gone through a period in which the
material conditions improve. This
cannot be done by the bourgeoisie, as
its progressive character is long since
replaced by a regressive character.
Contradictions as the most important
feature of society: Society is dominated
by a wide range of contradictions that
call for varying strategies. Revolution is
necessary to resolve fully antagonistic
contradictions such as those between

labour and capital. Contradictions

arising within the revolutionary
movement
call
for
ideological
correction to prevent them from
becoming antagonistic.
Cultural revolution: The revolution
does not wipe out bourgeois ideology;
the class-struggle continues, and even
intensifies, during socialism. Therefore
a constant struggle against these
ideologies and their social roots must
be conducted. Cultural Revolution is
directed also against traditionalism.
Three Worlds Theory: During the
Cold War, two imperialist states formed
the "first world"; the United States and
the Soviet Union. The second world
consisted of the other imperialist states
in their spheres of influence. The third
world consisted of the non-imperialist
countries. Both the first and the second
world exploit the third world, but the
first world is the most aggressive part.
The workers in the first and second
world are "bought up" by imperialism,
preventing socialist revolution. The
people of the third world, on the other
hand, have not even a short-sighted
interest in the prevailing circumstances.
Hence revolution is most likely to
appear in third world countries, which
again will weaken imperialism opening
up for revolutions in other countries too

Marxism

It proposes
that all is
subject
to
change and
resistance to
change
necessitates
the overthrow
of the system
through class
struggle

It originally consisted of three

related
ideas:
a
philosophical
anthropology, a theory of history, and
an economic and political program.
Exploitation
and
Alienation:
Capitalism is based on the exploitation
of workers by the owners of capital, due
to the fact that the workers' labour
power generates a surplus value greater
than the workers' wages. This
expropriation of surpluses leads to
increasing alienation and resentment of
workers, because they have no control
over the labour or product which they
produce (a systematic result of the
Capitalist system, it is argued).
Labour Theory of Value: The value
of a commodity can be objectively
measured by the average amount of
labour hours that are required to
produce that commodity. This is similar
to the value theory established by
classical economists like Adam Smith
and David Ricardo (1772 - 1823),
although for Marx it is socially
necessary labour which is important
(i.e. the amount needed to produce, and
reproduce, a commodity under average
working conditions).
Base and Superstructure: Relations
are established among people as they
produce and reproduce the material
requirements of life, and these relations

a
body
of
doctrine developed
by Karl Marx and,
to a lesser extent,
by
Friedrich
Engels.

in the mid19th century.

Classical Marxism: The initial

theory as conceived by Marx and
Engels, as described above.
Marxism-Leninism:
The
Communist ideological stream,
loosely modelled on Marxist
theory, that emerged as the
mainstream tendency during the
post-Lenin era of Joseph Stalin
(1878 - 1953) in the Soviet
Union. It is mainly associated
with Stalin, although it is
debatable to what extent he
actually followed the principles
of either Marx or Lenin.
Western Marxism: A term used
to describe a wide variety of
Marxist theories based in
Western and Central Europe
(and more recently North
America), in contrast with the
philosophy of the Soviet Union
or the People's Republic of
China. It brought Marxism into
the mainstream of European
culture. Its proponents have been
mainly professional academics,
who view Marx as primarily a
philosopher rather than a
revolutionary, and who stress the
Hegelian and humanist elements

form the economic basis of society. On

this "base" arises a "superstructure" of
political and legal institutions, and a
social consciousness of religious,
philosophical, ideological and other
ideas. Any social revolution (caused by
conflict between the development of
material productive forces and the
relations of production) will result in a
change in the economic basis and
thence to the transformation of the
superstructure.
Class Consciousness: Any social
class possesses an awareness (of itself,
of the conditions of life, and of the
social world around it), and its capacity
to act in its own rational interests is
based on this awareness. Thus, class
consciousness must be attained before
any class may mount a successful
revolution.
Ideology: The ruling class foists the
dominant ideology on all members of
that society in order to make its own
interests appear to be the interests of
all. Therefore, the ideology of a society
can be used to confuse alienated groups
and create a false consciousness (such
as commodity fetishism, where social
relationships are transformed into
apparently
objective
relationships
between commodities or money).
Historical
and
Dialectical

of his thought. The most

prominent were perhaps the
Hungarian Gyrgy Lukcs (1885
- 1971) and the German Karl
Korsch (1886 - 1961).
Libertarian
Marxism:
A
school of Marxism that describes
itself as taking a less
authoritarian view of Marxist
theory
than
conventional
currents such as Stalinism,
Maoism, Trotskyism and other
well-known forms of MarxismLeninism. It emphasizes the
ability of the working class to
forge its own destiny without the
need for a revolutionary party or
state to mediate or aid its
liberation.
Structural
Marxism:
An
approach to Marxism based on
the Structuralism of the French
theorist Louis Althusser (1918 1990) and his students. His
detailed re-analysis of the
Marx's entire oeuvre led him to
realize that it provides not only a
model of the economy but also a
description of the structure and
development of a whole society.
It was influential, particularly in

Materialism: This refers to the

adaptation by Marx and Engels of
Georg Hegel's theory of Dialectics, the
concept that any idea or event (the
thesis) generates its opposite (the
antithesis), eventually leading to a
reconciliation of opposites (a new, more
advanced synthesis). Marx realized that
this could also be applied to material
matters like economics, hence the label
Dialectical
Materialism.
The
application of the principle of
Dialectical Materialism to history and
sociology, the main context in which
Marx used it, is known as Historical
Materialism (see the section below for
details). The resulting theory posits that
history is the product of class struggle
and obeys the general Hegelian
principle of the development of thesis
and antithesis.

France, during the late 1960s

and 1970s.
Neo-Marxism: A 20th Century
New Left school of Marxism that
hearkens back to the early
writings of Marx (before the
influence of Engels), as well as
attempting
to
incorporate
elements of modern psychology
and sociology into orthodox
Marxist thought. It rejects the
perceived economic determinism
of later Marx, focusing instead
on a non-physical, psychological
revolution,
and
is
more
Libertarian in nature, and
related to strains of Anarchism.
The Frankfurt School, based at
the University of Frankfurt am
Main in Germany from the
1930's
to
1950's,
was
instrumental in its development.
Cultural Marxism: Another
20th Century form of Marxism
which adds an analysis of the
role of the media, art, theatre,
film
and
other
cultural
institutions in a society, often
with an added emphasis on race
and gender in addition to class.

Analytical Marxism: A style of

thinking about Marxism that was
prominent amongst Englishspeaking
philosophers
and
social scientists during the
1980s. It claimed "clear and
rigorous
thinking
about
questions that are usually
blanketed by ideological fog".
Post-Marxism: The theoretical
work of philosophers and social
theorists who have built their
theories upon Classical Marxism
to some extent, but who have
exceeded the limits of those
theories in ways that puts them
outside of Marxism.
Marxist Humanism: A branch
of Marxism that primarily
focuses on Marx's earlier
writings,
(especially
the
"Economic and Philosophical
Manuscripts" of 1844 in which
he develops his theory of
alienation), as opposed to his
later
works,
which
are
considered to be concerned more
with his structural conception of
capitalist society.
Marxist Feminism: A branch

Monarchy

A form of
rule in which
the head of
state is a
King
or
Queen

The divine right of kings is a

principle guiding factor in the power of
an absolute monarchy. This system
operates under the belief that the
person acting as king or queen has the
God-given right to do so and as such
has been raised from birth for the
position.
During the Middle Ages, absolute
monarchs would retain control of their
lands by controlling the two prime
groups of the upper class, the
aristocracy and the nobility. The
aristocracy of the time controlled much
of the wealth and commerce, while the
nobility was generally in charge of wars
and national security. This was
predominant in European and Asian
countries.
The clergy usually attempted to limit the
powers of the monarch by creating their
own laws derived from church doctrine.

King Arthur

In
the
eighth
century,
in
the
British
Isles, Mercia
and
later
Wessex came
to dominate,
giving rise to
the start of
the monarchy.
The prime
example of an
absolute
monarch in
history
is
Louis
XIV,
King
of
France from
1654 to 1714.

of Feminist theory which focuses

on the dismantling of Capitalism
as a way to liberate women.
Marxist Feminism asserts that
private property, which gives
rise to economic inequality,
dependence, political confusion
and ultimately unhealthy social
relations between men and
women, is the root of the
oppression of women.
1. Absolute monarchy - the
Monarch is both the Head of
State and Head of Government,
his power is not limited by a
constitution or by the law.
Current Absolute Monarchies
are Bahrain, Brunei, Oman,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia and
Swaziland.
2. Constitutional monarchy - the
Monarch is the Head of State but
not Head of Government, his
power is limited by a
constitution.
Current
Constitutional
monarchies include the United
Kingdom, Australia, Canada,
New Zealand, Norway, Sweden,
Denmark, the Netherlands,
Belgium,
Liechtenstein,
Luxembourg, Spain, Monaco,

This was sometimes successful and

occasionally led to the overthrow of a
king or civil war between factions
devoted to the church.
It also could cause the church to lose
power, as it did in England when King
Henry VIII established the official
Church of England so he could get an
annulment of his marriage in 1534.

Thailand, Japan, Jordan and

Morocco.
3. Diarchy - a form of Monarchy
system when two individuals,
rather than one, are Heads of
State.
Current diarchies include San
Marino (the oldest diarchy in the
world)
and
Andorra.
4. Elective monarchy - monarchy
ruled by an elected rather than
hereditary monarch. The manner
of election, the nature of the
candidacy and the electors vary
from
case
to
case.
Current elective monarchies
include the Holy See (Vatican),
Cambodia
and
Malaysia.
5. Hereditary monarchy hereditary monarchy is the most
common type of monarchy; the
Crown is passed from one
member of the Royal Family to
another, according to the
country's
succession
laws.
Nearly all of the contemporary
monarchies are hereditary.
6. Non-Sovereign Monarchy monarchy in which the head of

the a geographical territory or

ethnic group is subject to
authority higher than his own.
Current
non-sovereign
Monarchs include the Zulu King,
whose power derives from the
Constitution of South Africa.
Historical example are the
constituent states of the German
Empire (for example, the Duke
of Saxe Coburg und Gotha was
subject to authority of the
German
Emperor).
7. Self-proclaimed monarchy - a
monarchy that is proclaimed into
existence
(often
by
an
individual)
rather
than
occurring as part of a
longstanding tradition. If selfproclaimed
Monarchy
is
successful, it will evolve into a
hereditary
one.
Historical examples include
Napoleon
Bonaparte,
who
proclaimed himself Emperor of
France, and Jean-Bedel Bokassa
of the Central African Republic,
who
proclaimed
himself
Emperor Bokassa I of Central
African Empire.
Nationalism

The
unification of

political ideology that involves an

individual identifying with, or becoming

The
nationalism

term
was

With
the
emergence of

the state and

release from
foreign rule

Nihilism

The belief
that
destruction of
existing
political or

attached to, one's nation. It involves

national identity, by contrast with the
related construct of patriotism, which
involves the social conditioning and
personal behaviors that support a
state's decisions and actions.
From a psychological perspective,
nationalism (national attachment) is
distinct from other types of attachment,
for example, attachment to a religion or
a romantic partner. The desire for
interpersonal attachment, or the need to
belong, is one of the most fundamental
human motivations.
From a political or sociological
perspective, there are two main
perspectives on the origins and basis of
nationalism. One is the primordialist
perspective that describes nationalism
as a reflection of the ancient and
perceived evolutionary tendency of
humans to organize into distinct
groupings based on an affinity of birth.
The other is the modernist perspective
that describes nationalism as a recent
phenomenon that requires the structural
conditions of modern society in order to
exist.
the belief that all values are baseless
and that nothing can be known or
communicated. It is often associated
with extreme pessimism and a radical
skepticism that condemns existence. A

first
used
by
Johann Gottfried
Herder the prophet
of this new creed.
Herder
gave
Germans new pride
in their origins, and
proclaimed
a
national message
within the sphere of
language, which he
believed determines
national
thought
and
culture.[15]
He
attached
exceptional
importance to the
concept
of
nationality and of
patriotism.

a
national
public sphere
and
an
integrated,
country-wide
economy in
18th century
England.

It only became
popularized,
however, after its
appearance in Ivan
Turgenevs novel

Early
in
the
nineteenth
century,
Friedrich

Epistemological
nihilism
which denies the possibility of
knowledge and truth; this form
of nihilism is identified with
postmodernism. One famous

social
institutions is
necessary for
future
improvement

Oligarchy

true nihilist would believe in nothing,

have no loyalties, and no purpose other
than, perhaps, an impulse to destroy.

Fathers and Sons

(1862).

A system of Government in which a small group

government
holds power control by a Political
in
which
Party
virtually all Government by a few people who derive
power is held
their power from wealth, social

The iron law of

oligarchy
is
a
political
theory,
first developed by
the
German

Jacobi used
the word to
negatively
characterize
transcendent
al idealism.

In 1911

example of epistemological
nihilism is the words Socrates
said before his death: "I am the
wisest man alive, for I know one
thing, and that is that I know
nothing."
Political Nihilism is the belief
that the destruction of all
existing political, social, and
religious order is a prerequisite
for any future improvement; this
form of nihilism is identified with
anarchism.
Moral nihilism rejects all
moral or ethical values; this
form of nihilism is identified with
moral
relativism.[Citation
Needed]
Existential nihilism is the
notion that life has no meaning
or purpose.[3]
Mereological nihilism is the
view that objects with parts do
not exist, it's a human illusion;
this view has been identified with
some aspects of Buddhist
philosophy and Immanuel Kant's
transcendental idealism.
Elitism
Aristocracy
Meritocracy
Military junta
Plutocracy

Populism

Socialism

a
small
number
of
wealthy
people who
shape policy
to
benefit
themselves
Collective
noun for the
ideologies
which
demand the
redistribution
of
political
power
and
economic
leadership to
the 'common
people'

Left-wing
political
system where
the principle
means
of
production,
distribution
and exchange
are
in

position, or military power

Examples:
Governments
of
Communist Countries such as China
and former USSR

syndicalist
sociologist Robert
Michels in his 1911
book,
Political
Parties.

The party's platform endorsed labor

unions, decried long work hours, and
championed the graduated income tax
as a way to redistribute wealth from
business to farmers and laborers. The
party also called for an end to court
injunctions against labor unions. The
Populists also called for a secret ballot;
women's suffrage; an eight-hour
workday, direct election of U.S.
Senators and the President and Vice
President; and initiative and recall to
make the political system more
responsive to the people.

The
Party

Collectivism: Human beings are

social by nature, and society should
respect this. Individualism is poisonous.
Public ownership: Society, not
individuals, should own the property.
Central economic planning: The
government plans the economy; there is
no free market.
Economic equality: All citizens have

Karl Marx is the

best-known theorist
of socialism. Along
with
Friedrich
Engels,
Marx
wrote The
Communist
Manifesto (1848)
as a call to

Peoples

Stratocracy
Technocracy
Theocracy
Timocracy

since the
1980s
populist
movements
and parties
have enjoyed
degrees
of
success
in
First World
democracies
such
as
Canada,
Italy,
the
Netherlands,
and
Scandinavian
countries.
arose as a
response to
the Industrial
Revolution,
which
was
the
emergence of
technologies
such as the

Tridemism

Democratic
Socialism
advocates Socialism as an
economic principle (the means
of production should be in the
hands of ordinary working
people), and democracy as a
governing principle (political
power should be in the hands of
the
people
democratically

common
ownership

roughly the same level of prosperity.

According to socialists, liberalism
fails to live up to its promises of
freedom and equality. Socialists blame
the free market for liberalisms failings.
Under a capitalist system, money and
means of production are the measures
of power. The haves (the bourgeoisie, in
Marxs terms) and the have-nots (whom
Marx calls the proletariat) are locked
into a fight that Marx called class
warfare. Because they control the
money and means of production, the
bourgeoisie have the power and thus
are winning the fight. The rich use the
government to further their control and
to increase their power over the lower,
poorer classes, so people are neither
free nor equal.

revolution. Other
prominent
socialists thinkers
included
Karl
Kautsky, Vladimir
Lenin, and Antonio
Gramsci.

steam engine
and
mass
production.
The
Industrial
Revolution
started
in
England in
the last years
of the XVIII
century and
had spread to
much
of
Europe and
America by
the end of the
XIX century.

through
a
co-operative
commonwealth or republic). It
attempts
to
bring
about
Socialism through peaceful
democratic means as opposed to
violent
insurrection,
and
represents the reformist tradition
of Socialism.
It is similar, but not
necessarily identical (although
the two terms are sometimes
used interchangeably), to Social
Democracy. This refers to an
ideology that is more centrist
and
supports
a
broadly
Capitalist system, with some
social reforms (such as the
welfare state), intended to make
it more equitable and humane.
Democratic
Socialism,
by
contrast, implies an ideology
that is more left-wing and
supportive of a fully socialist
system, established either by
gradually reforming Capitalism
from within, or by some form of
revolutionary transformation.
Revolutionary
Socialism
advocates
the
need
for
fundamental
social
change
through
revolution
or
insurrection
(rather
than

gradual refom) as a strategy to

achieve a socialist society. The
Third International, which was
founded following the Russian
Revolution of 1917, defined itself
in terms of Revolutionary
Socialism but also became
widely
identified
with
Communism. Trotskyism is the
theory
of
Revolutionary
Socialism as advocated by Leon
Trotsky (1879 - 1940), declaring
the need for an international
proletarian revolution (rather
than Stalin's "socialism in one
country")
and
unwavering
support for a true dictatorship of
the proletariat based on
democratic
principles.
Luxemburgism
is
another
Revolutionary
Socialist
tradition, based on the writings
of Rosa Luxemburg (1970 1919). It is similar to Trotskyism
in its opposition to the
Totalitarianism of Stalin, while
simultaneously avoiding the
reformist politics of modern
Social Democracy.
Utopian Socialism is a term
used to define the first currents
of modern socialist thought in

the first quarter of the 19th

Century. In general, it was used
by later socialist thinkers to
describe early socialist, or
quasi-socialist, intellectuals who
created hypothetical visions of
perfect
egalitarian
and
communalist societies without
actually concerning themselves
with the manner in which these
societies could be created or
sustained. They rejected all
political (and especially all
revolutionary)
action,
and
wished to attain their ends by
peaceful means and small
experiments,
which
more
practical socialists like Karl
Marx saw as necessarily doomed
to failure. But the early
theoretical work of people like
Robert
Owen (1771-1858),
Charles Fourier (1772-1837)
and tienne Cabet (17881856)
gave much of the impetus to
later socialist movements.
Libertarian Socialism aims to
create
a
society
without
political, economic or social
hierarchies, in which every
person would have free, equal
access to tools of information

and production. This would be

achieved through the abolition of
authoritarian institutions and
private property, so that direct
control of the means of
production and resources will be
gained by the working class and
society as a whole. Most
Libertarian Socialists advocate
abolishing the state altogether,
in much the same way as
Utopian Socialists and many
varieties
of
Anarchism
(including Social Anarchism,
Anarcho-Communism, AnarchoCollectivism
and
AnarchoSyndicalism).
Market Socialism is a term
used to define an economic
system in which there is a market
economy directed and guided by
socialist planners, and where
prices would be set through trial
and error (making adjustments
as shortages and surpluses
occur) rather than relying on a
free price mechanism. By
contrast, a Socialist Market
Economy, such as that practiced
in the People's Republic of
China, in one where major
industries are owned by state

entities, but compete with each

other within a pricing system set
by the market and the state does
not routinely intervene in the
setting of prices.
Eco-Socialism (or Green
Socialism or Socialist Ecology)
is an ideology merging aspects
of Marxism, Socialism, Green
politics, ecology and the antiglobalization movement. They
advocate
the
non-violent
dismantling of Capitalism and
the State, focusing on collective
ownership of the means of
production, in order to mitigate
the social exclusion, poverty and
environmental
degradation
brought about (as they see it) by
the
capitalist
system,
globalization and imperialism.
Christian Socialism generally
refers to those on the Christian
left whose politics are both
Christian and socialist, and who
see these two things as being
interconnected.
Christian
socialists
draw
parallels
between what some have
characterized as the egalitarian
and anti-establishment message

Theocracy

Rule by the
church

Totalitariani
sm

Governme
nt control of
all activities

a form of government in which a

deity is officially recognized as the civil
Ruler and official policy is governed by
officials regarded as divinely guided, or
is pursuant to the doctrine of a
particular religion or religious group.
From the perspective of the
theocratic government, "God himself is
recognized as the head" of the state,
from the Koine Greek "rule
of God", a term used by Josephus for
the kingdoms of Israel and Judah.
Taken literally or strictly, theocracy
means rule by God or gods and refers
primarily to an internal "rule of the
heart", especially in its biblical
application.
In a pure theocracy, the civil leader
is believed to have a direct personal
connection with the civilization's
divinity. For example, Moses led the
Israelites, and Muhammad ruled the
early Muslims. Law proclaimed by the
ruler is also considered a divine
revelation, and hence the law of God.
A totalitarian government seeks to
control not only all economic and
political matters but the attitudes,
values, and beliefs of its population,
erasing the distinction between state
and society. The citizen's duty to the

the Rev. Isaac

Backus , the most
prominent Baptist
minister in New
England

In 1773

by the Weimar
German jurist, and
later
Nazi
academic,
Carl
Schmitt and Italian
fascists.

Concept
forged
in
1923
to
distinguish
modern
regimes from

of Jesus, and the messages of

modern Socialism.
Ecclesiocracy
Buddhism
Zoroastrianism

Communism
Nazism
Islam

state becomes the primary concern of

the community, and the goal of the state
is the replacement of existing society
with a perfect society.
Trotskyism

Form
of
Marxism
incorporating
the concept of
permanent
revolution

Tactically, Trotsky emphasized the

necessity of finding or creating a
revolutionary situation, of educating the
working class in order to revolutionize
it, of seeing that the party remained
open to the various revolutionary
tendencies and avoided becoming
bureaucratized, and finally, when the
time for insurrection comes, of
organizing it according to a detailed
plan.

traditional
dictatorships

Leon Trotsky and

his
followers.
Trotsky played a
leading role in both
the
Russian
Revolution of 1905
and that of 1917.

the Russian
Revolution of
1905 and that
of 1917.

Marxism
Neo Trotskyism