Piping Stress

Handbook
Second Edition

Victor Helguero M.

Piping Stress
Handbook
Second Edition

Design Criteria for Allowable Loads'

Moments, and Stresses

Design Criteria for Pumps with Steel

Nozzles and Casings

larger reactions. The vendor must submit comparable cri-

teria for pump cases constructed of cast hon.

Suction and discharge nozzles should be designed to
withstand forces and moments from the thermal expansion or contraction of prping. Piping reactions should be
computed in conformance with ANSI Code B31 . or

API Code 610: Steel Pump Force,

Moment, and Stress Limitations

The following criteria apply for pumps with 12-in. discharge nozzles or smaller. The forces contained herein are

considered minimum criteria and should be adjusted

where the vendor has experimental or test data permitting

ANSI Code 831.3 for pressure piping and should be designed within the limiting criteria set by this standard. The
modulus of elasticity must be adjusted for the operating
temperature condition.
Each nozzle should be capable of withstanding double
the forces and amounts listed in Table 8-1 applied simulta-

Table 8-1
Nozzle Loadings

Fotce/

oment

Nomlnal Size ot Nozzle Flange (in.)

<

Each top nozzle

E

160

F, (compression)

200

Fy (tension)

100

F,

130

Each side nozzle

R
Fy

160
130

F,

200

Each end nozzle

F"
F

F,

200
130
160

Each nozzle

Mr

340
260
170

My

M"
M=
x=

Moneu
Axis

Reprcduced

ft-h

parolzl to shaft

6810

240
300
150
200
240
2W
300
300
2W
240
700
530
350

320
400
2W
260
320
260
400
400
260
320
980
740
500

12

14b

'| 6D

530
700

1,000

1,500
1,800
920
1,200

560

850

1,200

1,500

4ffi

1,000
1,500

1,zffi

700

7W
I,100

I ,800

1,600 1,900
2,000 2,3w
1,000 1,200
1,300 1,500
1,600 1,900
1,300 1,500
2,000 2,300

700

1,100

1,500

1,800

2,000

2,300

4@

700
850

1,000
1,200

r,2w

1,300
1,600

1,500

2,6N

3,700
2,800
1,800

4,500
3,400

4,7N
3,500

5,400
4,000

2,2W

2,300

2,7W

560
700
350
460

850
1,100

560
1,700
1,300

1,900
1,300

870

t,2N
1,500

750

1,500

I,900

J = Verticalgo" to shaft
z = Hoizontalgo' to shaJt

from Centritugal Pumps for ceneral Refinery Services, Suth Edition,

Institute.

257

1981

, Standad 610 Table 2. Repinted courtes, of the Ameican Petroleum

25A

Piping Stress Handbook

neously to the pump through each nozzle, in addition to

internal pressure, without causing an hternal rub or adversely affecting the operation of the pumps or seal.
The baseplate and pedestal support assembly should be
adequate to limit the shaft displacement, when measured
at the coupling, to a maximum of 0.005 in. in any direction when subjected to the loads shown in Table 8-1.
These loads represent the total effect of all external mechanical forces that may be applied to a fully grouted
pump base. They are to be applied to the pump through
the suction and/or discharge nozzle (see Figure 8-1):
For purposes of evaluating computed piping-imposed
external moments and forces, these forces be transferred
from both suction and discharge flanges to the intersection of the X, Y, and Z axes. An algebraic surffnation
should then be made for comparison with the moment limitation just given. The vendor should submit alternative
criteria for pumps larger than 12 in.
Because a particular nozzle on a pump will not always
be subjected to the maximum allowable resultant force
and moment simultaneously, an increase in either the resultant applied force or the resultant applied moment may
be made if the following limitations can be satisfied at that
nozzle:.

(F"iF.) + (M^/M.)

where C
M"

:
=
=

<

2, F"/F,

<

2, and M"/M.

M.
F,
D

:
:

forces and moments from Table 8-2 on both nozzles simultaneously, taken about a point defined by the intersection of the axis of the shaft and the centerline of the pedestals.
For heavy-duty baseplates the total applied resultant
forces and moments on the suction and discharge nozzles
should not be more than twice the eouivalent of those
given in Thble 8-1. For applied resultant forces and moments that are greater than these, allowable values shall
be mutually agreed upon by the purchaser and the vendor.

Design Criteria for Pumps with Cast lron

or Aluminum Nozzles and Casings

Aluminum Pump Force, Moment, and

Stress Limitations

2, for nozzles 6 in. and smaller

(D + 6)/D, for nozzles 8 in. and larger
resultant applied moment at the nozzle, ft-

lb
E

The resultant applied force or moment may be increased up to double the values in Table 8-2 if the maximum combined limit on the installed equipment is not exceeded. This limit is determined by the summation of the

resultant applied force at the nozzle, lb

resultant moment (from Table 8-2), ft-lb
resultant force (from Table 8-2) lb
nominal diameter of nozzle flange. in.

The following criteria apply for pumps with 4-in. or

smaller discharge nozzles (suction nozzles may be larger).
The forces contained herein are considered minimum criteria and should be adjusted where the vendor has experimental or test data permitting larger reactions.
Suction and discharge nozzles should be designed to
withstand forces and moments from the thermal expan-

sion or contraction of piping. Piping reactions shall be

computed in conformance with the petroleum refinery
piping code for pressure piping ANSI Code 831.3, Section 319, and should be designed within the limiting criteria set by this standard. The modulus of elasticity should
be adjusted for the operating temperature condition.

Table 8-2
Suggested Allowable Resullant
Forces and Momenis
(For Vendor's Standard Baseplates)
E io^

-de..

Resultant
Force/Moment
F

Figure 8-1. Pump coordinate system.

M.

Nominal Size of Nozzle Flange (in.)

23

640

810

124

860 1,500 2,300 2,',700 2,900

690 1,400 2,000 3,500 5,200 6,600 8,200
430

Design Criteria for Allowable Loads, Moments, and Stresses

Each nozde should be capable of withstanding forces
from external piping determined by the following formuIas:

Limit tension and comDression forces to 500 lb

where F
r
X

Suction nozzles:

v
z

F"(1.6w(50D
r

w
D
d

Discharge nozzles:

F,6

(2w

F.,)

<

259

Force, lb
Resultant of forces
Axis parallel to shaft
Vertical 90' to shaft
Horizontal 90' to shaft
Weight of pump only, lb
Diameter, nominal diameter
Discharge or exhaust
Suction or intake

50D

o Top suction and top discharge nozzles are further limited by:

F. is the resultant shear force in the plane of any specific

flange face.

and for suction nozzles

Each suction and discharge nozzle should be designed

to withstand the forces described for the specific configuration. Unit stresses in each nozzle should be limited to:
4
one-third of the allowable hot stresses for pipe sizes

F*(1.3w(40D

in.; one-half of the allowable hot stresses for pipe sizes

> 4 in.; as shown in ANSI Codes B31.1 and 831.3.

F.. and F,.a

(Fx2

Fz2)L/'z

1.2w
Fr" (in compression)
25D
Fr, (in tension)

(
F",(w(35D

50D

The baseplate and pedestal support assembly on pumps

having a discharge nozzle of 4 in. should be adequate to

limit the shaft displacement, when measured at the coupling, to a maximum of 0.005 in. in any direction when

and for discharge nozzles

F*a

(1.8w

F*) <

40D

(2w
Fr")
Fra (in compression)
Fra (in tension)
0.5w < 25D

subjected to the following loads. These loads represent the

forces tliat may be
applied to a ful1y grouted pump base. They are to be ap-

tot;l effect of all externil mechanical

<

50D

nozzle.

F,a((wtF,,)<35D

o End suction and top discharge pumps are further limited

by:

F":

G^'?+Fy.)-

and

F,6: (Fl
and

M, :

3.0 W*

ftlb

: 2.0 wx ftlb
= 1.5 W+ ft-lb
M* : Moment in Y-Z plane
My : Moment in X-Z Plane
M, : Moment in X-Y plane
W : Weight of pump only, lb
Mv
Mz

F"a'?)"'

For purpose of evaluating computed piping-imposed

for suction nozzles

external moments and forces, they should be transferred

from both suction and discharge flanges to the intersection of the X, Y and Z axes. An algebraic summation
should then be made for comparison with the moment limitation just given.
The vendor must submit alternative criteria for pumps
having a discharge flange of 4 in. NPS. It is suggested
that these criteria be developed as a result of tests'

F".(1.2w(50D
Fr.(0.6w(35D
F.,< w(40D
and

plied to the pump through the suction andior discharge

for discharge nozzles

F"a((1.8wtF*)<40D

Fra (in compression)

2w + Fy.
Fra (in tension)
0.5w
25D

F.a((w1F".)935D

<

50D
* Minimum W is 500 lb in tlpse

computations.

260

Piping Stress Handbook

D. :

Design Criteria for Turbine Drivers with

Steel Nozzles and Casings
Steel Turbines Force, Moment, and
Stress Limitations
At the operating temperature, using the hot modulus
"E," resultant bending moments are permissible up to a
value that would cause a bending stress of S5/4 in a connection having a section modulus equal to the connecting
piping for the same size where the comection is 4 in. IpS
or larger. On smaller size connections a stress of S"/3 is
permitted. (56 is as defined by ANSI Code 83l . I or ANSI
Code B31.3 (current issue) for the material of construcnon. )
The resultant shear force at the face of the flanee and
any individual component may not exceed 2,000 lb. The
resultant forces and individual components are limited

The combined resultants of the forces and moments

the centerlines of the exhaust connection and shaft must

not exceed the following two conditions:
(2s0 D.

F.

where

F, :
M, :
D. :

F(

F,<

(
(
w(

F."

160D

'vr

Algebraic summation of F."

Algebraic surnmation of Fo
Algebraic summation of F,'

(
(
(

F-r)'"

l.6w

2w

Use up to 100% cold spring and satisfl the operaring

condition only.
The total resultant force and total resultant moment imposed on the turbine at any connection must not exceed
the following:

(s0oD"

where

F :
M:

Combined resultant

of inlet.

extraction.

and exhaust forces, lb

Combined resultant of inlet, extraction,

and exhaust moments and moments resulting from forces, ftJb
Diameter (in.) of a circular opening equal
to the total areas of the inlet, extraction
and exhaust openings up to a value of 9
in. in diameter. For values beyond this,
use D. (i8 * equivalent diameter)/3
ln.

<

<
<

50 D.,
125 D.,
100 D.,

M_

<250D,
My. < 125D.
M., < 125D.

1.6w

Combined resultant:

(F.*), + F.y, +

M.)

Components of these resultants should not exceed:

160D
130D

o Resultant components:

o Individual comDonents:

1.3w
.6w

of

the inlets, extraction, and exlaust connections, resolved at

further as follows:

F-<

Pipe size of the connection (IpS) up to g

in. in diameter. For sizes greater than this
use Dc : (16 + IpS)/3 in.

M)

(lb), including pressure

forces where unrestrained exoansion
joints are used at the connection. except
Resultant force

on vertical exhausts
Resultant moment, ftlb

Vertical Exhaust Connection

For installation of turbines with a vertical exhaust and
an umestrained expansion joint at the exhaust, an additional amount of force caused by pressure loading is
allowed. (The additional force referred to is perpendicular to the face of the exhaust flange and central.) For this
type ofapplication, calculate the vertical force component
on the exhaust connection, excluding pressure loading,
and compare with the value of t/o the pressure loading on
the exlaust. Use the larger of these two numbers for a
vertical force component on exhaust connections in making the calculations just outlined.
The force caused by the pressure loading on the exhaust
is allowed in addition to the values established bv the Dreceding up to a maximum value of vertical force (ib) o; the
exhaust connection (including pressure loading) of 151/:
times the exhaust area (in.2).
These values of allowable force and moment Dertain to

the turbine structure only. They do not pertain to the

forces and moments in the cormecting piping, flange, and

Design Criteria for Allowable Loads, Moments, and Stresses

flange bolting that should not exceed the allowable stress
as defined by applicable codes and regulatory bodies. (See

Figure 8-2.)

261

resultant forces and individual components will be limited

further as follows:
o Individual components:

F"(1.3w(40D
Design Criteria for Turbine Drivers with
Cast lron or Aluminum Nozzles and
Casings
Cast lron or Aluminum Turbine Force,
Moment and Stress Limitations

Fr(.6w(35D
F"< w(40D
.

Resultant components:

Algebraic summation of F,*

Algebraic summation of Fo
Algebraic summation of F'"

(
(
(

1.6w
w
1.6w

Combined resultant:

At the operating temperature, using the hot modulus

"8," resultant bending moments are permissible up to a

(F*2+F,r2+F''?),n<2w

value which would cause a bending stress of 56/4 in a connection having a section modulus equal to the connecting
piping for the same size where the connection is 4 in. IPS
or larger. On smaller size connections a stress of Sr,/3 is
permitted. (56 is as defined by ANSI Code B3l. 1 or ANSI

Use cold spring, but comply to these limitations in both

Code 831.3 (current issue) for the material of constructlon.)

The resultant shear force at the face of the flange and
anv individual component should not exceed 500 lb. The

operating and installed conditions.

The total resultant force and total resultant moment imposed on the turbine at any connection must not exceed
the following:

F<
where

(s00D.

M)

= Resultant force (lb), including pressure

forces where unrestrained expansion
joints are used at the comection, except

RIGHT ANGLE TO

TURBINE SHAFT-

M:
D":

on vertical exhausts
Resultant moment, ft-lb
Pipe size of the connection (IPS) up to an
S-in. diameter. For sizes greater than this
(16 + IPS)/3 in.
use a D"

The combined resultants of the forces and moments of

the inlet. extraction, and exhaust connections, resolved at
the centerlines of the exhaust connections must not exceed
the following two conditions.

l.F.<

(2s0

where F.

D.

M,:
Figure 8-2. Turbine coordinate system.

M)

Combined resultant of inlet, extraction, and exhaust forces, lb

Combined resultant of inlet, extraction, and exhaust moments and moments resulting from forces, ft-lb

262

Piping Stress Handbook

D.

Diameter (in.) of a circular opening

equal to the total areas of the inlet,
extraction, and exhaust openings up
to a value of 9 in. in diameter. For

values beyond this, use D.

(18 + equivalent diameter)/3 in.
2. Components

F*

o Combined resultant:

(F*2+Fry2+F.z;rnE2*
Use 100% cold spring and satisf the operating condi
tion only.

of these resultants should not exceed:

D., < M* <

Fy. 125 D., < My. <
F". 100 D,, < M". <
50

250 D.
125 D,
125 D,

The total resultant force ald total resultant moment imposed on the compressor at any comection must not exceed the following:

F<
Design Criteria for Compressors with
Steel Nozzles and Casings

where

= Resultant force (lb), including pressure

forces where unrestrained expanston

M:

Centrifugal Steel Compressor Force,

Moment, and Stress Limitations

value that would cause a bending stress of $,/4 in a connection having a section modulus equal to the comecting
piping for the same size where the connection is 4 in. IPS
or larger. On smaller-size comections a stress of S1/3 is
permitted. (S1 is as defined by ANSI Code B31.1 or ANSI
Code 831.3 (current issue) for the material of construc-

1.F.<

(463

where

D.

F. :
MI:

(
(
F" (
F,

1.3w
.6w
1.0w

<
<
<

160D

l30D
160D

Resultant components:

Algebraic summation of Fo
Algebraic summation of Fo
Algebraic summation of F-

2.
l.6w
1.6w

M.)

Combined resultant of suction, interstage and discharge forces, lb

Combined resultant of suction, interstage and discharge moments result-

ing from forces, ftlb

Diameter (in.) of a circular opening
equal to the total areas of the suction, interstage, and discharge openings up to a value of 9 in. in diameter. For values beyond this, use D,
= (18 + equivalent diamerer)/3 in.

Individual components:

F*

joints are used at the connection.

Resultant moment, ftlb
Pipe size of the connection (IPS) up to 8
inches in diameter. For sizes greater than
this use D" : (16 + IPS)/3 in.

The combined resultants of the forces and moments of

the suction interstage and discharge connections, resolved
at the centerlines of the discharge comection must not exceed the followins two conditions.

tion.)
The resultant shear force at the face of the flanee and
any individual component should not exceed 2,60 lb.
The resultant forces and individual components will be
limited further as follows:

M)

D:

At the operating temperature, using the hot modulus

"8," resultant bending moments are permissible up to a

(925D.

Components of these resultants should not exceed:

F,"
Fy.

F,,

<
<

<

92 D.,

M_ <

230 D,, My.

460 D,
230 D,

r85 D,.

230 D,

<
M. <

Design Criteria for Allowable Loads, Moments, and Stresses

Design Criteria for Compressors with

Cast lron or Aluminum Nozzles and
Casings

where

F :

(lb), including pressure

forces where unrestrained e xpansion
joints are used at the connection. except
Resultant force

M=
D"

Cast lron Compressor Force, Moment,

and Stress Limitations
At the operating temperature, using the hot modulus,
"E," resultant bending moments are permissible up to a
value that would cause a bending stress of S;/4 in a connection having a section modulus equal to tle connecting
piping for the same size where the connection is 4 in. IPS
or larger. On smaller-size connections a stress of 56/3 is
permitted. (Sr is defined by ANSI Code 831.1 or ANSI
Code 831.3 (current issue) for the material of construc-

The combined resultants of the forces and moments of

the inlet, extraction, and exhaust connections, resoived at
the centerlines of the exhaust connection must not exceed
the followine two conditions.

1.F.<

(250

where

hon.)
The resultant shear force at the face of the flange and
any individual component shall not exceed 500 lb. The re-

MJ

Combined resultant

of suction, in-

terstage and discharge forces, lb

Combined resultant

of

suction, in-

terstage, and discharge forces, lb

Diameter (in.) of a circular opening

eoual to the total areas of the suction, interstage, and discharge openings up to a vaiue of 9 in. in diameter. For values beyond this use D,
= (18 + equivalent diameter)/3 in.

2.

ComDonents of these resultants should not exceed:

<

< 460 D.
< 230 D,
<
F. < 185 D., M- < 230 D,

F."

F.y

Resultant components:

Algebraic summation of F*
Algebraic summation of Fo
Algebraic summation of F,"

F. :
D, :

o Individual comDonents:

Fr(.6w(35D
F"< w(40D

D.

M. =

sultant forces and individual components are limited further as follows :

F.(1.3w(40D

on vertical exhausts
Resultant moment, ft-lb
Pipe size of the connection (IPS) up to 8
in. in diameter. For sizes greater than this
(16 + IPS)/3 in.
use a D"

(
(
<

92 D., M,230 D., M.y

1.6w
1.0w
1.6w

o Combined resultant:

(F*2+F.y2+F-'?)'n<2w

API Code 661 Design Criteria for

Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers

Use cold spring, but comply to these limitations in both

operating and installed conditions.

The total resultant force and total resultant moment imposed on the turbine at any connection must not exceed
the followins:

F<

(s00D"

M)

Each nozzle in the corroded condition must be capable

of withstanding the moments and forces defined in Table
8-3.
The design of each fixed header, of the fixed header to
sideframe connection, and of other support members
should be such that no damage will occur due to the simul-

264

Piping Stress Handbook

taneous application of the following design iotal nozzle

loadings on a single header:

For the direction of loads see Figure 8-3.

The total of all nozzle loads on one multibundle bav
should not exceed three times that allowed for a singli
header.

Moments.

ftlb

Forces.

The maxirrum allowable moments and forces for floatirlg headers are a matter of agrement between the pur-

lb

F,FyF"

MM,
IvI,
3,000 4,000 2,000

r,500 3,000

chaser and the vendor.

2,500

This recogrrizes that the application of ths moments and

forces will cause movement and that this movement will
tend to reduce the actual lmds.
Tabte

&3

Allowable External Forces and iloments tor

Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers
Nozzle

NPS Moments ft-lb

Inches ilr
lily M:

Slze,

lth
2

6
8
10

t2
14

50 70 50
70 120 70
200 300 2N
400 600 400

1,050 1,500 800

1,500 3,000 1,100

2,W0
2,5W

3,000

3,m0

1,250

3,000 1,500
3,500 1,750

Forces, lb

F,

F,,

F2

100 150 100

150 2ffi 150
300 250 300
500 400 500
600 750 750

850 2,000
1,000 2,000

1,200

1,500

1,250 2,W 2,000

1,500 2,500 2,500

Figure 8-3, The direction of the loads defined in Table &

Exchangers for
General Refinery Se/.v,bes, Second Edition, i978, Standard 661, Figure L Reprinted courtesy of the American
Petroleum Instilute.

3. Reproduced lrcm Air-Cooled Heat

Simptified Solutions for Pipe Stress

These tables are developed as a tool for the piping stress

can readily be seen that the smaller expansion

engineer or the piping designer by which he can quickly

evaluate a proposed layout before he proceeds with his deslgn worK.
It is important for the reader to understand that the tables presented herein do not compose a rigorous solution
to the pipe stress problem. Computer calculations must be
made for borderline cases. The tables are approximate
values onlv for two-anchor oroblems.

Example Problem 9-1

Consider the piping arrangement in Figure 9-1.

Size: 8 in.
Schedule: Sch 40
Material:

O.D.:

F:

A-53 Grade B
8.625 in.

where

Temperature: 600'F
Coefficient of thermal expansion: .046 in./ft

The expansion for the 20-ft leg is X

.92 in., and the
expansion for the 10-ft is X = .46 in. By inspection, it

will deflect

the longer leg more easily than the larger expansion will
the shorter leg.
To develop Tables 9-1 and 9-2, a guided cantilever formula has been used to calculate stresses. If we observe
our Example Problem 9-1 for an expansion ofX
-92
in., the required offset is about 13 ft for a stress of 15,000
psi (See Thble 9-1) and 23 ft for a stress of 5,000 psi (See
Table 9-2). If Point A is attached to a piece of rotating
equipment, you will need to have about 23 ft to make the
system more flexible. If the system is attached to a piece
of nonrotating equipment, a 13-ft offset will be sufficient.
To find the thermal forces Table 9-3 is to be used, which
shows forces for a unit reflection with various leneths of
offset.
Note that in identifuing pipe sizes the tables show wall
thickness and moment of inertia as well as O.D. All forces
are calculated from the formula:

6 Ell1728 L3 (guided cantilever)

F:
E=

{:

Force, lb
E O-.ton, t tn.,
Young's modulus of elasticity, (30
psi)
Moment of inertia of pipe, in.a
Length of the shorter leg, ft

I :
L:
I

Fys

F.B

106

434lb

Figure 9-1. Diagram for Example Problem

6,949lb.

9-1

(Text continued on page 291.)

265

256

Piping Stress Handbook

Table 9-1

Lengths ot Offset Required to Safely Absorb Various Expansions tor Piping Between Two Solld Anchors
(Stress Limit is 15,000 pst)

Pipe O.D.

(in.) ol

1.3
1.9
2.3
4.5
6.6
l'.D

rs .7
74.9

16,S
18 .0

.g
24.5
2g

30 .s
36 .g

42,9

4A.S

54.9

1.5
2,6
3.5
3.3
4.2
5.1
5.3
5.7
5.1
6.4
7.9
7.8
9.3
tg .5

tength (ft)

Bequired to Absorb Expansion A (in.)

o.2

0.3

2.3

.8

3.4

3.0
5.2
5.9
6.6

l1,l

t4.l

I4.9

8.4

ro ,4

11.8
L3 .g

IS .1

14.3
16.3
L8 ,2

74.0

19 ,9
2g .8

L6 .O

l8 .0
26,0
24,9

3g .g
36 .S
42 .0

48,9

54.5

22.3
23.6

24.9

u.d

9.7

12.o
13.6
15.1
15 .5

l8 .9

2I.0

22.9
24 .T
27 .3

29.8

Jt.5

8.1
8.9
9.9
.5
11.1
10

tJ.o
l4 .9

r6.l
u.3

18.3

36.1
38,5

4r,s

9.9
10.9
13.4
L5.2
l5 .9
l8 .5
21.1
23 .5
25.6
26 .9
28.8
30.5
32.2
9.4
.2
.7
.9
a2.9

38.6
44.6
47 .3

5.1
6.7
7.4
8.4
9,4

5.il

tength (ft)
Pipe O.D.
(in.) -r-:3 2.9 2.5
1.3
1.9
2.3

3.9
4,3

4.6
5.2

4.3

7.6
8.1
8.5
9.1
9.9

0.4

43
a6
49

rg .2
16 .7

t2 ,2
12.a

t4.l

IE ?

17.3
18 .5

2L.I

0.5
3.6
4.4
4.8
6.5
5.8

9.4

10.5

IL.4
12 .g
t2.a
l4 .4

!7,6
2g ,8

0.6
4.
4.8
6.6
7.4
8.2
9.0
l0 .3
12,5

13.2
14

.l

14 .9

15.7
17 .3

l9 .3
2t .7

22.A

o.7
.3

5,2
?1

8.5
8.9
11.1
L2.4
IJ.5

14.2
15.1
L7 .S

t8.5
2g

22

.8
.8

.4
28.0
26

23 .6

0.8
4.6

0.9
4.9

6.1
8.6
rs .4

lr.:t

l4 .5
.2
16.3
17.3
t8 .2
15

8.9
9.1
tg ,r

.3

1.1

1.2

6.2
5.9

5,4
6.5
7.2
8.9

6,8

t0.6

.l

9.3
10.5

12.2

I2 .8

7S

Lt.2

tl.l

lt.7

l4 .1

14.9
16.2

15.6

L7 .g

12,6
16.1

27
22
24
26
28
29

1.0

.r

23,6
.9
28.9

.4

25

.4
.2
.9

29 .9

18.2
l9 .3
26 .3
22 .3

24.9

29

,s

1',t t

14,9

14 .5

r7 .0

17.8

17.8
l8 .6

,2

2L .T

2S

23.4

22,3
24.4

26 .7

27 .3

33.1

34.5

28.6
39,9

JJ.5

Required to Absorb Expansion A (in.)

3,0
9.9
l0 .8
11.9
o.5
20 .2
.l

.r
.l

23
za .6
28

29.5

38.6
43 .2
47 .3

51.1
54.7
5A.g

4.5
9,7
12.9
15.9

I8 .g
26 .g
2L .9
25 .0
27 .9

35,4
31.9
34.1

tg ,4

11.0

13.8

14 .6

17 ,g

2I.3
23

.4

29 .8
36 .4

36.1

38,5

JO.I

4g .7

4r .7
46 .7

51.1
55.2

59,1
62.6

5.9

44.6

49.9
54.7
53.1
67 .S

t3.3
78,5

26.5
24

.8

3r,5
34.4
36.1

ll.5

!4 .6
15 .4
t9 .6
2I .6
23 ,9
29 ,9

36,3
JU.I
4S

43.2

,'l

47 .3

45.6
49.9

58,6

51.1

67 .S

70.6
7 4,9

6.6
L2,
2g
22
25
27
31

23 ,6
26

.L

.3

4I.7

45.3

47 .3
49 .9

47.8

52 ,3

5 8.6
64.1
7

4.I

I7 .6

24.6

54.7

61.t

67,9

16.5
.2
22.5

18

39.9
41.4

43.5
46.5
49,3
52 ,S
s5 .9

63.6

39 .4
43

.s

45,1
48.2

sl.1
53 .9

55,0
?a I

8S

a2.6

7,0

28 ,2
34 .6
38 .S

4S

.6
42 .1

13 ,2
L6 .g

28 .6

34.9

66 ,O

7t.s

.0
.6
.g
.4

16.9
29.8

6.5

,5

88.5

267

Simolified Solutions for Pipe Stress

Table 9-2
Lengths of Oftset Required to Safely Absorb Various Expansions tor Piping Connected to Rotating
Equipment (Stress Limit is 5,000 psi)

Pipe O.D.

(in.) -6:i
t.9
3,5

3.4

6,6
8.6

5.4
7.3

4.6

ro.7 8.r
r2.7 8.9
74.s 9.3
L6.0 9,9
t8,0 I0,5
1t.r
28 .0
24 ,O 12.2
13,5
30 .o
36.s L4.9
42.A 15.1
48.0 L7 .3
54,6 18.3
Pipe O.D.

(in.) i.s
1.3 rl .0
1.9 13.3
2.3 14,6
3.5 18.0
4.5 29.5

8.6 24,3
ls.7 31.6
L2.7 34.4
14.0 36,L
L6.0 3 8.5
18.0 4L.O
26.9 43.2
24.6 47 .3
30 ,0
52.9
5a.S
36 .0
42.O 62.6
48.5 67.0
54.9 7 r.g

Required to Absorb Expansion A (in')

Length (ft)
o.2

4.9
4.8
6,6
7 .4
8.2
9,9
r0.3
12.5
t3,2
14.9
r7.3
19.3
21.1
22.8
24.4
25 ,9

0.3
4.9
5.9
8,9

9,r

t0.r

1r.1

12.6

15.4

16.r
18.3

27,r

23.6
25,9
28.9
29.9
31.7

Length (ft)
2.O

2.5

0.4

0.5

0.6
6.9
8.4

9,3
.5
11.7
12.8
14 .6
16.3
L7.8
18.6
19.9
2r ,r
22.3
24.4
27.3
29 .9
34.6
36 ,7
L6

70,4
1r .8
13.0

11 .4

14.3

15 .7

L2.9
14 .3

16 ,3

L8.2
19.9
2q .8

20 .0

2r .8

22.3

24.4

23.6
24.9

25 .9
27 ,3

27 ,3

0.5
33 .5

29.9

38.6
4L.0

36 .7

39.6
42 .3

44.9

o.7
7.5

0.8

rg .0

10 .7

74,0

8.0

r5,4

l6 .5

lo I

20

16.9

2r.6
24,7

r8.t

.7

26 .4

0.,
8.t

76.1

1t .3

1.0
9.0
l0 .8
11,9
14.7

29.5

39.6

45 .7

48.5

11 .9

47 .A

43.2

44,9
48,5

47 ,3

55 ,g

58.0

6.q

7.9

17 .5

19.2

26.2
23

24.5
28 .g

.r

28,1
29.5

38.6

34,6
38.6

9,4

tr .4

1.2
9.8

.4 16 .1
r 9.4 29.2
24.2 25,3
29.5 36,8
32.3
30 .9
34.6
33 .l
3 8,5
37 .6
40.5 42,3
49.7 sl .9
56 .0
53 .6
57.3 59 .9
60,8 6 3.5

r4.0
t5 .8

28 .0
32 ,3

1.1

48.9

5I

.I

15

Required to Absorb Expansion A (in.)

3.0

15.6 16 .8
18.8 26 .3
15.9 18 .9 20 ,7 22,4
20.8 23.3 25,5 27 .6
23.6 26,4 29.s 31.3
29.2
32.0 3 4 .6
26 .L
28.6 32,0
4g.r 43.3
36,5 4q.8 44 .'t 48.3
44.5
48.'t 52.6
3 9,8
4r,7 46 .7 Fl I q( '
44,6 49 ,9 54.7 59 .r
47.3 52.9 58 .0 62.6
49,9 5s.8 61, t 66.0
54.7 61.r 67 .0 72.3
61..1 68.4 74,9 8q.9
67.9 7 4.9 82 .S 88.6
72.3 89.9 88.6 95.7
77 .3
85.5
94 .7 r02.3
82.O 91.7 109.5 rsg.5

4,9
18 .0

29.5

4.5
23,g
25 ,4

5.0
20.L
33.0
37 ,4

37.9
49,5
46 .3

43,5

49.r
54,8
62.6
67 .0

61 ,0

70.6
86.5
L02.3

L09.4
116.0

77.0
74,9

4t .4
45.3

51.7

74.9
7 8.9
85,5

L00.5

ro5 .9

108.5

114 .4

rt6,g

123.1

28 .g

34.6
39.2

r22 .3
L29 .7

22,9
26.6

35,r
4t,0

43 .4
41 ,5

45.3

66 ,5

63.2
68.9
72.3

66.9
65.0

82 .0

9r.7

21.1

24.3

74.L
78,5
82,8

90.7

49 .7
56 ,7

22.9
27 .7

3t ,5
39.6

42 .7
49 .0

59.0

65.8

78.r

77 .3

80.5

85,5

96.0

94 ,7

98 .6

a2.g

23 .8
28 .8

88.6
93 .4

IO2 .3

I6L,4

10s.9

110 .3

]f

r2g ,o

125,3
134,0

130.5

135.4
L44.7

ItL.r

r36.1

1r5.0

I42.I

I2A .a
139 .5

L4't,9

4.4

r25.3

Piping Stress Handbook

Table 9.3
Force (lb/ln.) ot Expansion tor L-Shaped pipe (No Etbow)

?.375

{IFF-

l. J/J

,,t65

FI
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5
6

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3 UNES ARE O.D., WAIL TEICKNESS, AND MOMENT OF NERNA.

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2.395

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1!859

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lB5

Simplitied Solutions for Pipe Stress

Table 9-3
Contlnued

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UNES ARE O.D., WAIL T'IIICKNESS, AND MOMENT OF INERNA,

Piping Stress Handbook

Tbble 9-3
Continued

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3 UNES ARE AD., WALL THICKNESS. AND MOMENT OF NERNA.

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712

Simplified Solutions for Pipe Stress

Table 9.3

Contlnued

rt
0iF-

ll
l?
l9
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THICrjI/ESS, AND MOMENT OF INERTI,A-

Piping Stress Handbook

Table 9-3
Continued

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TEible 9-3
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Tbble 9-3
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Table 9-3

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TEICKNESS. AND MOMENT OF

NERTU.

276

Piping Stress Handbook

Table

$3

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li,r;0$

4:,ts,

9,3t7

t,3;5

J/3

3S:9,44S 6658.9iS 1t6:1. i*0

?i6,51{ 3i5: i6! i79,t63

i:t, :s4 :;7,5:5 547. tA9
I l5! tsi ;9?.3:3 i9S,96l
a7,!42 152r FFg :9i.7$S

r;,I:t 117!Et5 r3f.845

5;,7?l 97,679 tSl. Sis
{?,:6t 7J,;31 l{5.;7?
14! 36i :9! 947 I l8! 193
:g!:17 49!l?5 ?t,3Eg
ll,659 ,ll: lfil gl. i93
lt!cSS i4,69? it.ll9

95i,4t?
Et3,6t7

i:lr 110

931, ?66

Li{g. lcs
3! ?:9 50:,661

4Sl,4l

t5i,783 493,tl!

its!5?:

3?t.8!6

169,l4l t?S.lil
i4l;184 i!5: lgl

118. t36 i8t,7:4

,49i 5i, 157 Ifi!t:g t$l,lts
:4! 49S :"q.:tt 4tr E,l3
s6,7S3 138! 3g?
12,::4 ?r,S47 4;. t;_l 74.899 ll9!47f
Itt,3?l 19.Ftl l;,46; 65,14i 193.9t8
9r 5i3
l$,S:? 3t! tg: 57.rll{ tf.916
8,396 i4t6t6 ?8, S5d
tle
S36
7,413 12,t19 15,558 44r ll3 ?tr91!
E,:tt l l,51i ;i. cti l?.4ii5 $;, i:t
:r993 t51771 :F.:66
:,:u4 t,: ti tg. t7l ;1,:tB 9r.49r
4, i56
S.:?i !!. t56 :5.4t I 45,165
4,:9if ;,,1t3 !1, i71 :-5.6t9 48.liB
l,;?l 6,1?l li,:?! 71 ]i] :r _iElC
t,
*,lil l:.1?3 -:1 i: i_l
=4t
1121,1 5,:lS : i, l;S
:, t;l
5, ilt
1!,i49
l:!o1t ;S,l-.t
:,;f5 4, il? i,384 16, tiE :5, t4b
:.4;s 1.333 i.:39 i4,'t7 13, t11
:,:?i i.tt{ ,-.u73 i, dtl !l,913
:. !14 i,3g;
,1,27,i
i:.611 :t, i64
!,9:5 l,1l l !, ??5 It!69t 1S,i5?
lt, E3!' 17,:ug
161

9lt

29

5rA.

,qfl.

1 i,:r
j,

tis
i,4:9
i,:i:
i, r;3
i, irl
1,1li

-r nlt

i ?in

:.;t!
:::,i5
:,l;5
I. iid
l,iit
!.i41

:. tg,i
5.

il7

1,051

.i.173

:,i?g
i, 34:

WAIL TH]CKNESS, AND MOMENT OF INERNA.

16,864

9,36t
8.7:4
gr i];
'!Oar

;,::6
6. i*l

:!! 9:3
14.

t34

it,9i5
i:, tui.

ll,16;
iJ.6:;

Simplified Solutions for Pipe Stress

Table 9-3
Continued

l.;i5
:iE-

:.375

.:T

d.l3.i
t. !6F

t.5gs
ir.l l5

l:.;5 ii,l. S[:1, 4tS PiFE

{.596

i.:t;

i.

I iiq

Tr

i3i6

:. tsj

s.:58

8, 6;i
g. ?Af

15.150

!1.14F

it.:s5 ?4,173 t97.4:4

i, i40 1i.tal 59,49i
4.91! i 1,7;: !'i,678
:,5i1 s,t?7 l?,,!35
1,15: l,4SS 7r lll
tlg !,lt$ 4! 6s5
614 1,471 i! tus
fill ?,li;
4lt
isl t.379
ll4
?36 5;s 1.187
1S? 4i6 5'14
341 719
l4l
I

1,ts4
:33

Li

3'i

7g?

i35

'?5

it

6t
3:

l?

45

tl

;:

l{

:5

1r

il:

ts
t?

l"i

i,7

l,i

l:

:t

:l

I
j
6

:4
4

ii
:i

:U

I
77

,r!
2

"1J

:.
:--

;
I

614:l
:
!3
31?:5
5
li

')i
I
i1
FIRST 3 I,TNES ARE

l/i

93 ?:l
i94
;i
64 i3r
51 ti!
.t6 i i5
t4
i5
it
i4
30
7l
,:1
?u
i4
?3
?!
4S
i.3
11
:E
Id
14
14
it
;l
lt
iF
::
it
lE
Zi
9?t44
Et94t
r
l8
iiiJ4

?l

AD.,

iln
{{8
i86
3?l

i7I
tis

tli

17i

l4s

llg
ll4
!61

1i
Ed

12

6:
5s

3l
45

17

27

i3

r.$:5 lt.j.st
E,

Jlt

F.

ic3

l:. ilg
9.J/J

7?.ts, 1it.716 ?t9,ild

ll;, ul I
{i;
i6S.573 :;9,Si3

Jo!.

6?S, I 17

?94 ?rl,6l? 'l:4.$47

?3.45; t!4gg 113.945 zi?,,119
13.5i? t4. t3B 7i.515 il1.7l5
9r547 :?ril4 4S,314 S,1.83?

45,Slil

i t7,

:.i?6 !4' 748 3:!701 5o,SJi

4,6;1 19,33S 2i,967 i?! i14
t!i3l 7t551 10.741 ?9.'i17
7,792 5.6?1 17t579 !l,96l
i!69i 4.17t !,igt l6,iji?
1,3i1 3,437 7.6? i 13'?'i'l
ir968 },i?:i 6,lt: lt,6t4
Si9 2i;37 4. i'o 1 g,i:l
it6 !.s43 l.trs i. is4
3i7 i,53i 3!,li8 5,9:3
:gl 1. ?t5 !,i;i 1,98t
4;; 1r ii?l :'111 4'?4i
33i t44 l: t93 -l'cJ7
8tS i,6SS l, I'i;
3r;
2,1i l{t l, i7: :,;:i
:4 t
stl t,li6 :.l?:
544 l,:l i ],ii5
]]?
le8 4sl :,0ii 1, u6:
+lE t:: i, ri':
lii
3E,l 65i l.i7t
llt
?iJ i.l;i
,li4
lll
..5i l. i?;
lit
Jli
:ge oii : ii;i
ii9
,

YH

ilJ

89
'di
i1
tE
il
:t
:3

i;9
ilB
i?i.
176
li:
14t
FE

.,

:il

4i
1l

i
I

WAIL zIIICKNESS, AND MOMENT OF INERNA.

lr
lF

:ir

't i

il

:tE
sls

i
46i
1;t
lli
i:9
:ll
:t5
jvj

iil
lil

i 4'i
.5?i

ci4
371

33i

i1i
455171

277

Piping Stress Handbook

Table 9-3
Continued

:.;;:

ti|-

:.li5

tEi

d.

'iGI

l.:48
l, ,l ll

;ll

4it
2d4

t77
9

1?4

ifi

9S

il

68

l?

5t

l{

l3

ll

4l

l5

27

1r

?!

t7

l8
1o

l9

1l

2n

ll

!1

ls

I!

23

:4

73

2i

11

;B

::
),

li
It

I;

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:i
l7

I
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39

FIRST

l. fts

ir,

iJ

t,

Slt!

I
I

SlH, ;(i

:.lsl
ii3
;6, ilB
9.

llit

d?5 3.i:5 it.:5i l?.;5t

9,13i t.:t$ 5.3eii .:t.:r_i
4i.49t lt5.7lt ?l r.9:e i6l.3i,i
i.

:t.;$i i.5, ii; :i?.149 5:7,n]

i5,itl l;,f79 7?r718 i:i,Ii.i 497,s53 8l?,itii
6,;t3 i5,64: lJ,6ii 65,?fi i?:,S64 344!?7! 539.4:t
l.:i5 3,Cri 17,?!E J3,;4f gi.di7 17i,6?i trrl,:d7
i!.q79 4,6:5 9,9ifl i9,5li :'r,9SZ lt?r;i4 114,_l5r
l.lsl ?.91i 1,2,.8 t2!19; 3Irlt5 64.36F lEt,itg
i9? 1,955 ,1,?65 g!!38 ti,iFE ,i3.trl E,tiS
55i 1.J73 ?,t34 5!796 15,1{6 3d.r95 51.661
466 I,gil :t153 4,?lE i!,dl? ;r,tts 3i,6i1
lf5
t:t l,6tg I.169 g,:74 li,igS t8,r?5
135 ii9 l,?46 :,441 r,37t L?,17i :1,i94
185
456 tSt t,9?0 5! : l$,s49 li,14t
148
155 igs 1.5i7 4,S$ 9.046 l;,iil
2?7 ,i3S l!?:d i.?63 b,54: lt,l59
9t
:41 5;6 i.gt$ t,889 i!li5 9,t95
8I
?{4 {t5
Bt8 t,?4i 4,4?4 7.d6b
ii
I'ii.
36? 723 l: ggt i,786 6.458
59
it6
4
613 i.6t5 I,i19 .c!49t
51 1:5 :i9
sli 1!J77 t.i6d 4,799
,i53 l.lgt :,li{ 4, gi?
44 ltr
?33
:3
94 281
J-9b i, Fl4 :,s7J 3.5i7
ir
flz r7i
347 tqs I,Fts l, t9"i
}i
i2
lsi
;d5 197 1,5!7 |!i21
!4
tJ6
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?i8 1E.r l!4ll :,41s
ti
3i
tzi
:49 617 1,::6 :. l{i2l
5i
lEt
:i4
5i9 i!l?? !, 5
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4t
9S l9? :tl
1,"56 l,il.
1?S

L1

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+.:ru

iig

t. big
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Tu

i;
1l

ls
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?E

;E

a9
td
i?
i6
6it

53
5"

1r

il

t8

ii

43
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36

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ln

il

15

t7; 45? 965

156 ,t$g EIS
142 l7g t41

1r

l!9

f, i49

117

i6;
tS

ts

Ei
77
7l
6i
il

;lS
1gi
r8t
i1i

;li

it4
614
t6t
ils
471

1.544

3i5

l,;154
1,648
95s
E7r
,:di

z'Li

4:6

?44

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i86

lu6

37:

633

i;r

:8

i66

546

3 UNES ARE AD., WAIL T'IIICKNESS, AND MOMENT OF NERNA,

Simplified Solutions for Pipe Stress

Table 9-3

Continued

It lU {i Ll. lli1. /,: -irt

iiF-

:;i
ar
n

t
is

i:
:5
t7
iE

l9
2I

;l
::

t3
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:"r

t5
;8

l,

ll
i:
ll
:5
3,t
37

IS

3t
ri:J

i1
{?

4l
15

.i{

14,igt i6,rd6 !3.fi9t is,69$ !4.tos td.tEt .r!.itE 4:,4t1

i.3fg 9.11fl S.5i0 t.s{g t.st$ d.5FX t.tig J.iSt
,i83.75J 711.9{d lr5t.li, Hso,8id 1349.J:!r 3e4:,?60 3iS6.:.t"i i4it5.5rtr'
ts,4:t

i.t8,?14 ?14,ls8

597 156..i87
ts,i9l 7s,:44 ti9,783
li,E6d 5?.!83 8f,423
ot!

1?4

:t,lat

l -'i4,

lri 63!487
??.?36 14! ?94 49, tl4
iB!3i4 17.7gli 39.985
i,l,93l ??,:91 3?! id5
l:!ti3 li.6t4 :6,78J
lt, ?57 l3,ti9 :?,339
g!64i l3!671 l8rgll
7,34i lt,llo 15.99{
i llt

44!

q 5i{t

!1 7t1
u,8{6

5.1{l ?13
i3? i,Ltg l$.Iui
3t 142 A!:si
1317
1,r45 5.515 7, t36
l.!?: 4tg5g 7, B:!
i,Ei7 4,3tS 6, ?4:
:!36S J, i7{ 5! 574
t,:t6 3,471 4!5t8
:!sai l! lli
{,49s
l. Bt$ :,5:4 4.961
l.6tl :,5t9 3, lil
l,5is ?.I:7 i,319
l e4e? l. t:?
3,d53
i.:g? i!94ji 7. 711
l, 175
778 :r 559
r, gs$ t, ti4
:,151
995 t,595 ?.1&6
918 l!189 t,t99
E49 I r:95 1.949
,.87 1.1?l I,;l{
131 l! :96 l.:92
6sd fi!
l,4el
634 ?59 1,339
5tt
695 r. 13
55i Sl7 t.ts4
5lg 7s; l, t?7
485 73i l,ts?
Er

4.

FIRST 3 I.]NES ARE

I!

1,

AD..

;f6,40S 5lE,it?
?9S,1?l 164!:77 ;ld.4S,
!51. isi :&5.558 5:3,:t!
114!

it7 1it,5li

;t4,

ill

t7 F?? iii i7q ini 95!

69,075 1!$.87i :39, S67
55,Jsi 9d.778 l?1.416
44! 965 7E!644 l:5,i!4
37!g5g 64.f,31 l?8. ?3'
:g!89? 34,05? 196, tt6
!6t

?;!

92t 45!555 t6.$it

123 38! 717 7i,373

tA 11n

ii lqq

iE

rqn

l6!387 tg!675

56,7t4

14,

4t,3t7

?5? ?4,ttg
tr.4?3 !t g?6
lt, t78 lt.:10
!

113.5.:d
?il, 17t

33t, S:?

!!3r,i45

i5t

qiQ

186, ?87

?E]

ECI

:,99A 3,?43 1$,3S9

:.766 4,84r
:,59S 4,471 ',312
9,95{
?!171 4.149 81287
2,792 I,g5i 7,6t1
?,648 l,:84 7!sdq
t99 3.ItS 6! 696
l,79! 5.1ii ri,lii
r, 165 2, 914 i,i64
1!i59 2.7!g 5!.116
1,40i ?!559 5,959
1,

WAIL TIIICKNESS, AND MOMENT OF INERTU.

113,:94

156r95!

?t3,169
i 14,4t4

Cl iio

1:;,873
1i1222

lt :E9

rsr

663,4Et

ii,:gi

sli,

i8t

416,

43,16t

7,7t4 13.49? t6!ig4

i! 3 l;,s?7 ?3, t?6
s: i:!
l4!gE8 :i,536
5,6;1 9.r35 19,4:3
8,9i4 17! 63t
5, 99{
{,631 e. !s1 it,9:9
4, ?:3
14:6rs
"it6 13,36J
J!E6l 61i37
l! 518 6t li4 !:,:5!
q ;q?

547.6:5
5??.647

17! t94

9,1t7. 16,t96 :3, 5

8!634 15,l$t ??, Sgl

1 ?q{

iri,:ri

llsr 1i6
Itir 7il
93.:7I

46,493
+.t r 0Yl
37,5?,'

;3! 897
1'E

cl tiq
/{,tuu
66,691
54.

l5t

t722
-,i4. o l

?s;4is

41,.684

:1,316

lt,il7

it frl

18, t69
tt i?a

?8,8$4

l5:429
l4,

irt

l3! 279

16!645
?4,647

ii.u15

:l

r1t!

t?,35i
,l Etl

il,714

1g,t{4

li, i!1
ti, t4:

19,

t41

1S.lEl

9,463

g,dl3

11,98?

Piping Stress Handbook

Table 9-3
Continued

r.6?3 T!

r'iiF-

tEi

:.l Ii{.

5lH. 6t

PiPE

s.6:: ls. ist !:.75s L4.Nt 16,6S9 tg.E d ri.gsd 2a.686

t.Js6 0.55s t.36: S.591 0.656 9.7:, ,,Sl: S.?iS
85.i3t ilt. t5r 4fr8.429 55!.?t' 932,3:S 15i1,i;9 ??56.749 4{3:.it.J

I
!l
!2

IJ
15

i6
l7
1E

,:4

?t
i.2
?3

;!
?1

:8
:?
,.:fi

3l
3?

tl
;;
-r7

3B

It
49
.,:

FIPAT

31?,34; !l7,tt9
144.4:r t4,l.t7t $51! i?5
71.t1; 176,S!: 3;3,i63
_,i?.i?J tt?.]l4 193,104

915.lBl
46u,573

t6i
liI,763
!

i7 6,t4i
449,6?? 7l0,4it

t19 t4,368 1il. t95

2S3! 1{4 459.9t5 685. t57
43,1!l 8!.46S 114.398 l8t,&8{ 3t8, 154 45t, Ei 946.579
l:,iis :9.:86 :7,?16 gg! 345 l33r ??l :16!{l$ 3r?.4i6 664!S
!. t4l
27,874 4l!716 5i!572 97,119 l57, ii5 :i5.$; 184,647
i.945 16! 388 31, i38 44,9i5 7?! 9.6 118,539 176,617 36{.1t1
5rl4t 12,7i1 t{,1J8 ll! l!6 56, tS3 ?t.305 $&!f49 tgg,467
4.ts? 19.s49 lE,t65 ?t,i6g 44!:95 7t,814 106,999 ??t,595
I,:69 4.046 15,:'il ?1.345 35,3t3 57, {i8 35.,r79 176,g2l
z.,7ic 6,54? l?.159 17! 355 ?8,7i i' 16.74t 6?,611 143,599
t.:57 5.39t lS! 193 14,3tt 23!7!t tS,319 57,39? I l8! t?!
1,8tst 4,494 8,4tfi 1t!91? 19,759 3!.114 47,8,18 9E!64r
1,585 l!78E 7.15i lt, S43 16,653 i7r tsl 1S.lSE il.f$l
i,343 3.:19 6.gEl 9t 339 14.1:9 t3,Sfi 34.?i3 ld.65t
1.153 :,7nF 3, ?14 7!lil llt liig 19,7:2 ?t.585 6trigl
??8 ?!;84 4r5t4 6,l:5 i9,187 l7! t36 !5!3d4 52!31;
22,977 15,:15l
s68 ?,flt 3,?t7 5,5'
?! 121 I4, Sli
7,r87 l?,16t- i9 lil i?,S35
7rf l, 5 l,lig 4!gl4
669 1,5?l i,'iti 4,317 ;, ii?5 il.{ll 17!it5 ::.S5S
:i:
1,4i3 !,069 ;1749 i,il5 !s,69s 19,845 ll t17
5:6 1.?5! :,1;j j,3ii 5,i2i a"i1j 13,1t: :i.3i4
47't tt ii!
2.1i9 :,9;6 4!t34 g.5i! lt.94l 31,6:i
4?l i,ifi!' i,lrg :, 6ttg 4,4?4 7! 1i,,- lS!;f9 :t,9;B
3,?r: 6,469 9,639 ti,r12
ai9
163 l.1ii l,,lrl
34t Bl8 I,545 !, 15t 1.597 5,844 8!797 l?,fiS
711 l!4t1d !,96,i t, ?6i 5.196 7,991 i6,:69
ll9
792 i74 l.l;J I,;87 ;. t64 .1,815 1|174 l,l.7tS
!37 6i4 I, i6t l.6l$ 2,i97 4,190 nr3ll 13,456
:t5
56: 1, 561 1,4!d !.4;1 4,t14 3,981 l!,ili
5lg r7l 1.3i6 ?. ?,t3 3,685 5,4S3 il,lEl
ir6
qts
5,i:9 10,18t
: rit:
l,lf:
ItB
ar4 i.:55
t, !17 3,1i3 4,i41 ?,5:B
i5r
436 EII l, r5r
l,;76 7i8i|! {. fi4 E!c3:
163 4i2 iig t, $i7
I,ii7 :.sbt 3! ?il S.17t
Fs7
-q6 17? igl
1.517 i,,165 ;,67i ;,5;3
i44 :45 137 fls
gs5
I,4r9 :.?S9 l!4ll 1,i12
l?6
s5s
t3i

i6!

13,S51

3 UNES ARE O.D.. WAIL MICKNESS, AND MOMENT OF INERTA.

Simplified Solutions for Pip Strss

Table $3
Contlnued

l.it5 T! l?,73 Ii{. stH. uS PIFE

tiF-

:,37:

'i 5til

5ET

9.:18

s.3ds

at

E.

l,ljl

I
i
:

5
s
I
l9
ll
l?
13
14
Li

r6t

_r.

3! 349
1

,411

aii
419

17;
t?4
9F

4.55t 3.593 i.6ti 8.S:5 tfi.7="6 1:'?3S

d.337 ii.3il e.43t 6,8fii 6.it; i.6E7
S.orS :d.67t 49,49S lfii.i i8 144.8,i9 475.1.{S

s9g

sf.?{7 t;5, il; t69, r4l 327,272

15.6t4 3tid78 7?,?43 156.:14 4S7.85i i41!6!l
6,33S l:,t{i 3l!6{4 !i!l$i l7?rSi4 l?8.5i8 7;3,?g:
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Piping Stress Handbook

Table 9-3
Continued

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3 UNES ARE O.D., WAIL THICKNESS, AND MOMENT OF INERTA.

Simplified Solutions for Pipe Stress

Table 9-3
Contlnued

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ARE O.D.

WAIL TTIICKNESS, AND MOMEITT OF NETN'1.

Piping Stress Handbook

Table 9-3
Contlnued

?,3;5

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3 UNES ARE OD., WAIL T'HICKNESS, AND MOMENT OF INERNA.

Simplified Solutions for Pipe Stress

Table $3
Contlnued

d.6i5 Tl ?4 iH.

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Piping Stress Handbook

Table 9-g

Continued

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1,374
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2.:10
?, ii4
I,EJd
i,:Br

3S.4?3

:4, t59
19,8i,i

8.t45 16.JiA
6!87{ ll,6Fi
7!1 i1,461
4!9?4 9! 745
51

4r7ZZ

1,647
11175 3.17:
1, ?S3 2,17&
1.f59 ?! 443
937 3! 16!
i44
661
6SS
54?
491
447
487
37:
141
il1
7AS
t67
217
?2i
?l?

8!l:5
7,;i?
6, i7;
5,494
1.435
4, ?79

t!71d 3,196
1.53? I,945
f! 355 I! i,li
l!:31 :1476
1,134 ?,244
1,031 I,E4B
94S l!96g
S5? i.;91
789 1,55t
j74 i!43r
6i7 1,l2j;
&!5 l!?18
;,)t 1,1:i
5:g I,944
,ifr
4t,

3 UNES ARE AD,, WAIL THICKNESS, AND MOMENT OF NERru.

Simplified Solutions for Pipe Stress

Table 9-3
Contlnued

I,t 10 !4 il{. scll, 1i0

cFt-

iEI

l4.E9t ri.g00 lE'tlgg ig'g$n :4.d0,

l.gt3 l.tlg l.3lt 1.-5Eg i.sl!
9ir.5:r' l:55.419

lsr.11: Il$,441

'J

,i
It
t2

i3
t.l

249S.irgt 3;5{.13S
568,!34

l]?,819 !22,i32 :36!tsl

96,s:5 16?,S?? :oS! ?lB
7:,746 l?l 710 195t3{5
56,933 93!761 159,589
r

4{![7] 73,]{7 tl8!4{?

J5!?96 59,i{6 94.83?

15

l6

76

gl5,t57

?93.gsl 6ii.l65

:?6.36i

4il

t77t996

379t987

!61?

l{?!514 ?i7,933
lt3!8A9 ?4t.49d

l2!978

5?,965

27,182

44t6i9

6i,p54

37,9J8

57,914 I lB! 839

48,8S? lSl!88?

?1,$ll
!g!::3

J?,5?7

19,455 17.495

?s,69S

15t

?1$

7!958 13,3t7

:3

539,43S

lil,g58

95,473 ltg.9g9
79!597 155!S9g.

9!i9l

22

7,5t,;g!

77,19?
63!539

16!

t9

78?1'53S

28,6t9 48,967
?3!619 3Yr33&

l9,7rg
6t?
l4,tt7
t?,1f5

t7

lo

?4.418
?1,187

l3?! 756

4?!2?6
3&.7?6
3?! 141
:8.r8
2:,0:8

83.01S
76.546
66! 999

7.6t4 ll.7?t ls.si{

5?. t64
6, t97 ltt 169 16,654
4!!37J
??!:30
:,5t9 i!?iB 14,sd5
4, 9 8.:lt L3|7Zt t9,Ee8 4l.,lS9r
4,111 7,lgl trl,g:4 i7r 4 17,l:9
16.S34 33.419
l, ?79 ht 643 19,6d9
3,596 rrB t.6Jg t4r 4f,4 38,187
3!:id 5,,139 Et 735 13, !I7 2l! 359
2.t55 4,145 7! i4t ll.9i4 :4.F74
?,6i4 4.Jg' 7,:41 19!98? ?l! 6Bd
iri1fi ;s.737
2!4$3 4,1?? i! o2l
?,?55 3,7?9 6! fl$g i,l?l 19.019
8,lF? 17!47$
3,471 5!577
?, sis
7,72i 16.Sll
3,lt? 3.1i7
I r9l:
l!7i5 ?!?33 4, i{? 7r 117 !{.854
l!63? ?!731 4r 1fl7 6.59? 13.74t
l!5ll 1,53? '1.066 ri,I lS l:!755
3. r74 l l, E:6
1.465 ?!351 3!7?6
t,3f7 ?! lB7 l,5l? 5,378 l l, ttl
l!2tg ?,gJu :,;73 4!919 1f,. ?5t
4,591 ?.568
]! i53
l. tt?
l, t]t
l!g6J ttiTg I, ai6 4,391 u,944
t95 l, ot5 ?r 671 4, gls s.i74
133 I,561 l! 5d& 3,7 67 7! 850

!5

i$
?i

ig
:?

JI

l?
?1

T5

I$
37
33

i?
4g

{t

45

47

FIRST

PIFE

LINES ARE O.D.,

WAII TIIICriI{ESS,

5t,?6s

AND MOMENT OF NERNA.

Piping Stress Handbook

Table 9-3
Continued

E,iir5 T0
iS. r'55 l:.75d
d.El: L.t1g l. ltS

S,6?5

iiFF5EI

ci

193.i:t 167.dtt ?9t.:SS

:
4

:38!

198

lil
74t l13

46,6e4

ls

ll

li
!3

ti
l:
i6
17

1.9

td
!1

;i

:3

lt
:i
:7
!u

i9

lt

:i

l5

r;
:d
-:9

ii

4l
FIRST 3

l4,ei6
t,
ld?7.

?5s
rig

iiit r-f,!tF6 :1,iFE

1.375 l.tiF :.tif

lA. it09

l S,

t,438
l?!9. 14, ?,llB.

Stg 4?15.i:S E!::.

ti$g

fi6t

ltg!

:i iii. sCH. t4t FIPE

598.64?

tr6,565

:Sl, i9?

g5,r,

r77,373 t3l,84l

4rs,

111,

igg

it?! 75t

Jl.t75 74r8JE i4t,5?7

:t!965 5?.5i6 tFi,lf?
li.gl3 igr313 7:,97{
t!,9J1 ?a!795 54! 8?6
?.367 ??.17! 4:,!3S
7.?S8 l7!419 J3,ltt
5,836 i3.9$t 26.594
4,744 11,35? 3l 6??
r

l.9st f, i54 ti,31,5

l, ?59 7! 799 14, S5;
?,746 i,569 t?r5lJ
?,135 i.5s6 10,639
l, s-g! 4,799 9, t?t
1,7?9 41177 i tEEg
r,:94 ttl98 6. E53
1! llE
3,149 5,ItS
l, l5g ?\i7 |
5, iit
i, fii5
714";7 4.67d
91r ?,l"qs .i, t::
s14 l, t4? 3, is?
7:i I,;4: 3.;:4
i57 l,:i!
:,99?
59J t.4!? 2.
51.3 I,:Si :,i5t
l$l i, li9 'j,:?i
44s l, i66 :, d3l
4St 9?i 1, a57
l7i
3t4 L,,19?
t4l
!:l
1,:d4
lli
7i6 i,441
i?:
i?r t. s
:;i
i4t l, ?35
::t
i99 t, l4g
?37 556 l.r5?
r=83

Btt

i7s

049. t?5

9t3 53{.7!6
:98.984 155. i?4
31t

l5gt6:?

5{iB.:lB

146,776 ?51,59i 356,95?

11t7,[its 18J.41I i66, ?.lS
8rr

391

!17,

9:l 196,l4l
48,793 83!,18t

tg,994 i6t94l

l:i

3:t.9!3

StS,4lS
67i, flD

t5s,5s9

?54,

it9,9:s

11fl.44?

tt?r976

94,95r

r6r,gi?

il,7t4
zi,lt3
!l!7;r
ts, i4i
15, sss
iJ.t73

?t,9?6

19.

1,554

439,

195,595

it9

6l!

857,6;:i

i:5

54,344

17,r8?

130, I

4{r

63,330

19i,

7lg
3i,t3?
iI,449

?6.71s

ri.965
4,{.6tt
37, ?38

,5!7

S05 ?9. s?8

lit,i4t 17,:?5 :4,418
8.7t4 15.i71 :i,lBi

,i{E 13! t6a tB, s;4

0,94! ll.7;c int iii4
i, Sgg lf,4l5 14, !rt5
5.436 tr ilg 11,:!,
,i.!i4 E,155 1i, r31
ji.la7 7,5:d li. tit
i,96t 6. i93 9,518
3, it:
e,l5r 8,7i5
l! ts5 ;.59i 7. t41
21977 5! l9{ 7,741
7.72L 4, itsi i,5;1
:,'i96 4,!i8 6! 669
?,:91 l, t:] 1,1i1
?: ll?
:,.s: t
5,1]7
1,9"id J,:41 4,;4?
l, s.4,1 t.59: 4,r-r?
1,6?? t,E6b 4.65i
r:5:l !,661 3, i76
i

LNES ARE OD., WAIL THICKNESS. AND MOMENT OF INERTA.

l?

408,93t
t?7.,1l9
i66, !S4

?09 t1t,i45

89.381

tB7,97A

75.?C6 l5,i, dsi

64,d:?
:4,ECl
t7.4i

11,:4S

t9:
ll,;ii
:e! iE4
l,l, ts4
:;,:10
:;,br,t
36,

18,i,i5

1ig,9E7
I

l!.3S5
97, citJ

!4..:,ii
73,

e4:

64,iri
:7.:is
31,lli
15,0,15

4it. ?:7
36, a3S

1i,i64 ;t.!?:
li.4Jl
l?!:t9
1r 1;Z

lA )A.1
t, il;
0 tti

; ;;r

I
s,l7l

6, gr

:7r1i5
:5, tgg

ii
1l

Eio
tlaa

1t,;:;

l? 1?;
ii :;:
l!.1{C

14.

fii

13,

fl5

Simplilied Solutions for Pipe Stress

Table 9-3
Continued

r.;i5 i0 1:.;5 I}{ Stii.

!i-F-

i.3;5

5ai

t.l4i
l.l5i

FT

l.5rs 4.5t0 3, ti:

t.4:8 9.5;1 F. ElE
5.F3ii l:. i;i -l.l,sl,

l;i i-i, !l? l7?,;!-t

4,,iBi 19.441 3i,:fi
ll.6id
l, s9:
!, tt:
i6t 4,199 I l,!159
561 :,11S g,4cD
:5i t.5lg 4. s38
!16 lrEl5 :.igt
lg6 171 i,e?i
i?1 5:5 r,l8?
ti
3t4 1.039
lfi
l$4 sfg
t39 619
5i
5t4
44 i9l
i6
!;5i 4tX
1.:6 lfg
:ll
107 ?St
!5
9E ::t
!1
ii
ii
li:!
15
i6
itl
ll
57 14!
19 iit
ll

lg,

i
t
n

l
B

ti

II

l!

1l

is

ii
i1
IS

i?

!l

l!
4.1
I
ld
U14rf

1l
i1

:i

ti9
6
6t4ri
7ll

:!
!1
:i'j

:/

i i,+

lei}

!9
7l

:i
it7

l1

ii

:t

!t3

i5

l:
l,l

ar;l
:irt

i:

4i
FIPST

LINES ARE

FIFE

6.s;:
g. E
5S.97i

8.

d:5

d.9tl6

li5.

USB

i0.
r.

i:F
ti;

ii. t5t

1.;i!
39t,t6fl ii1.l:!i

i5i ii7,llt

15.349 :!7,t?d

ti$ 95,995 :i9. ?t9 649,91:

i39,:39 l::,75,! 6:r,9:g
:5, r?: 4t, 114
eg,sio lt:,:67 576,7i9
11, St ?8.449
t6,3i9 lii 16? :i7:l::
9! 119 17:?!E
i1,99S
Il,;5t sl,:t5 ii8.9!E
o, ii9
,1.:ts s,4ii 23,i94 3i,i57 i!l!Ji5
6.143
17. ?88 41,:9: S1,.rS7
I, l:a
::359 4,515 l?,9i3 31, ?51 5l,l3:
F6!
ts, sgs ?4,i?l
I, EiB 3,355
17t
ril6
lf.
t32
t!424 :r7i6 7r86:
:9,633
r, ?97 15.1:c
?,?-19
1, r4t
i27 i, Elg :, t:9 i?!3t4 14, i99
7i4 1,5tt 4.:i9 It,155 rt,t65
6i7 I, ?59 3,3i7 8, {6s 16! i6:
:3i 1, g5l ?,5$i 7, l: !1,951
456 3ti :,51! 6r ig{ l, i5;
18, i;1
.1$i
?! Lit
5, i!?
i9l
l,ti6 {.4ti t! i3b
-ll9 6il
i,{;
iilb
l,6lJ
it4
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1.4
19
i,,ilt
lii
l,;is -1,!ii9 s.eui
444
i:i
5,:ig
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tg,i
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7dr
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1;8
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ii,i
rr:
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ll:
Lr9
1,:',t7
i.!95
is7
ld5
i4?
i8, i,7t: .:';js
t:s
i:i
1,541 ;,':114
54$
::9
lli
!.:16 :,.;:l
589
:!;i
irl5
:, i33
l,:69
9:;
l:
i6i
;' i6,t
lJ
1:?
4Et
5i
i/t
j
1,
t7t
14ri
i,t58
st

43,

;17,

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,1,

37,1

-.1't!

4td4b
{!i1:
1
15
i13:5
:i?::
I
1i

t1

lYt,

l5,i

13

l-q

l*

i,r

ii
3i
ti

;9
4:

i;i

t:l
I

ll

! Ll{

ti

ur

4Ui
.)iE
l5l
J.l_J
lYl

''if
3t:
ii;.l
r:!
/'Ji

|ii
::l

!5t
it4

O.D., WALL THICKNESS, AND MOMENT OF INERTIA.

l,iY)
i! /tJ
r r c..o

-,'ilJ
:,:ti

i,:;:'
i, iEl

Piping Stress Handbook

Table 9-3
Continued

14

:--'
s

i
!;j

14.i{$ i6. trt! 18.0i0

1.4s$ L5!3 f.igl
I i lS.61d 1St3.5tt 3 9.?ot
::i! 1g: ls5,i4l 6t4t4tl
15?!i57 ?10.56r. 4ll,::u
6,31? 197,?4I tr 579

i9t
6i.ill

tt?
I14, !{6
l4gl

97,

t:

;! :4 iil. 5ifi. :oi PttE

:t6,l1E
13frt4F

i.i

5:,944 8r.771 143. 136

4?.J9t 7t, dti ll4!i43

lil
l6

?3,t95 48,155 76,S$?

t:

l:
i!

It
:t

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:4

3.i

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4l

41

14!404

5g!

441

s?3 {S,l4i
JS,B
i6,93S ?g! 757

93t

i$i

?1,

64,S1,

19,945

5J.

t49

?B,AiF :4.{rs

1.968 :,343
?it t435.4tF

4:Ss.

iSlt Si3
$-i5.lst

477.6:6 9S4r?S?
l5E,S48 it9.999

t76.4t4
fl7.19?

5r?,9!i

rii5?
14l,519

J59,9+3

l!$!

?49,16{
:FS,476

4{9,311

l74,

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97 t?l]

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81.997

sl4

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14,541i :4.655 ;?,lt:

t?::6t 21,295 33! 9$S

n9.6:i

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14,555
Ji. i6!

11.148

17 1ia

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1:.95,4

9?4 ts,5:4 :t.5,1,1

tr 569 16, ?i I
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s.414 14! ?{9 :?, t56
7.444 !!,Si4 rt, 133
6. El8 ll.::t
17.598
|r:9i5 ls, t?l 13,981
i,?t9 9, rs5 14,:t,
4:7i9 B,$gi l:,gia
4,3F1 7, t65 l l, isi
3. ?J4 6.6?i td,56s
l,"E3d i, sl9 I bii,
3,737 3,45t 8! 754
:,159 5!SlE 8,884
?!7!3 4.6it$ 1,i37
:.4t1 4, ??8 0.741
?:tt6 i, a94 6,:1,
2,t28 l. 5 3,713
f.i6l 3,325 5,303
ItEiT 3tt8l ,i!?13
1,6Bf ?,9$i 4,564
1,179 !.$!? 4! 216
1,463 :,481 l,957
i, ii5
:!lli
3. t9l
I !;;i
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3.45i
i,1t5 l, i?s ;, ?J!
i; lid
I, tg0 J, d3,

FIRST 3 UNES ARE

if3

51,574 196,:3i

l! | 7-q8

594
li,att
l9!

t;,5$9

6J, tt,i6

41,86S
4S,333

lb,47V

16,S31 t3,'J5i
Siii lI, FiS

14,

11,:91

27,46

t"

i51 ?5. t6i

I t. i4s :i.9t:
t6,:17 ;lt1ll
t,4i! Itt 445
t?,

E!764

s,d5?

ti,95s
l6,6t4

i,4$l li, i9F

6! 9IS 14! tql
ii! 'i47 ll.:?4
6, dn7 t:,389
5, siri
,:62
:r?4t td! Et9
,i,9fli lf,l1t
4,tfro 9,487

O.D., WAIL TI/ICKNESS, AND MOMENT OF ]NERTA.

Simplified Solutions lor Pipe

For the example shown in Figure 9-1, it will take 7,552
lb for a l-in. expansion for a 10-ft offset for Ax '9214 ex'
oansion the force F- = 6,949 lb' For a 20-ft offset the
iorce will tr-g44lb for a l-in. expansion. for Ay 46 in'
434 Ib.
the force Fv

The nomograph in Figure 9-2 is used to size piping

loops, depending on the size of the pipe and the thermal
exoansion between anchors. This nomograph is conserva-

tivi for a refined design' An exact

calculation by com-

puter should be required.

What size piping loop will be required for a 300-ft

straight pipeline under the following conditions:
TbmDerature: 400"F
O.D.: 12,750
Schedule: Sch 140
Materials: A-53 Grade B C.S.
Use the nomograph in Figure 9-2, and join points A' B,
and C. This will ihow a need of a 70-ft loop (L = 70 ft).

11

J&

;f

L = 2A+B

100

-c
o

o
<)

Tc)

-T

-o:i
!x

o
o

9+
<=*
o-

;-

-o

o
.9

^J

o-

oo

(d

'zo

291

Example Problem 9'2

l-t
-]JL

Stress

o1000

IJJ

Flgure 9-2. Stress nomograph'

0)

10
Properties of Pipe

: Fifth power ofd, in.5

= DrlL2: outside pipe surface, ftrlft (ength)
: dtr/12 : inside pipe surface, ff/ft Qength)
: @2 - &)n 14 : metal area, in.2
: d'z rl4 : flow area, in.2
: 3.4A. = weight of pipe, lb/ft
W* : 0.433 Ar : weight of water in pipe, lb/ft
Rg : (UA)', : (V + &1*4 : radius of gyration.
m.
I : A.Rl : 0.0491 (Da - 6+; : moment of inertia, in.a
Z : 2llD : 0.0982 (D4 - d4yD = section modulus : in.3
ds
A"
Ai
A.
&
W

The following are the definitions of the tefms used in

the table.

Definitions

D = Outside diameter of pipe, in.

Sch : Pipe schedule, nondimensional
t : tl6ll thickness, in.
d : lnside diameter of pipe. in.

Table 10-1
Properties ot Pipe

Sch

losi

V8

40

sT 40s

D'.40S

80

xs

80s

Y4

40

sT {0si

-.540

3/s
D

-.675

tosi

d"

Ao

A1

.105

.080

.049
.068
.095

.30?
.269

.00141

tna

.215

.000{6

.108

.uoo
.088

.410
.364

80 )<!t 80si

.u9

.302

.01159
.00639
.@251

.l4l

.u50
.107
.093

Am
,1qa

.314

.09?

.132

.330

,104

.42,5

.a
.l9l

.04{xt8

.14:l

.q2st2

.124

.129

.lDrl

.423.

.01354

l0s

.oet
.I09

.674
.546

.13909
:09310
.04852

r87

.46{;

nttoq

.2,94

.?s2

.00102

D -.840

160

)o(

.245

.t25
.I5:I

.i193

xs

.I215

.036

,54!i

Y2

.032
.025

.092

.09t

40s
80s

Rg

.186

.uoat

sT

Ww

.0?4
-u:tr

losl

40
80

l.l

.022

4osi
40
s{, xs osi

sr

Af

$n

.l
.05?
.045

.48

.r0l

.568
.?39

.083

.06t

.5-fl
.85t

,154

l1',

.tu

.ni

.l?8

.r97

.J:lrt

.163

.2.fi

3m

.304
.?'34

1.088

.t0l

.384

.l7r

1.304

.074

.504

.050

.no
-no
.ao

292

.l
trt
.uoo

t40

.t2,

.m09

.00{t

.0ol

.00s2

l{6 .mt2

.1694
.1628
.154?
.2169
,2090

.0028

.qxB
.oqB

.0060

.01@
.0123
.0140

.01?r

.l9sl

.0059
.0073
.0086

.269

.0143

.034t

.261

n!tt

.250

.020I

.244

.2t9

.02$

.0216

.02s5

.o.t{n
.0478
.052?

.ofi

293

Properties of Pipe
Table 10-1

Continued

3/t

Sch

l)

40

sT
xsi

5.:

.uqt

losi

.08:l

.g?a
.884

40s

.l t3

.824

1.050

1.315

l.6A)

1.900

.to

.05?9

.1I04

.4,(}

.0500

.076{)

Lno
.803

.94

.N

.219

.344

.230

.250

.8I5

.519
-Jbu

,344

.3$t

.oY5

.0?t

.N,

-uo!)

1.530

80

t60

xli

8{xi

xx

sT 40!i
80 xs 80s
160

80

xs

sT

t{o

.19l

2g

-uoit
.109

.145

1.380

LnB
1.160

.478

1.404

,409
.374

.639

7tq

2.1t2

tta

.?54
.836

.m4

2.56{

.344

.15?

1.0?6

8.384

!t

.401

.378

5.UUit

434
434
434

-5t.(

434

13.46
10.82

497

.4tr1
.440

497

.421

t.770
1.682
1.610

.uoal

2.2+3

40s

.109
.154

80s

xx
55

t0s

497

.506

.472

.3412

L.ZIJ

l.uo9

.649
.634
.623

.t58

.962
.882

.630

2-m t

naa

.?99

aqlti

2.7t4

1.068

l.$l

| 1et
l.404

3.632
4.866
6.409

.@8

3.938
4.381

l.4l?

1.0?4

t.158
t.288

3-m
3.ra

.343

t.o!:t

13.74

.6U

.436

l.sql

.0gt

2.?09
2.635
2.45I)

t4s.9
91.8

.rl5

I.4TI

2.9S1

5.ta Lna

.491

1.669

2.761

5.6'14

.458

2.{0s

6.884

1.041

,442

2-0zs
2.190

?^240

?.44S

.64

.3gt

2.856

l.Tl4

9.q'0

.loE

./at

.t1,

.709
.690

5.lo

2.475

1.039

.6{ti

l.?04

3.531
5.?94

2.49
2.361

.753

5.45
4.79
4.68
4.24

1.812

{3.3

.753

.?a

eol
.{{x}

.549

.568

.8U
.w2
.?83

./ro

.lgq!
.2t37
,1253
.1934
.2346
-?s14
.3421

.4lll
.loo

.2&
-cuat

.?10

.516
.654

.868

|OA

.804
.738

1.102

.74

1.I63

.?qt

! ,ttt

1.104

.988

.{95
.ot!t

?-o73

.9t5
.9{?

2.q26
l.&1{t

.9

l.6t I

7.682

.92r

1.925

10.01

1.536

.894

r.J!tJ
l.qt/
1.9s8

.98{l

l.oal

.464

4.O8

2.46

r3.?0

1.06?

.844

2.872

aqt

8.r

1.208

t.3m

t.325

&c)

3.(B
4.!l:l

e1a

Ln4

.916

364.2
362,6

.9i8
.916

-tt\t
.tt:tl

,l,l? a

,9t6

.&t9

1.558

6-t 6

5.30

.Ylb

.818
.803

1.Y50

/.oo

o-o:t

2.24

t606

.1?St1

.42A

z.?s4

8.35

.499
.ooo

.608
-350

2.945

t't(l

.928
.YIY

41t.9

271.A

1.360

.508

.6n

2,441

o/.o

1.582

.t0(N

.310

.581

.otrt

l.4Et

.54I

.6n

.216

.24'

.458
.273

3.6St

.t', 'f.,

t6.4t

3,124
3.068

3.?6s

I.?t4

.3r2

3.2'0'4

.194{t

.s24

oo?

1.605
2.638

.6?,,

.1811

l.ost

3.958
3.654
3.356

4.17

.148

t.2gt

.4t2

l-ttr5
t.750

D -3.50O

2.273

.588

O.lO

.lzs

1.498

.6?2

3.334
3.260
3.250

.648

.564
.550
.540

.6n

.zta

.t?a

.t?sz
.l4os

46.59

.s24

.Giil

.JOl

sll'ql

.534

l.rn

ttt

.99)

.622

.552

lt?t

r.Io8
1.805

2.451

.olJ

.1056

.39s

1.885

.6U,

2.t2l

l.l0?
t.sl4

.{o?

2.a

3?.00
27.41

.3?5

.881

att
tx,

t.6l

35.42

238

.668

.08?4

2.844

I.gB
l.qB

.094it

.UIJI
.4m

-Jaru

2.000

.zxt

.{94

49?
497

2.041

3
40si

.334
.304

.16-t
.188

.tm
4{Xl

2.6r

4
497

55

l0s

.36t

3.409
2.100

.400

xs 8trt

sT

.86't

.94!i
.864

?.59
4.27

tou

40

l.lct

1.s00
1.33?
1.100

.200

.?3r

:o(
sT

.382

40

8o
2.8?5

.234

.95t
e7,

2Y2
-

.064

.l?9

40

2.441

.lgl

71i

.l4s

4os

2.3J5

.va

80 :c3 8{Et

xx
t1l

.5?0

.413

{o sT 40s

.0706
.08!13

.i,4at

L4A

.046'l

.0448
.0495
.052?

.attu

,l$)

ltto',

.312
.304

.247

.n5

.0245

.321

.344
.344

160

.81

.3
.34

-lttl

.344

sT

.349

t.t4
t.93?

2^337
1.58!)

40

t let

.288

.358
.296

!.16:l

.683

.49

1.09?
1.049

.1401

Rg

,,134

.UEO

l0s

t60
03

t94

.ll3

40

.216

t'f1

./tta,

5St

.6t4
.$lt

.0154

l0s

.664

.252

.434

.308

u-

rY2

.201

.16l

55

D-

t1l

Af

t11

tffi

n.

-ztt

Am

.08?3

x:E

ry4

.dtgl
.5398
.3?99

Ai

.614

.154

.na

160

55

Ao

.2249

8Gs

x:<

d"

.742
.or5

80

.t8rl
D

4.51

?.58

3.61

l.gn

l.l2l

.7$
t.04t

iqo

t.l9{

3.49
3.32
3.20

1.186

2.t94

l.l6f

t a6t

l.D.to

3.018

t.724

l.8so

1.080

294

Piping Stress Handbook

Table 10-1
Continued

Sch

(continuod)

3
D -3.500

.241
.254
80

xs

80s

160

55

-4.000

t oot
t ot,
2.900

Ao

40
80

sT

xs

1A.'

244

.9t6
attl

3.834

88

1.04?
1.047

t.021
1.4&l

oa

1.047
1.04?

.970

r.047

.9,19

2.Al

10.94
10.78
r0.31

562
480

1.04?

2.680

t.04?

.929
,900

oqo

3.8
3.364

431

1.047

.881

.t.ol6

8.89

tz.sl

3.9st

9E
t.Jo

13.

3.?44

1.004
.984
.980

.134

3.732

AT'

t48

rtt6

3.?04
3.624

.tn
t28

taz

3.548

,lta

.083

alt
.r.t,

t20

69?

e ala

t.04?
269

4.334

1.04?
1.047
1.178

4.244

t371

1.178

t.1l

I.t?8

4.2t6

1358
1332

1.108
1.104

4.t24
4.090
4.026

1193
1144
1058

4.000

i024

3.900

3.500

.574

3.152

tno
.t34

5,34S

$ sT 40s

5
D:5.563

80

xs

80s
.438

t20

l@

.500

xx

.?50

4.563
4.313
4.063

7tl

L65l
t.

tJo

-456
1.944
t

1.080

902

1.1?8

t.021

4.10

1.178

1.015
1.002

I t7q
I t7e
I l?a

ott

4.86

.949
.916

5.59

I l?q

.900

1.178
4363

1.399

270a

t.456

t.272

ZJtaI

1.456
1.456

1.250

ll0?

1.456
1.456
1.4s6

l.38ri
r.321

l.n7
l.l9{
I l2q

1.064

1.349

4.10

t.3!9
1.298

t ,ro

6.09
6.04

1.544

1.546

t.542

8.66
1.520

ta! 7c|

5.44

OA'

21.36

1.4.t4
1.425

4.O2

1.416

\t.Jtt

1.3?4

a tt

tt

t4.61

11.34

12.97

JO-JJ

2.81
J.JO
4.ZL

t.2{8

4.@

2.054

s.93

2-64
2.84

1.262
1.869

i.949

7.88

o.Jo

4.27
10.42

9.ld

t't t,
o.,t9

8.

l5.l?

8.66
8.03

41Cr

t.928
1.920

9.70

4,925

4.02

1.464

27.04
32.9?

4.tn

8.?8
9.05

4.4t

23.95

3.33t

3.?0

4.78

7.9S

3.Ul

8.08
q i,t

19.00

?.4.74

2.394

z.atat

1.505
1.498
1.495

16.52

18.54
18.19
17.26

o.Db

1,664
2.050

', t1

I1.04
'tn 1l

t4-62

ata

r.sa

1.510

4.98

20.01

q?t

1.461

1.534

14.99

u.43
a.o2

4.79

1.210

l.{8:i
1.4?

1.88
2.?S
4.30

7.04

3.04
it.,at

5.98

27.54

,e,

1.368

1.549

9.28

2.74a

.979
1.3?8

.r.6t
3.19

2.?A4

2.78

1.489

7.80

1.962

1?q

t.372

l.coz

13.46

I lar

3.{3

3.42S

5.1?

r0

8.

1.455
1.4s6
1.456

t492

4.41

4.02

t2,t8
o4

3.29

5.04
0.Ylt

4.67

t2.24

tt

1.094
1.047

6.1?
6.13

t,l oa

1.031

5.00

7.64

7.r

l.l40

6.39

14.0?

tt

l.t5l

3.9t

I1.80
I1.50

t. t?8

l.8o

aE

12.s7

94?

480

17.69

5.84 tt

3.34
3.60
3.74
,l oa

1.047
1.036

742

a crl
6.09

ota

14.?s
14.24
14.15

2.34

4.8t

IJ.JO

I t7q
l.l?8

l.l?s

t8r8

tqE
,11
.t l',

1.054

r1?t

14.33

3.47

2.247

t.178

4t62
4.859
4.813
4.688

5.2C|:}

5.0{7

14,

aaa

l.l?8

87.O

.500

l.tIIt

t ?ot

t t 4t

l.lt15

1.I78

I.178

1.628

t.lJat

2.46

u.0t

l4d!

3.8

t0s

.802

4.zffi

3-624

xx

4.ls

.083

3.?50

t@

5.41

5.466

40s

80s

4.2L3
Fily,

.281

xs

4.01
4.81

ota

.250

80

3.90

2.81

EA'

64

.roE
-r )5

4.500

2.86

10.64

2.300

.916

l.l?8

10.2s

6.49

.o{.t

.t42

6.60

t24

.134

sT

3.016
3.129
3.950

2.624

-ta

.J59

.8

tcl

40

A?I

3.10
3.04
2.90

l4{t

.344
.469

55
losi

Z.5IJ

8.81
9.91

2.462
2.5S0

Rq

2-68i

40si

80s

|.l

Am

250

20s

Af

A1

.406

3.018

.5lo

tosi

3Y2

1.84?
1.839

l.?99

5.45
7 tf,

m.58

1.819

?.06

3.03

8.38
25.74
30.c3

:n.64

10.80

Properties of

Pipe

295

Table 10-1
Continued

ch
lqs

.109
.134
.180
.188
.219

d
6.407

d"

Ao

Ai

10.80

1.734
1.734

t.6?7

10.38

9.82

I.734
r.?34

6.249

6.071
4{,

80

sT

xs

4osi
80si

:o(
lnq

8.2t

.2.&

9.lol

.500

5.O25

.s62
.?18
.864

5.501

.109
.148
.158

8.407

4.897

5.04
,t 7a

3.$

1.640
l. qlo
1.620

3.80

1.604
1.589

r.?34

t.588

I
t.?34

t.440

4.41

J.5at

2.?'58

36.8

8.149
20

40

sT

.tTt
40tt

D-8.625
60

80

lm

xs

34.2

2.248

7.93?

1t<

.352

', otl

al ,

.406

7.875
7.813

.469

t. oor

.s93

7.439

.718
7.001

xx

lEo

tto

10

.250

.u9

D = 10.750

.348

40s

10.482
10.420
10.374

2.28
2.258

10,020

18.94

36.40

2cl

53.4

18.26

2.143

t9.66

2.133

2t.32
2237

cl a

?a.l

8.50

2.195

.5

n.a
l,r tt

49.6
2.104
2.060

oo.J

3.00

35.4

23.40

30.43

2.99

49.3

1t !

10.48

47.9

t2.02

46.4
45.?

55.2
22.45

1.882
1.833

to

oa

1.800

21.30

2.?.8

l.?84

2t.97

2.81

2.74
2.73

$.s

ta!

53.4
60.6

JO.J

ot.tt

20.

!8.5

l7

ace

15.2
18.?

2ql

2.89

12.80
14.69

te to

78.4
82.9
88.8

20.58

100.3
105.7

23.25
24.52

lzt.4

2sI4

140.6

32.60

ta

tt

J!.qt
162.0

38.48

ll.?2

3?.4

14.30
\t.lJ

87.0

36.4
100.9

3.7t

84.5

16.t9
l?.41

24.7

7.24

ll aa

2.84

84.S

n.9

u.05

t6.81

,oa

la a

84.0

lrtl
I l,l

63.4

2.94

18.8

40.6

86.3

5.{9
8.2t

20.8

t0.29

r3,39

2.92
40.9
43.4

9.lo

a.z
5l.l

22.94

8.7

2-062

8.2t
8.74

44.4

2t.42

14.98
11.81

6.13

23.44

2I.68

50.0
49.5

4.42

45.4

1a^
8.40

6.83

2.246
2.248

10.29

54.0

14.9t
16.9{

4.35
5.40

19.?l

10.76

4.9S

2.81

l0t

28.58
3?,.7!

4.39

l5.l I

l0?

24.9

4.2A

2.A t.$r

ll0

25.O1

21.O4

21.8

10.192
10.136
10.0s4

2.?AO

14.40

?,1

9.91
13.40
14.25

14.95

118

2'I.l

tl
lt

54.5
54.2

2,EA

2.Al

t8.gtl

3.94

2.ttI

2.86
c.a

8.16

n.8

10.344
10.310
10.250

4.9

t0

ce t?

1.996
1.944

tn

v.o2

l4

2.304
2.295

n.64

18.8

2.089
2.O78

15.4

.134

29.5

2.t52

2.2,58

to t
lo.o

14.99

15.64

2,180

2.045

o.t'lJ

lGs

() sT

2.?58

32.4

80s

120
140

35.4

.344

30.1

4t.30

2.160

38.2

9.29

13.28

2.201

42.O

Rq

Ww

13.44

10.70

2.?Sa

q 1q7

31.?

8.40

J5.O

8.249

l,J

12.39

qna

t..J.to
L?.42

2.82

40.l

1.664
1.646

1.734
1.734

?.@

.2

Am

18.78

l13.?
125.9

2.81
2.81

10.07

It 1t
z.Ez

l.9l

80.7
79.4
?8.9

34.2

34.9
34.4

J.b9
3.68

I54-0

lAt

160.8

4.6

296

Piping Stress Handbook

Table 10-1
Continued

Sch

(continurd)

..JYC

60

to
D

10.750

xs

80s

80

l0o

.sll

12.85

?.55
2.54

16.t0

9.564

80.0

85.3

9.314

l?.06

2.81

2.50

,91

2.4

4'8

18.92

(3.?

?3.?

54.?
58.0

tt.a

64.3

68.1

.8,(l
t.0@
t.0@

9.064
q ?q/t

61.2

z,8l

2.37

2.81

2.4

6.U

9I.J

30.63

2.8t

2-26

t.t2s

8,500

44.4

2.81

55

.156

12.{nt

298

t0s

.td)

12.390

.203

t?^344

82
u7

.2t9

12.312

2A3

8.625

40st

tlJw

t,J

?t.9

tt.2

xst 80s

32.3

3t.9

3l.t
29.5

172-5

3?-

2t2.0

3!'.4
41.5

3.60
J.50
3.stt

244.9
?.8.2

{t.5
sit2

296.3

55.1

36-t.9

@.3
68.4

u.4

89.2

n.9

l0{.1

32.3!t

58.4

109.9

.0
25.3

3.52
3.4?
3.4It

*4.3

60.l

384.0

?I.4

?-a

3,l.Oa

56.?

lt5.?

24.6

3.{il

399.4

?4.3

3.34
3.34
3.34

3.25
3.24

6.17

12t,5

2t.o

120.6

52.6
s2.2

8.(x!

1t9.7

4.45
4,44
4.44

1?9'4
140.5

3.el

24.2
27.2

3-n

ITY.I

4.{3

r@.3

3.2t
3.Zl

8.62
9.36
9.82

I0.93

?.ll

5r.8

u6

.n9
3{n

t2.t92

3.19

12.090

3.34
3.34

3.t8
3.I?

ll.nl

.!80

269
zo:t
258

3.3{

r2.150

12.88

n4.8

.344

t2.062

it5!l

.406

249
242

3.16
3.14
3.13

I14.3

12.000

3.34
3.34
3.34

13.4t

.t' ID

15.?4

ttl o

4It.6
49.6
53.5

.418

I1.844
I l.?50
I1.648

88
n4

3.34
3,34
3.34

3.I I
3.08
3.04

16.94

ll0.?

5t.6

47.9

19.2{

108.4
106.2

65.4
73.2

4?.0
46.0

ml
l9t

3.34
3.34
3.34

3.01

103.9
101.6
96.1

80.9
88.5

2t2

3.66
3.63
3.62

64.s

t2.N

.500
.s62

29.1

.?.fi

t.938

80.

3.34
3.34
3.34

2;19

Rg

t4.58

2L.52

It?.9
I

t6.?

ll0.Y

u3.l

29.3
31.8
3it.4

51.6

s7.2
39.9
43.8

5t.2

4.4

51.0

4.42

s0.6
50.2

4.4t
4.40

ut.s

-19.?
4S).5

49.0
48.5

183.2

26.6
28.7

19t.9

qr.l

212.7

gt.4

4.3!)

248.5

35.?
39.0

4.39
4.38
4.3?

258

n9

40.5

{3.8

300

47.1

4.36
4.3it
{.31

3At

50.4
56.?
62.8

4.8

4.2t

4.2

4?5

68.8
?4.5

10t.2

45.0
44.0
41.6

562

88.1

ul.0

4l.t

4.2t

sl9

90.8

t2s.5
r39.?

39.3

4.17

642

.tt.o

tm.?

4.13

?01

36.2
34.9

4.10
4.0?

?81

tn.8

3$2
401

8{t

.EIOI

t00

.8{3

I1.064

loo

.crs

ll.@0

32.64

r8

2.81

36.91

I.IZJ

10.?50
10.s00

3.34
3.34
3.34

2.8{l

1.0o0

l6l
l{4

2J5

4l.ott

95.0
90.8
oo.o

1.2t9

I0.313

u?

2.20

44.t4

eet

t5o.t

t.3t2

t0.126

106

3.34
3.34

47.14

80.5

t60.3

.188

13.624

t Et

tz.7

4.8{t

195

27.A

144.4
143.6

g2-4

qt. r

3.5s
3.54

8.16
9.s2

l4It.8

J.0l

.25

469
459
452

3.62

t3.560
t3.524

6'2.5

4.gI

35.0

62,2

4-gI

26
24

32.3
34.8

JO..a

62.0
60.8

2S5

EOt

4.86
4.84
4.82

otJ

36.s
45.0

3nl

5:t.3

59.0
63.4
67.8

59.1

4.81

40t

4.80

48

5t.3

58.6
58.0

4.79

4S7

61.4
65.3

JI.J
c5-6

4.78

484

69.1

4.74

80.3

55.3

4.?3

562
589

.ui
l0

aFl

.250

13.5{n

448

3.6"f

.312

4A

3.6?

30 ST

.3?S

13.3?5
13.2s0

408

4A:,

.406

13.188

aI60

.43{t

l3.l2s

.4dt

r3.062

389
380

.500

13.0@
t2.814
t2.?50

40

xst
60

to2

.525

3?1

345

3:l?

2.98
2.90

taa

23.8t
?.6.&

118.3

15t.5

t9.2

a.o
z4.l

I t.500
I t.s16

160

L6r

z.At
2.Al

23.56

44

IN
l.o

14.000

2.81

88.1

2.42

.@5

98.0

Af

2.81

30

l4

Am

ol.l

60

A'I

9.960
9.?!t0
9.68?

.N p.n4

ST

Ao

9.250

lb

D-12-7fi

.5@
.59:t
.?18
.?50

140

t2

31.5!l

10,29

3.53
3.50
3.47

10.80
IO.UJ

l4il.1
l4(,.s
t3?.9

3.6?
3.67
3.67

3.45

17.34

136.6

3.{4

t8.66

3.42

19.94

134.0

3.6?
3.6?
3.67

3.40

2t-zt

132.?

72.1

t29.0

3.34

24.9A
26.26

84.9
89.3

i"<

t3.44

tn.7

4tt.?
54.6

242

lno o
116.4

84.1

Properties of

Pipe

297

Table 10-1

Continued

Sch

Ao

Al

Am

Rq

hI

(contiaucd)

.ooo
.?50

80

t2.r?s

I00

l4
D-

1.093
1.250
1.344

120
140

14.000
160

.r

262

u.814
.t.ot

I1.500

1.406

I1.188

,I88

t5.624
I5.524

ott

4.19

902

4.

t9

15.500

895

4.t9

842

4.19
4.19
4.19

.Bl

15.438

.312
.3,14

.406

la tt
l5.loo

.8

15.124

30 ST

l6
D-

4()

xsi

.469
.500
E.t

16.0@

.750

.8

80

4.19
4.19
4.19
4.19
4.19

126.4
12,,.7

c.t I

614

8t.7

t06.1

4.69

oit/

38.4?

lr5-5

t30.8

50.0

4.63

atz5

98.2
117.9

a^o

4d32

109.6

150.7

3.0r

s0.0?

47.5
4{i.0

4.58
4.53

lo27

$.44

181.6

,5

t32.8
t46.8

2.96

t03.9
t@.5

4.50

1082

154.6

2.93

cat.*t

98.3

189.1

42-6

{.48

4.09
4.06
4.06

9.34

tot t

31.8

a2n

t.?s

r89.3

40.1
42.1

82.0

JOO

ol-r

384

.to"5
45.8
48.0

47.2

8l.l

4.5(|

52.{

80.4

5.5:l

1d'l

474

53.6
59.3

5.5{

?9.1
78.4

J.$t

., 1.'

4.04
4.02
4.01

3.98
3.94

toe

t82-7

lq

qo

l8l -2

4.8
24.35

l1e a
114

'l

tt.6

5.52
5.50

lt.o

7r.2

5.{9

82.4

4.I9

2qq

t4.500

64t

4.19
4.19

3.80

35.S0

601

4.I9

,t ?4

40.14
48.48

160.9

lJo.c

4.19
4.19

t52.6

16,{.8

co.00

144.5

14.3r4

t3.124
13.000

38!)
rtll

t60

t2.at4

345

l0

.2W

l?.500
It itq

l64l

4.5{t

1584

4.55
4.52

4.

t9

4.19
4.19

t7.?.fi

.8

t472

4.71

.5@

t?.000

t420

4.?l

.562

16.876

1369

.594

t6.813

1344
IJI''

.719

16.750
16.562
16.500

1247
1?23

t090

80
100

t5.066

120

15.250

t40

950

1.688

14.625

t4.438

4.?l

3.44
3.40

azl

x, 'l

t69.4

IUI.J
1t2.4

68.0

4.48
4.4Ii
4.42

13.94
17.36

?3.4
72.7

66.

62.6

t59.6

qto

ou5
549

64.8

8l.I
91.5

',.,',

5.$

llo.D

s.42
s.40

12t.4

5.29
5.23

23,2.3

ttt
9.lt

24{t.l

240.5

930

5.48
5.4?

135.3

oat..l'
129.0

t047

I157

144.6

lJoat

I?0.5

1550

194.5

l?5t

?.m.1

5.t2

1815
1894

236.7

549

61.0

104.1

6.28

tn, ,

59.0
70.6

1t2.7
t01.2

6.2ts

u.t7 w.3

82.2

99.?

atr

98.3

6.I9

luc\t

lt?.0

96.9

6.tz

17t

130.2

9!i.4

o-r5

t289

136.8
143.3

6.12

1458

t6a0

92.6
91.2
8r'.4

6.10
6.08

l5l5
1624

168,3
180.5

6.0{

IE}4

2G3.8

208.O

83.?

70

s.gt

2180
2498
2750

?|22,

244.2
?74.3

n.49 ut-o
32.46

oac

l0{.?

30.?9

4.aa
4.39
4.34

n2.0

110.4

34.t2

m.4 u6.0

38.98

2!5.5

132,5

4,32

40.6l

213.8

,i.29

43.8?

2t0.6
m4.2

138.2
149.2

4.n
4.lr
3,99
3.89

{.876

t.?8t

4.?l

t?5.3
t

l.5m
l.sg!

13.938

31.62

54.8

72.8

boc

t.4il8

tou

18.41

ct.5

684

I40

.?50
.812

184.1

14.688
14.625

459

60

t*r,
ts.40
I6.92

,l ot

t3.56{

t8

4.19

t.218

40

too.

93.5

744

tm

xs

2t.4I

t.$r

ST

18.00O

15.062
15.000
14.938

808

.tt

l@

?n

D-

rf

Itc

.28
.2fi

!0

12.688
12.500

t,l'r

193.3
142.7

80.65

3.&t

86.{8

Itt6-u

3.?8

90.?3

tdt.?

lm.8

294.0
308.5

103.6

L1J

5.90

5.84
5.80

2908
3020

8I-A
$!!.5
323.1

als.6

298

Piping Stress Handbook

Table 10-1
Continued

Sch

t0

20
D

20

sT

30

xs

l9.s@

.sls

t9.3?5
r9.250
t9.124

.3t2

.4its
.5tI,

40

.593

18.814

.62s

.8tz

I8.?50

6{'

tSIt

1.99

1.500

17.000

1.42

140

l.?50

16.500

l60

1.844
1.968

t.u

16.04

.?g

2t.s@

l0

st

:<!t

.500

.?.&

sT

.312

4.?,fi

.8

a.ps

.o{r,

23.000

.DOZ

22.876

.625

4.750
4.626
22.064

80

t.2r8

21.938
21.564

t0o

t.531

l.oall

I.812

140

2.0t2

160

2.188
?-3+3

sa

xl;

20

ST

xll

.JI5

.500
,312

20.938
20.376

r9.8?6
19.52s

r9.3t4

8.zfi

25.0q)
29.3?6

.438

2.9.t25

.500

29.000

tQ a.ra

8.zfi

30

42
42.000

23.500
23.376

.968

26.000

36.0@

2t.?so
21.0m

n.w

30

lo.Jl!t

.750

t0

17.8

.irri'

.6Al

40

26

36

3.4

l?.938
l?.5@

tm

2.36

1.03t
1.2s0
1.28t

80

30

34.00O

5.11

2.N

5.24
5.24
3.24
5.24
5.24
5.24

2.02

xs

34

2.82
2.73
2.64
2.56
2.48

18.250

20

D-30.000

Ai

.EIO

l0

D:2{,000

Ao

2.to

D-2Co0

24

18.376
18.

20.000

22

19.000

.552

t6

.250

!e a?t

r00

ST

xs
ST

xs
ST

xli

-J/5

.s00
.r.rE

.5m
II'E

.500

r.86
1.64

l.6t

5.24
5.24
5.24
5.24
5.24
5.24
5.24

5.Zt

5.0?
5.04

(nt

4.9?
4.94
4.93
4.91

4.8t
4.?8
4.?6
4.70
4.58

4.'r
4.4{t

t.t6

5.24
5.24

1.07

4.9
4.n

5.?A

4.21

4.59
4.3it
4.08

o.to

5.dl

c.,t0

7.r7

6.8

t.oo

o-15

Am

!9.36

ta t,

26.9
30.6
34.3
36.2
38.0
48.9
52.
54,3
61.4
J!t.o

?5.3
87.2

Af
298.6
294.8
291.0

?at.z
283.5

t29.8

lt
52.7

12s.3
LZt.O

t04.I

It6.8

t?0.4
l?8.7

6.48
5.4tt

4379

atl.at

6.4I

{586

?.69

t0l0

l -Dil

1490

209.0

Jilt.5

2,02.7

3?9.I

l?.r

363

58.1

120.4

ll{.8

lct.4

t787

35.tt

l4{i.?

o.l9

ucl 8.7

6.71

2&9

o.lo
6.72
6.64
6.63

2483

240.9
24a.3

32s!

325.1

tTn ztt.2
&[6
aa9.|

4217

Ett.6

it!9.5
42t.7
{3:1.9
4S8.8

9t.8

do.b

153.6

34ti

114.8

l5{r.0

?.@

I OCtl

434

l8?.8

8.4{)

185.8

t3t6

r09.6

at.Jat

l9{l

135.8
161.9

2249
2550

212.5

4ll

129.5
140.7

{ti.9

{06

5.92
5.89
5.78
5.74

50.3
54.8
70.0

442
398

l7l I

3A

J.O:l

5.48

a7.2
t08.1

C.JJ

126.3

5.20

s.t4

4N

l&!.8

d.,t:l

181.9
l TCt q

o.$t

156.0

l?8.0
i76.0

8.29
8.27

186.3

t72.2

238.1

loat.o

8.31

toiat

l3!i.4
171t.5

lgr.4

?a40

237.O
28S

a.?.2

3140
3420
or lu

8.ls
8.ts

46S3
4920

388

309

3?8

?l,2.9

lo.t.l

!50:|

296.4

8.07

36"?.4

t42.1

344
326
310

106.t
t49.1

429.4
483.2

t4t.z

7.gI

134.3

?.?9

8630

?t9

302
293

509.?
542.0

t31.0

J.

tc

9-UO

149.9
159.4

7.70

9010
9455

?5t

30.2

501

102.5
136.2

216.8

9.06
9.02

2479

98.9

293.5
291.0

t0.50

3210
,lta.,

2.69

6.8

10.26

o-61
5.81

o-ot

21.9

t?04

98.3
92.8
90.5

ll0.t

2.91

l5a4

6.88

2,8,4

n.0

42'o

3.10

1624

104.1

415

3.5r

128.9

109.4

32.4
36.9
41.4

6.24
6.28
6.28
6.23
6.28

l4{i7

250.3
256.1

6.02
5.99

6.4

1289

6.90
6.88

208.9

6.2A
8.?A
8.2A

6.28

6.92

244.5
238.8

6.44

5.23
5.08
4.66
4.02

124.4

tu.8

ttt
IIZ.J"

4?S

6.4
6.4

lu.4

261.6
259.8
252.7

27.8

o.l r

ll14

ltoa

6.09

6.28

126.0

129.3

6.?9

6.09
5.93

?qt

938

t65.4
l''a a
I84.8

341.1

18.?

tat

6.98
6.96
6.94

?,43.2

2t3.8

8.2

tu.g

63.4
?8.9
94.6

alt

n8.0
t?a I

6.28
8.24

o.Yat

R9

o.t.6
?8.6
91.5

I00.3
t0s.2
I rl.5
25.5
33.8

!'Jw

6.54

49t

at8

tlt

4t0
4?3

6852

7&4

5n
65:l

rtttt

t9l
250

2t.4

l -64,

7.69

?.85

34.9

6?2

21.0
20.5

l.Eto
'1.62

lt8.?

40.6

ooo

138.0

?.88.4

l0.4It

44

?.8!r

7.59

46.3
52.0

661

qtit

t5l-o
l?6.8

286_0

10.4r

50il{l

336

649

195.1

28t,1

10.3!t

6230

4ls

868

134.7
178.9

3?6.0
370.3

11.89
I l.ato

oo95

1to

142-7
189.6

4U.6

12.60

{16.6

ob5Y

12.55

61t'0

488

5?8.?

t4.72 1052t

50
668

20.

!o a

7qa

7.53

3:t.zso

40.5

a aal

33.000

39.

8.90

35.2s0
3:i.000

54.4
52.5

9.44
9.44

41.250
41.000

119.4
115.9

t.0

I1.0

8.?0
8.64

10.80
10.13

39.6
5Z-O
42.O

Ylo

c5-o

962

49.0

IJ.to

I66.?

1320

?1.6

10.48

10.41

57t.7

14.67

2t4

{34

t4{xt?

L1
Weight and Dimensions o{
Pipe and ComPonents

Weight of PiPe and ComPonents

lhbight of iwulntion of the PiPe

I = Insulation density, 1b/ft3

T : Irsulation thiclness, in.

qnd compoWhen determining the weight of the pipe

nents, several factois must be taken into consideration:

D=

Outside diameter of PiPe' in.

Weight of insulation
Weipht of pipe : lJse the values for properties for carbon
steej pipe as a standard. These values can be found in

Values

Chapiei tO. The relative weight factors for other mate-

Aluminum
Brass
Cast ircn
Copper

Thermobestos

0'35

: l.l2
: 0'91
= l,l4
Fefrtic stainless steel : 0'95
Austenitic stainless steel = 1.@

{arbon

Depleted uanium

(D+f; = 67n

ll

lb/ft3

10

to 11 1b/ft3

11.53 lb/ft3

KAIJO

r9-2rlbltr

Super-X
Foly-Urethane

?5tbltr
2.3rbltr

Amosite asbestos

16 lb/ft3
9 rb/ff
91b/ft3

Foamglas

Cellular glass

0.98

IT

Diatomaceous earth = 2rrbltr

?AIbItr
High temperature

Wrbught

.0218

for insulati.on densitY:

Calcium silicate
85% magnesium

rials are:

,r)

Mineral wool

8lb/ff

Tables 11-1 Orough 11-10 give the weiglt of insulation

and various pipe componens by size.

Wigtrt of water in pipe: See the proper.ties of pipe in

Chapter 10.

The following pages are tables and figures showing

fittings' valves, anct ptpe

standard dimensions of flanges,

bends.

299

Piping Stress Handbook

Table 11-l
Weight of Insulation
(lb/linear ft)
Plpe
Slze

Thickness of Insulation

21h"
I

.72
.84

1.35

1.01
1.25

4
6

2.tl

t.62

3112"

1.94

2.',|6

| .71

2.52
2.53

3.47
3.48

2.08

3.01

4.O',l

2.5s

J.Ol
4.5'7

4.66
6.09

5.64

7.8s

t2
t4

3.28
4.13
5.20
6.04

.07

6.r6

16

6.90

8.38
9.33
10.4

8.45

11.6

8.93
10.5
10.7
12.0
13.3
14.6

t3.4

r7 .0

21.0

21.1
24.8

14.1

18.0
19.2

2r.9

26.0

23.4
25.0
26.5

27 .8

28.O

JJ. I

29.s

34.8
40.1

40.3

45.9

46.4

52.2

1.5

10

l8
20
24
26
28
30
J2

8.

10.0
10.4
11.2
I 1.9
12.7
13.4

36
42
* me tublc

15.

l3

16.1
t7

.l

t4.2

18.2
19.2

16.5

22.2

is based on calcium silicate at

20.5
21.7
23.0

t tb/ff

28.0

3.70
4.52
4.42
5.24
6.07
7 .60
9.48

5.59
6.65
7

11.5

t3.2
15. I

11.0
12.7
13.

15.8
t7 .5
19.3

14.6
16.3
l7 .7

29.5
31.3

34.0

and nust be adjutt"d 1o,

olnt

^ot"riol".

Table 11-2
Weight of Flanged Gate Valves
(tb)
Size

(inJ
I
1.5

150# 300#
JI

55

95

140

240

/100

t0
t2
t4
16

l8
20
24

900#

68
75
t4s
215
420
700

1500# 2500#

1,050 1,530
1,490 2,0w
1,150 2,170 2,410
1,580 2,800 3,500
630
830

1,910 3,720

136

115

194
270
530
940

330
720

256
460
610
1,410

1,220 |,560 2,600

1,880 2,350
2,630 35W

3,2W 4,680
4,230 6,500
7,2W

2,350

4,90

9,800

3,900

,380

I 1,800

CourEsy of Crane Co.

314
430
900

.4

20.4

1'7

18.

18.5

2t.3

20.5
22.6
24.6
28.7
30.2
32.2
JZ+. J

23.6
25.9

39.r

36.3

41.1

38.3

43.'7

rn" tort"

28.1

32.9
34.6
36.9

41.6
44.1
46.6

51.4

54.4
57 .5

49.1
51.7
59.2

iiuaiionaig *d-o*rin.

60.5

bJ-)
72.6
."ighr.

(tb)
Size

(in.)
I

9l

16.0

Table 11-3

35

45

600#

9.10
11.5
13.8
15.5

weight ot wetd End cate valves

Rating
400#

.48

9.82

150# 300#
20

Ratlng
400#

1.5 29 55
245
60
380
120
4
120
170 220
6 210 360 460
8 340 590 830
l0
550
9r0 r,250
12 730 1,220 1,800
14 990 |,960 2,210
16 1,460 2,550 3,100
18 |,730 33N 3,76s
20 2,200 4,350
24 3,350 6,700
Courtesy of Crane Co.

600#

900#

25

80

70

125

80

155
270
&0

190

260
350
750

410
520
1,250

1,080 1,300
1,610 1,970
2,240 3,2N
3,000 4,350
4,030 6,000

1,910

6,760
8,950
10,500

. Weight and Dimensions of Pipe and Gomponents 301

Table 11-4
Welgtrt of Flanged Check (Swing) valves
(tb)

Size

weight of wdd

3OO# 4OO# 600# 900# 1500# 2500#

160
70
23462
280
180
140
120
3 65
630
4 100 180 2W 260 3401,360
6 2N 330 395 530 640
8 390 620 680 900 1,180 2'100
l0 510 9m 9N 1,440 2'170
t2 775 r,2n 1,250 |,970
t4 1,200 1,650
16 1,450 2,050
2,420
18

.t

80

t40

250

a0

l0

598

t2

824

139
214
396

a8
686

14
16
18

20
24
Councst oI craie co.

zto

155

190 210 240

310 420 500
580 740 890
820 880

390
780
1,320

Counesy of Crane Co.

150# 300# 400#

100

2500#

130

18

Co.

79

900# 1500#

55

20
24

Table 11'7
End Globe \ralves
weld
tlreight of
(tb)

slze

Ratlng

600#

1,015 1,150 r,200

t2
t4
t6

Table 1 1-6
vrteight of Flanged Globe \hlves
(lb)
Slze

47
80
130
zffi
510
760

1<

10

a^

Ctaw

Ratlng
400#

350
4 100
6 160
8 360

20

Courtesy of

(lb)

Size

Ratlng

(ln.) 150#

Table I l'5
End Check (Swing) l/alves

90
160

600#
115
191

233
476

318

820

1,2:U.

782

900# 1500#

2t5
46 4fi
490 65
920 1,890
215

2500#

Ratlng

(in.) 150# 3OO# 4OO# 600# 900# 1500# 2500#

234757897
3 75 115 130 L6 170 185
+ 120 179 206 272 2N 285
6 220 332 401 656 630 680
8 363 530 900 1,100 1'1'+0 l'370

10
12

1,056
1,160

535

794

L4

l6
18

20
24
Courtesy of Cratv

C'a.

r,730

2,7N

3,850

2,400
3,024
4,lm0

Piping Stress Handbook

Table 11-B
Wbight of Flanged Angle \hlves
0b)
Ratng
150# 300# 400# 600# 900#

238
130
160 230
4 110 2N 235 280 370
6 zl0 370 385 675 1,000
8 360 634 685 985
10 552 1,130 1,950
12
r,720 3,100
2,350

14

lo
18

20

Counes! of Crune

Co.

Table 11-9
Weight of Weld End Angte Valves
(tb)
Rating

(inJ

r50# 300# 400# 600# 900# 15oo# 2soo#

70

8l

r70

155

490

o
8
10

530

330
880

t2

t4
16
18

20
24
Courtesy

ol Crane

Co.

r30

Table 11-10
Wbights ot Flanges (tnctuding Botts)

2WN 6 10 13 13 31 31 48
2SO
6 9 11 tl 32 32 48
2 BLD 5 10 12 12 31 31 49
3 WN 11 19 27 27 38 61 113
3SO
9 17 19 19 36 60 gg
3 BLD 10 20 24 24 38 61 105
4WN t7 29 4t 48 g 90 r77
4SO 15 26 32 43 6 90 158
4 BLD 19 31 39 47 67 90 164
6 WN 27 48 67 96 130 202 451
6 SO 22 45 54 95 r28 2U 396
6 BLD 29 56 71 101 133 197 418
8 WN 42 76 104 137 222 334 692
8 SO 33 67 82 135 207 3t9 60i
8 BLD 48 90 115 159 232 363 gg
l0 wN 60 110 152 225 316 546 1,291
10 so 51 100 117 213 293 528 1.148
r0 BLD 78 146 t8l 267 338 5gg t.245
f2 wN 88 163 212 272 434 843 1.919
12 SO 72 140 1& 261 388 820 1,611
t2 BLD 118 209 26t 341 475 928 1,775
14 WN 11,3 217 277 406 642 1,241
14 SO 96 195 235 318 4@ 1,016
14 BLD r42 267 354 437 s74
16 WN 108 288 351 577 785 1,597
16 SO t85 262 310 42 559 1,297
16 BLD 160 349 455 @3 719
18 wN 140 355 430 652 1.074 2.069
l8 so 229 33t 380 s73 797 t,694
18 BLD 196 440 572 762 1,030
20 wN
43r 535 8lt 1.344 2.614
20 so 181 378 468 733 972 2,114
20 BLD 298 545 7tt 976 r,287
24 WN 295 632 777 1,157 2,450 4,153
24 SO 245 577 676 1,056 1,823 3,378
24 BLD 446 Ur 1.355 2.442
Courte\) of Crane Co.

303

Weight and Dimensions of Pipe and Components

Steel Butt-Welding Fittings (in.)

,."n a/rf-/..'t( '(tiiJ

t!ng t.dlu.

t ilt

9Oo

llbow

on

aA
T/f 4
LJJRodlu.

9Oo Shorr

:tbov,

on. lnd

.N
-A/ >
lons Rodlut
Elbow
"1.-J

45o

1 | | tl
F\
i /i
-t-:-L

5l..l9hl Cror!

r-l-T
Ill t*tl
_n
Ll

/--*\-T
/ ,--\ \J

e]

tg":J-t
l*G--!

c"P

,,--\

/
\
/ini\l
\#l
l+,
l.-H- +l

6/s

r'/e

7/ra

lr/a'

1Yz

'/e

1rh,

lr,

17/g

33/t
4r/z

lr/t
3r/r
4r/r

t'/2
5ta

tt/s
l3/t

zYz

1rh

3
4

3Ve

1r/z
2

33/t

4Y8

9
l0s/a

3Yt

47/E

3.4

5'/t

133/t

l0

15

l0

t7

6U

t2

1t

t2

20rh

t '/2

8r/2
10

2l
16

24

t8
20

30
36

18
20
24

trk
trh

2Yz

t'/z

lr/z

2ra,

2r/.

31h

k-

-_-'l

zrh
zrh

8./t

l0

12.

Yra

2?/t

J'/1

27/s

3tAs

4t/rs

lr/*.
rYE
IYE

31 6/re

53/ro

33/t
tYE

4
5
6

lYg

4a/t

6Yt

lr/a

67/ra
t -/16

lr/t

8r/rs

tsh

8e/ro

t?/s
1r/z

113/t

2r/ta

4th

L'/16

5Vz
8
18

16
24

6r/t

\r/a

73/t

l0t/ta

95/te

12r/

40
4E

zYz
3
3r/z
3r/z

93/s

80

40
40
40

80
80
80
80

40
40
40
40

80
80
80

40
40

80

80
80
80

80

10n/s

t43/a

zoYs

tx|/a

2rh

t77/s

18%

248h

l5
t6ta
tath

10
10

23/t

201/.

3r/t

22YB

13

l0

3r/z

24r/6
26yE
30r/a
34r/E

L4

JO

40

20

20
20

t0

28

60

6/re

44
4t)
40
4n

153/e

48
s4

toth

81/z

1Yt

Stror

l2E/rs 165/re

28

63/rs
I -/L6

4r/s
43/t
51

Extr

S
2

L-/r6

7r/z
9

lrr/re
2
2r/z

lVs

30

6
6r/z

15'

2r/z

rt

llr/t t3rh.

lr

3
33/t

10

ll.

12r/2

2Y1

r1h.

t'/2

t'/a

tL____J)

---r

I
tta

6t/t

3r/z

lr6/ts

rYL

2Vz

[\

tl

s/t

lr/z

[_-\
l!--/-l
k-

long Rodlur
R.lurn B.nd

R.lnfor.lns

lYz

Shap!d Nlppl.!

20xlE'

w.ldlnr 5!ddl.

Yz

Dincnrion "T" it rhown in tobl. beloe;

r.f.r lo lors. loblc for dilnnrion "E".

9oo Typ.

Stub End

R.turn a.nd

Size

R.ducinr Crott

ml
url

t-M+l

Shorl Rodlur

R.du.lns T..

therein, to lhe American Standard,

B r 6.q- r qi8; see page 2gr.
Thickness: Stendard Fittings r z-inch
and smaller ate made for use with
Standard pipe (heaviest weight on 8,
ro, and r zjinch sizes);sizes r4-inch and
larger are made for use with O.D. pipe
fu-inch thick,
Exrra Strong Fittings rz-inch and
smaller are made for use wilh Exlra
Strong pipe; larger sizes are made for
use with O.D. pipe \/2-inch Lhick.
Schedule r60 Fittings are r''"'le for use
with Schedule r6o pipe.
Double Extra Strong Fittjngs are made
for use with Double Extra Slrong pipe

Iong Tang.6t

Stroighl or

lll

l._E-*Ei

Arnerican Standard: These fittings

conform, in sizes and types included

Lonr Rodl'rr

--r-'llf
ill"
T U- b .--ul

160,

ad Doubl. Exrro Strcns FitrinE.

trov. tr|. ro,n. outdd. din.ttiott.

L__-r-'

T-/:

S.cndad, Exrrc st'ots. S.rrcduL

9oo

Courtesy of Crane Co.

F-c.---

F--A---l

30
36

40
48

x3
17r/t

20

304

Piping Stress Handbook

Forged Steel Flanges (in.)

Courtesy of Crane Co.

150 ond 3oO-Pound

Slip-On W6lding Flqn!.

150 ond 30O-Pound

Class

Pipe
Vz
3/t

3Vz

1/ts

31/8

I
lr/t

4Y.

Yz
e/rs

45/^

3A

2W

6
7

7r/t
3Y2
150

Pound
E

8Vz
9

l3/s

2YE

r/-

lrr/ra

13/t

Y2

2
2y2

3Yg

I Vre

2TB

3A

35/e

rtl"
I B/ts

l0

r,/rs

T1

l3Y2

lyE
l3/rs

l6

150 ond 3O0-Pound

lyg

Tta

5/z

7Yz

5/e

t-/lB

8r/z

x/t

17/rs

9Vt

ll3/t

l3Aa 23/t

l6

27r/^

xqr/,

20
20

l3/e

Ls/e

11h

'rr

45/e

4YB

rr/ra

lr/z

6YA

t3/--

'/a

6th

2U

7V2

8Ut

lYs

l6

lrr/ra 3r/t
2
2,r/t

3W

27/8

4rh

37/e

4Y8

'/1

t3/t

f6
%

1rs/re
2r/r,

2Y2

4Y2

ru

lTAc
6.63
8.63

14.00
16.00

lr/t

3U,

24.O0

Y2

7/s

2r/ra

5/s

0.84
1.05

'/a

lr/rs

2r/e
27Aa

3/t

l3/ra 2rt/ta

rllc

3/t

6./e

8
8

ts/rel
3

,i\i,"l

3Ve
33/rs

1.90
2.38
2.88
3.50
4.00
4.50

5Y2

7V

"/a

7TE

lTg

33/s

l1

l3/s

75Ae
8r/z

9Y1

'/1
'/l

37/g

105/n

t2

3/"

2rAa

37/a

TE

27/te

43/s

x'/s

45/e

lr/s

27h

5Y8

55/e

6.63
8.63
10.75
12.75
14.00

l0

17Y2

t2

20Yz

2Vt

lo3/e

12t/t

1sY1

16

t7t/t

l5/rs

lY2

lrr/r,
Lfa

77As

33/t

20

lVa

22W

20

lY.

3Y4

53/t

r6.00

4t/r

24t/e
27

x4

lr/e

3W

6r/t

1E.00

t'/a

24
24

lYa

33/t

6t/a
6./a

5V2

3Y2

20.00
24.00
4.50

l6

25W

xY1

l8

2E

23/e

21

20

30rh

2Yz

36

23/r,

27tA

l0

l3/e

6sAs
t -/16

77/a

9ra

%
%

to6/^

t2

7h

t2

I
IYB
lY4

ll

tr/z

12r/z

1s/*

8!z

17r/z

l1/B
xYE

lo'/a
l2t/e

loYz

2Yt

t73/a

l6
20
20
24
24

l5Y1

2s/p.

r6Yt 20r/t

16
18

25Yz
2a

2r/z

tgt/z

25/c

21

x0

3or/z

2r/t

36

77r/^

l3As

20r/a

16r/,
lEYz

r3a

r.66
)

63/ts

l5/a
l7/a
2

3Y"
37/re

lrAa

lr/t

t4c

l3/t

lYa 2rYre 5r/2 r E.00 lr3/rt

lYe 27/8 5rr/te 20.00 4r/ra

l3/rs

t2r/,

te/,"

to-75 lr5/rt
2t/re

6
8

l0

xl/rs

s/e

s%

3
3Y2

3r/z

3./a

rY1 2r3/rs

0.84
'/e
1.05
"/a
1.32 rr/re
txt
1.66
1.90
%
2.38
1
2.88 lY8
3.50 13/,,
4.00
4.50 t -/16

l0

l4

40O, 600, 9O0, 1500, ond 2soo-Pound

5/s

6
7

223/t

33/e

l,

W.ldins No<k Flanrc

5lz

5
5r/z
6sAs
/ -/16
ar/z
los/a

2T

Pound

4Yg

lrr/ra

t4

400

21/re
2Y2

27Yz

lrh

W!ldlng N.Gk Flans.

l8Y2

18
20
24

Pound

l7/re
le/ra

l6

3Y2
4

^/2

x3r/z

lr/r

21

tL/-^ 23/re

-/a

18./t
2lY4

19

l4

2r/ra

4r/.

t6rL

17,

l7/e

'/a

37/8

13/,

150 ond 3oo-Pound

|3/.-

l4Yt
t7

10

300

Yz

r/

3t/c

123/t

C.oh.l.p Flong.

Cron.lop Fl.nso
4OO, 600, 900, | 500, o.d 250o-Poqnd

Bolts

Siie

1r/z
2

Scr6v.d Flon9.
400, 600, 9O0, 1500, ond 2500-Pou.e

5lip-On !Y.ldi.s Fldns!

400. 600, 9O0, ond l5o0-Pound

21Yz
2434
27

lr/"
z\g

6
2

zrh

2r/t 4t/,"
2rrAe

6.63

2V,

E.63

rr/rs

27/B

47/B

r0.75

3YB

53/e

lr/t 3sle

12.75

4V.

57/a

l3/s 3rr/rs
t./E 31h

6
6Y2

lr/z

6E/a

14.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
24.00

t3a

4r/,

67/*

53/s

5t/t

Weight and Dimensions of Pipe and

Forged Steel Flanges (in.) Continued.

Courtesy of Crane Co.
Class

Pipe
Size

rY1

5r/t

r3/,"

2
2r/2

lYz

6Yg

7/e

x7/8

z\z

6Y2
7r/z

IYB

81/^

lYt

lo3/t

lr/z

63/ra

13

l3/e
lr/p.

t -/16

Y2

'/e
'/a

31h.

'/L

0.84

xr/t

1.05

1r/rs
rYa

21/ra

l|/t

23/t
27h
3Y8
3r/^

L5/e

-/B

t/t

6s/e,

3A

lr3/rc

8r/z

8
8
8

11/ta
l5/e

1/B

2r/B

loYz

gYz

rrv

8
11

1,5/^

45/e

lo5/s

t33A

t2

lYg

5Y1

33/s

6
6Yg
6Vz

Lr/^

l4

10

20

2r/,

123/a

t7

l6

lr/t

20

lY4

233/L

2r/e
X3/t

19Y1

l4

16r/a

X03/a

z0

3rr/ts

l8Y2

233/e

20

l3/t
lr/z

18

29Yt

2.53/t

20

l5/e

46/a

7
7\/a
7Yz

l7/a

$t/z

3Yz
9Yz
133/t
15

900

23/e

ll

lra

8rh

11,y,

t2

rVa

33/e

5r/z

12

l3/e
l3/e
l3/e

4Yz

4V

7Yt

6.63
8.63
10.75

4V8

77/a

12.7 5

5s/s

83/a

14.00

6Va

24

3YB

t6rh

22

l6

X73/t

33/t
3r/z

lSYz

2Ar/q

27Vt

l6
20
20

3Y6
63/e

11/z

r'/a

t'/a

81/z

r6.00

6Y2

l7/s
2

6V

93/t

35r/z

xo

ZYz

llr/z

18.00
20.00
24.00

/ '/2

29U

20
20
20

x7

l3/s

3Y4

lY1

23/e

9r/e

"/a

'/1

lrr/rs

3Y2

-/A

l3/e

23/a

57/g

lr/s

7/E

lt/e

27/B

lY1

6r/r,

rVR

2r/z

43/z

1/"

F/a

27/e

lYz

7
8r/z

lr/n
lYz

x7/e

47/s

lr/a

3V

35/e

6r/,

2V

96/e

l5/s
l7/e

4YB

7r/z

21/z

4Y8

t0rh

rYa

lxr/t

zYB

9Y2

143/t

27/B

63Aa
TsAs

llYz

rv

27h.

lr/z

t5y,

3r/^

8r/,

12r/2

tz

19

35/a

t05/B
123/t

tx
l4

4r/t
47h

3e/ts

47/e

4.50

3e/re

4Y8

6Ys

l3/a

4rr/ts

63/t

4rrA,

rsYz

l6/t

5'/a

83/s

6.63
8.63

l9

6V

16

l7/8
2

l6

'),r/^

22\/2

5Y4

lB/ra

l3/e

3Y2

ta

sw
6V

Ita

lrr/te

33/t

3/a

13/e

7r/

lV2

4r/a
5Va

lr,

2
2r/z

ls/t

27/s

534

33/e

63/t

23/e

zYl

4r/s

734
9

IYB

ev

2Y2

lor/z

tt

l5/a

4s/a

l6r/t

lYz

lx/s

2Yt

5r/t

0.84
1.05

8r/t

t0v
lYl

1.66
1.90
2.38
2.88
3.50

26Yz
29r/2

Yz
t/a

5r/z
6
6Yz
2Ys

25r/^

l0

4s/s

14.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
24.00
3.50

t4

4.50

l5t/2
l8Y2

2W

43/a

4Yz

lx"/o

6.63
8.63
10.75

2e/t
3Yg

1o7s

zY8
L"/e

lYa

73/t

4t/t

--)

8
8

2Y2

5r/z

lr3/r'

9r/t

23Ae

4l

rv

lTAa
ls/e

2Y8

75/ra

4Ya

tv"

7/B

133/t

1.66
1.90
7.38
2.88
3.50
4.50

5
63/ra

t8t/z
2lYz

18
20
24
r/z

lr/ra

'/2

lY2
t3/t

l0

43Ae

L'/A

28r/z

27r/t

I/s

2Yra

l6t/z

3
3r/a

5
4YE

G
7h

llY2

Pound

rt/ts

lr

Dia.

2500

4Y2

47h

20
24

1500

3r/z

27

Pound

t./a
3r/t

41/s

t2

Pound

l3/e
Yre

3x/e

-/1

600

Pound

lz

116
'/a

Bolts

t4
l6Yz

63/ra

lo3/t

35/e

123/t

l9

41A

l4r/,

r/t

t2

13/t

IYz

4YB

t0.75
lrYB t2.75
10

55/a

8%

tt3/a

14.00

9r/"

27/8

0.84
1.05

lsAe

r'/t6
lLYra

3Ys

1I/s
2rAa

3r/z
3t/^

lYs

23/s

1r%o

t.32

tlA
2rAa

43/e

1.66
1.90
2.3E

2./t

3Y8

5'/e

2.88

3Y8

lVt

35/e

6r/e

lVz

4V

7Yz

4.50

4Yl

5VE

tosa

5th

2lt/t

t -/t5
8Yz
lo5/s

10

26y.

6rh

123/t

2trh

2r/z

l6Yz

1o.75

t2

30

7Yt

t5

243/e

2.4

t0

l8r/t

12.75

l0

5
6

17

l1Y2

6.63
8.63

Components

305

Piping Stress Handbook

Cast Steel Wedge Gate Valves

150- to 1500-Pound Dimensions
Courtesy of Crane Co.

E-T
FEh
ltf
JIK D

E-T
l-E$r--l
,-t

|tI

JIL D
fltt ory"
./-i\ |

Ylf i*

_5=a
r- I

T-

/- i\

I
I
I

T--T--T
-=]
fi=-l='il1
r-i--l
l-c----l

-1 I
-t- -l-

f---r-l
F-A----l

Bun-W.lding

Dimensions, in Incher
Cless

Size of

Valve

6r/t

t'/2

zrh
3r/z
4
5
6

1S0-Pound

734

8Y2
9

Er/z

Lt'/l
16Yz

8
8

201/.

grh

llVt

25.4

l0

3r/z
4

\rYz

llYz

l3

l3

l8r/+
22r/t

6
9

t4

l4

253/a

10

32

l5
t7

t7

20
22

20

6
8

26

3l

363/t

14
14
16

423/t

20

52Y1

24
27

3lr/z

10

l5

30%

157/e

JnYa

t4

tlr/z

t6r/z

l6

10

13
14

18
193/t

52Yz

IE

l0

ffir/z

l8

t2

70

7or/t

27

14

77r/t

30
30

l4
l6

79s/t

l8

97Y1

27
30

20

trh

z0

32

ll23/t

30

163/t

IE

2r/z

l9

3
5

7r/z
8Y2

E9

15

27r/t
3tr/2

18

t2

t2

28r/t

l0

15

15
t57/e

33r/z

t7

l0

38r/z

14

t2

3E

l6
16

4oY2
44r/z

30

30

7s%

l6
IE

33
36

9lr/z

30

20

39

993/t

45

36
39
45

t2oy2

36
36

l6

16

303/a

18
19r/z
23r/z

1E

26Y2
30
32Y2

1E

22

900-Pound

20

24

29

I
lr/t

20

38
40Y2

44r/z

10

l0

ll

11

l6

423/t

20

52\h

24
27
30
30

62V1
73r/z

77r/t

a5t/t

l6t/z

t2

11

10

l4r/z

22YB

l0

263/E

12

16r/z

l6Y2

Itrh

l8Y2

11

2lY2

ttr/z

26Yz

3t3/t

6
8

273/a

26rh
27%

323/t

323/t

i'5

t9r/z

40r/t
5or/z

20

26r/z
30
32r/z
J5'/2

593/t

67./t

74

74t/.

27

8
8

l4r/2

L'/2

73Yz

t4

363/t

1500-Pound

t2

1t./-

8l

14
16

36

126

11

t4

l4
l6

t04r/z

23r/t

l9t/t

10

47

llr/z

IE

20

llYE

t9./t

43

8
9

47
56Y2
64Y1

39

62V

l8

9th

l6Yz

31

833/t
933/t

8Yz
9Y2

r6Yz
IE

l0

39

7
8
9

Ls%
8

600-Pound

l6

24
26
28

18

400-Pound

Valve
2rh

t2

Size of

l0Y2

t2

300-Pound

Class

'A

l4
16

20

Weight and Dimensions of Pipe and Components

Cast Steel Globe and Angle Valves

Courtesy of Crane Co.

Claes

Butt-Welding

Flanged

z\z
150

Pou

t500

Pound

16r/2

11Y2

t93/a

rrlh

t9t/t

53/a

173/e

14

23

l6

2ot/e
7.134
X3r/z

8
9
9

lTYt

10
10

x4Y2
26

l9t/z

24r/z
26

7
8
93/t

loYz

173/t

Sr/a

173/e

t9

53/a

19

2oY2

6Y4

xo\2

9
10
10

65/s

22r/z

tx

24t/t

t4

7Ye

x6v

l6

293/e

36lz

IE
x4

12Y2

xoYz
22r/z

121/2

14

l2Y2

l3x/t

91h

ttth

l3t/r.

HIK

4t/t
4t/t

t9

3r/z

Flaneed or

All
alves

Butt-Wldingt

t4t/2
t6r/z

173/t

243/t

14

243/.

11

16

5
6

t53/t
t7r/2

26rh
293/.

t7r/z

293/t

22

36U

L2

36y2

834
l1

l6

25Y1

16

xSYa

l4

28Y2

It

x1t/r

18

28Y2
3lV1

28Y2

1E

93/a

31r/n

20

38r/a

ll3/a

38t/t

x7

23Yz

6Yz
7
7Y2

2tr/1
23rh

z7r/z

8Yz

27rh

r8

l0

303/a

x0

191/z

3lr/t

191/z

23r/z

3ara

23r/z

2
zYz

llY2
l3
l4

l9

1lY2

21r/e

t7

27r/2

20
22

303/t

x3Yz

t4

20

l5
18

29Y2

IE

37t/a

303/e

22

l4lrz

25V8

l4Y2

2r/2
3

r6yz

28r/s

18r/z

33Y2

t6t/z
l8t/2

10

t9

2lr/t

3Y2

900

133/t

$Yz

rrrh

Pound

Pound

l4Y2

t0r/2

400

Pound

t33/t

8
8V2
9Yz
10r/z

2U
Pound

600

JJ

2
+J

300

19rh

Screwed

HH

HH

l4
l6

5
6

Angle Valves

Globe Valves

Size

t2

l4

II

24

24
29r/2

7Y2

24
791/z

373/t

t2

37 3/a

20

l4
28r/a
331/2

IE

308

Piping Stress Handbook

Cast Steel Swing Check Valves

Courtesy of Crane Co.
Weighlr cnd Dimension:

Js I P
F+
T'---'-'T
t--N

Prea-

Size

Class

Pounds, Each
Valves

,r.l

2V2

3rh
r50

Pound

50

30

Flanged or
Butt-Welding

l0

100

100

140
200

120

390
510

360

slz

$rh
9r/t
roYz

1rh

rlYz

300

Pound

400

Pound

80

100

120

l2YE

27Yz

133/a

on
39
60
80

9rh
lo3/t

63/t

torh

6t/t

ll3/t

llr/z

EYl

l2Yz

130

l4

g3/t

153/t

t03/t

260

lTVz

t\3/"

620

510

2l

t4

l0

920

760

12

1290

1015

24t/z
2a

200
270

190

16

l0

IE

t2

310

19r/z

6E0

l0

900

580
820

13Yz
26r/z

t2S0

I150

30

38

32
40
70

l3

100

14

260
400
530

17
20

170
300
420

900

l0

1440

740
880

t2

1970

1200

180

340
640

I lE0

l4Yz

t$r/t

63/t

llY2

70

l5
I

6V
9Yz

140

900

500

t0r/t

240

2r/z

lgYz
24th

180

Pound

8
9

250
330

lr/t

Pound

13

160

1Y2

600

6
6Yz

ltr/z

1200
1450

40
70

12

2
zYz

$rh
9rh

94
96

u
40
50

Screwed

Valves Weldinp
Valves

FD&SF

Inches
2

Dimeneions, in Inches

Butt-

$r/t

tor/r
123/.

tir/t
31

t8t/t
2lr/z

15

Ith
ll

240

l8

500
890

29

t6r/,
EY1

t0r/z

t33/t

trh

ll0

EO

2
2r/z

160

130

t2
t4rh

245

t70

l6V2

2E0

210

l8Vz

ttut

630
950

Ltr/z

l3r/t

1360

390
480
780

26r/2
273/t

t51/t

2100

1320

Pound
6
8

93/t

rsv

Weight and Dimensions ot Pipe and Compononts

Miter Welding

30"

Siz.

6o'

45"

+v2

3/4
15/r 6

5ta

7la

r-3/8

r- r

5/16

3/4
15t16

1-5l16

I
1-0

t3/a
1-13/16

1-1/8

I,13/r 6

2-1t2

10

1.1t16

2.114

3rl8

12

2.5la

3-11/16

l-6

+1n6

1-9

2-1lA

+5la

2-O

35/16

11/16

11la

lA

2.7

2.11A

35/16

18

2.7 t16

r3l4

20

2.11t16

+1ta

t6

22
26

71116

i6

4 13^6

1-7
7-7

| 16

3a

t1l16

.t0

5.3/8

t2

5-An

8,11/16

6,7/16
1.1/4

9,15/

"q
1)

5/8

lA

1r

-3/16

'|

o-1/16

2.r5/16

7 15t16

911/16

8-1t/16
s 15/r6
11,Vt6

r-05/16
1

,2.1116

1-

3-r3/16
5'9/r 6
7 5/16

3-O

2-15/16

9-1t4
9- | 3/16

103/8
1l
I t -9/',t6

l6

1,G7t16

8,3/16

63/8

&5/8

4-5116

4-t5l16

1-7t16

1r-91/16

8-1/16

+9/r6

tr3/r6

34

3/16
1G9/16

r-11/16

5,3/8

- 0-t/8
1- r7ta

1-

+1tA

'|

5-318

7.1ft
8 5/r6

1I2

7.7t4
9-1/a

8-lt/16

2,2.1t4

6-0
6-9
7-6

915/16
113/16

9-O

3-6
3-9
40
4-3
4-6
4-9
5-0

r ,3-9/16
r

8-13/16

Source: Tclas Pipe Bending Co., btc., Houston' Texas'

5,3/8
5-13/16

6-3/16

6-5/8

1-v16

1.7 | 16

0-7/16

2-15t16

10-3/8
11,5/8

GT/A

8-3/4

22-

to.tla
o-S/A
2.31a
4-1/A

2-5714

2 7-5tA
2 - 9-3ft
2- 11-1tA
3-O.7lA

43

- 9-S/16
3- 1-1t4

6-5/t6

0-7116

!t/2

4.r

9-15/16

1-9/ 16

6-r5/16
1.1/2

1-7/16

I-

3 r/8

10-3/ 16

+1lA
4.5t16

2.114

5.1t4
8- r

2.5rc

3.3t4

3-314

2-9

+9/r

32

v2

3.

2-

3-3/16

2-5la

t8

5-3t4

2-15lr6

5-1t4
6-7 lA

2-1t2

2.t14

3-3t4

63/r6
6sta

30

't-7

6-3/16
11-7/A

4.314

5-3114

11-

2
2

11,1/8
2-1t2

5.7la

2-9-1/A

- 2-15lt6
r - 5-3/8
1-7 7/a
I - 10.3/8

0.1t4

r/t6

11.5/8

1,

t-14

1-

21ta
45tA

- 0-7116 2 3-5t16 1 - 6,3/16

2 5-13t16 1-1.13116
3 - 3-13/16
1 - I,S/16
3-7.1 6 2 8-5/16
1- 11.3/t6
2 - 10-13/16
3 - 10-7lr6
2- O-1ta
3 - 1-114
4,1-5/8
4-5
2 - 4-1/a
3 6-114
4 - 8-3/8
2 - 5-1ta
3 a-3t4
4 - 11,5/8
2- 7-1t2
3 - 11.1/4
5-3
4- 1-11/16 2 - 9.r/16
5 - 6-5/16
2 - tor3/16
4 - 4.3116
5 - 9-9/16
3 - 3-314
4 - r I,5/8
3 - 8'3/4
5 -7.11A
7 - 5-1t2
a, 3.7t16 6 - 2,9/16 4- 1-11/16
4,11.94
I - 1t-3/8
3

309

310

Piping Stress Handbook

Miter Welding Dimensions

13/r6

3.5/16

3.1n6

2-1116

1-7 /16

1-5/8

+Aa

4.1116

3-3/16

1t8

2-1/16

6 9/16

69/ l6

4-13/16

r.l5/ r 6
3-rlr6

l/8

33/r

8,13/t 6

8.11/',r6

6-7lr6

ll

lG15/16

8-1/16

9.58

6 t/4

1t2

l-

1.7116

11/16 +13/ t6

t7 la
2-1/a
2.7

/16

5.5/8
6.7

/16

1.1/4

1-

1-3/16

3-3/8

5-9/16
7-314

211/t6 81/r6
2.15/16

8, t

3/16

3-3/16

$5/8
10.7

t16

3.3/4

11-114

+5/16

1-O.7la

+gfi6

1-

5.51A

- 4.7t4
- 7.5t16
1 - 9-1r/16
2 - O.1lA

6.7116

7.1t4

8-1/r6

'|

Source: Texas

G3/16
2.3t4

+9t16

2-

6.3t4

2 -

11.1|a

1.11/16

5 3/8

4-1116

0-1/16

413/16 1-2-7/16
5.r/16 1 - 3.114

l-3
t-51/8
1 - 7.5/16
- 9.1t16

3,9/t6

3 7.15/t 6
3 - 1(}t/8
4- +t1t16
4- t1-5/16
5-5-7tA

6-7

'|

3 7tA

t1-9/16

1C1t2

a.1la

O.1/8

rG5/r6

1,

3
3 -

0-7116

29/16
4- 1tlt 6
6-7tA

3-9
4- 3.1t16
4-9.7lA

5 4,3/8
6-51/4

PW Bending Co., Inc., Houston, Tlxas

22 2 22 3 3-

7la

23tA

l1l16

1-114

3 9/16

r0 1rlr6

Gr5/16
t-7 /8

+1/A

t1t16

3-5/16

+15t16
6.9/16
4.1/a
S-3t4

2-9t16

73ta
0-1t4

4-10

- 8-7/16
- 9-3/8
1- 1O1/?
2- 1-111t6
2- 4-7 tA
2- 8-1/8
3 - 2.3t4
1

4.13/

5 3/16

11-13/16

t-3116

4 3/16

9-9/16

&5la

1- r

7-1/2

7ta

3/a

1ll16

8-5/8

2-1t16

- 4-ll16
r - 5lr/16
1 - 7.5t16
1 A-7 la

2
3

1t-114

1-O7lA

3/16

l6

7.3/16
9-5/A

I -O

29/16

3-114

4-15/16
6-1/2

8-1/16

-13/ 16

23t8
9/r6
43/4
515/16
7 3t16

11/16
1-.1/2

2.3/1C
3

3.13/16

q.iirrc
9.1rl16
- 2-1t16
t.3/8
4,3/16
1 - 4.13t16
11.1t8
8 3/8
s.slu
'| 7-114
t.s/16 4-3t4
r - 0-r1/16
I9/',t6
6.7/ 16
l.r3lr6 5-3/8
1 I5/8
1 - 2 3t4
10-3/4
7,rta
2
515/16
2- 0-1/16
r 1-15/r6
t.'ts,1c
2-3t16 6-3/t6
2 - 2-7t16
1- 5.112
1,11t4
q 914
2.3/a
7-3/t6
2 - 4.13/16 1 ,7.1t16
\- 2:9t16 , e:9/16
2.9t16 7.3/4
2 - 7.1t4
| 8,5/8
1 - 3.112
lo 3,/8
2.13n6 8.3/8
2 S-a/a I 10,5/16
t
1:1/l6
3
8-15/16
3 - Or/16
1- 11-1t8 1 - 5.1t4
11.7tB
3,3/16 I9/16
3 - 2-1116
2 - 1-112
1 - 7.1/a
1 0.3/4
1G r/8
1- 1.9/1C
3-3/8
3 - 4-7/a
1 8,5/16
1G3/4
1 9- 12
3-9/16
3- 7 1t4 2 - 4-5/A
1-23!a
I t-5116
3-3t4
I - 10.11/r6 1 - 3.3/1
11- 15/16
4, G1/16 2 7.71A
4
1- 11-l ta
r - 3.7/6
4 3/16
1 -O.112 4 2.1/2
2 - g-7 t16
2- 1-11t6 1 1111.
4.3/4
4- 9,11/16
2 - 4-5ta
l-71l',8
1 - 4-1/8 5 - 4-7la
5-3/8
3-7
2 A 1t4
1-9.1/2
6.15/16 1 - 5-718 6 - 0-1/8
3 - 11-5/8
2 - 11.3t4
I - I1.7,t
7.3/16 1 -9.1/2 7 -2-1/2
4 - 9-3/8
2, 45ie
3-1
1

a_

Weight and Dimensions of Pipe and Components

Lngth of Pipe in Bends

Courtesy of Crane Co.

Radius
of
Pip
Bends

-'l

f*.9\
| <fS,,,) id
t- ILLT_\ e3

90" Bends

180' Bends

the length of prpe in d bend having

a radius not qiven above. add together the
Iength of pipe in bends whose combined
radii equal the required radius.

ro nna

270' Bnds

540' Bends

length of pipe in 90'bend of 5'9'radius.

Ersmolcr
' Find
Lenetli of prpA r; o0" bend of 5 radius = o+ra'
Lengrh of prpc rn 90'beno of a' ,adius = W
Then, lngth of pipe in 90" bend of 5' 9' radius

109rl'

311

312

Piping Stress Handbook

Calculation ot Pipe Bends

Courtesy of Crane Co.

4i'

Eromple No.

8-Given A,

9o

sin

B, C, D,

tH : lllc
K:tanlH
L:A-K
P: B _K
N:F*2K

E : D -A _B
F :YE'+ E

zc

Exornple No. I

B:

3.414

2.828
0.828

t+A--E

l.-s1

Eromple No.

E:D_A-B
F:2N_C
e :11o"+

$:

tan

r'

zH

K:14c

Exomple No.

E=D-A-B
e -tVl-lT"
"
=

stn

ltJ

z,

tso

x
x

^R

l--ivcn R ond 45o Angler

T = T ans.ent

Length oipipe in bend

9.425

x R +27

9-Given A,

B, C' D,

:llK'-n,

{:sinzN
lP :90" *

to:r4tP

ZH

- tN

S:tanlOxR

lO-Givan A, B, C, D,

otf

l2-Given A,

P:2D
C:A-2R
n _tl,op,, r--, E:D-n
F :2E

tH:tltc
K=rantHxR
v =A-K
\. _ R .K
':-"-

Erornple No.

Exomple No.

C:%B

D=R+C

E = A -2R
F =l/D'+E'

C/2R:

sin

tG

lH:90'+ lG
lK = 180'-2 tG

l3-Given A,

EiF = sin lG
H =%F
x = 1ln-'
K/H : sin lL

n'

B,

tJ[:tG-tL

lN = r80'+2lM
t?==s2o; +

trI

Weight and Dimensions of Pipe and Components

313

Galculation of PiPe Bends

Courtesy of Crane Co.

Exomple No.

D:B-C
F =ll
I

Ii =
H:
--l

aA

Sln

Exomole No.

l--Given A, B, C, R

zr
F
lS: tP * tG
tK : 9O"
- tS
tL : t4 tS_
M = rar] lL xt(
N:H+M
O:B_C-M
= stn

E,

Zu

llr;-

n'

4-Givsn A,

E:V a'+ D'

xonple No.

2--Given A, B, C,
N
fxomple No.

D: B -C
E:A -R
F

:lo,

+ o'

F=s:nz\l
H

lr'- n'

D:B -C

E:la'+a
A

E --'-'

-A

:y

S-Given A,

(2R)"

R
(1

- B'

lp:

sin

tD

7:sinlP
t8:zP+tG
lS
lK:9O'
lL : 1/2 lSM=tanlLY,R
N:H+M _M
O :B -C

Exomole No. 3---Given

LU:sinzF H:tanlG Xft

tG:y2tF P:C -H

D:B-C

B =2R

B, C'

A, B, C,

fxomole No.

C:thB
D: t4A

tG:%tF
H:tanlGxR
P :C -H

E --'--

E:IC'+ U

Exomple No.

=D

6-Given A,

=%E

lH:90" - tF
A, + R1
-'
4A
| _ rtl

Z-Given A, B, C, D,

G/H:sinlK

-A-B
F:R-C
t':lzH
G:n+F
H=lE+ G" rI:V L'-R'

IIlL=sintN
to :90' - tK , t\
7p =/2 tO
S:tan IPXR

12
Allowable Pipe Span trlormulas and Tables

Pipe-Span Stress Limits

^M
-Z

WL'
42

In order to have a workable set ofpipe-span tables or to

find an allowable span that will require a minimum of

manual calculations, the limit for dead load stresses is set
at S1/2. This eliminates the need for checkins the sum of

'=!@

the longitudinal pressure stresses plus dead load stress.

(Sr,
allowable stress at maximum temperature. ASA

Code 831.1 and 831.3.)

The formula used to determine the maximum soans in
the tables (Thbles 12-l through l2-9) is a mean berween a
uniformly loaded beam simply supported at both ends and
a uniformly loaded beam with both ends fixed. This mean
formula most nearly depicts the conditions actually existing in a refinery. (See Figure 12-1.)
By inspection, if the two moment diagrams in Figure
12-1 are superimposed, the point of the maximum bending moment will still be at mid-span.

Mean=

M:vz(Y.y-)

A safety factor of 1.25 is required because of the discrepancy between theoretical assumption ald the actual
field situation.

M:wL'xl
124

Pipe-Span Deflection Limits

Maximum allowable pipe deflection between supports
must not exceed 1 in. or ll2 the nominal pipe diameter.
whichever is the smaller. This is the basic piping practice:
however,.it is subject to compliance with the customer,s
specfrcanon.
The formula used to determine the deflections in Thbles
12-1 through 12-9 is a mean between a uniformly loaded
beam simply supported at both ends and a uniforn r
loaded beam with both ends fixed. (See Figure l2-2.)
In order to maintain homogeneous units, "Lt' must be in
in. and "W" must be in lbs/in. , however, for ease of handling we wish to have "L" in ft and "W" in lb/ft, whicL
we must now convert to inch units. The preceding equation becomes:

5 WL2
48

In order to maintain homogeneous units, "L" must be in

lb/in.; however, for ease of handling we wish to have "L"
in feet and 'W" in lb/ft, which we musr now converr to

wL4
I28EI

13.5WL4

inch units. Thus the preceding equation becomes:

M =-

5WI

48

60

wL,

5 WL2

48

l3.5WL4
EI

EI
(Text continued on Dase 3:0

314

a
Allowable Pipe Span Formulas and

Tables

Fixed Ends

simply Supported

frrnT
1_,-N

Load

I
Shear

t
uoment

2-l

z-l--

uJf
Fixed Ends

Simply Supporled
WL
.,
V =-

.,
"-

"'-=Y

rvrl -

,., -

WL
2

WL,
;;

by figuring the
and
a uniformly
both
ends
at
supported
mean between a uniformly loaded beam
loaded beam with both ends {ixed.

Figure 12-1. Diagram showing how stress limits are determined

r,

Fixed Ends

Simply Supported
5WL4

WL4

384E1

384E1

Mean: =

A1 +A2

3WL4
384E1

WL4
128E1

by figuring
and a uniboth
ends
al
supported
the mean between a unitormly loaded beam
fixed.
formlv loaded beam with both ends

Figure 12-2, Diagram showing how deflection limits are determined

315

316

Piping Stress Handbook

Table 12-1
Piping Spans Based on the Following carbon steel Materials: seamless A53 Gr.
A, A106 Gr. A, Apt
5L Gr. A; Wetded A53 cr. B, Apt 5L Gr. B, A155 C55 Ctass 2
>200.F wilh Water,

(L =

No Insulation

7,650 psi)

201'F-600.F wilh Commodity

(f. =

6,175 psi)

Wetghi ot Waler, Minimum Insutation

Maximum

'

Exceeds maximum dettecrion.

Courtesy of Po$,er Piping Company.

Tabte 12-2
Piping Spans Based on the Following Stainless Steel Pipe Materials: Seamless A312
Tp316, Ag12
TP317, 4430 FP316H, A376 TP317
>200"F with Warer, No Insutarion

(L =

Pipe

Size

'

SCH.

9,375 psi)

Maximum
Span

Exceds maxiftum deflection,

Co nesy of Power Piping Conpany.

201'F-600oF with Commodity

(L =

8,550 psi)

Maximum
Span

Weight ot Water, Minimum tnsularion

Recommended

Allowable Pipe Span Formulas and

Tables

Table 12-3

TP304L' A312
Piping spans Based on the Following stainless steel Pipe Materials: seamless A213
FP304H
A430
TP304,
A376
TP3o4L,
201.F-600.F with commodity

>2OO'F with Waler, No Insulation

(1, = 7,550 psi)

(r3

5'800 ps4

weight ol water, Minihum Insulation

Becommended

Maximum

'

Exceeds ma)(imum dellection.

Courtesy of Power Piping ConPanY.

Table 12-4

piping Spans Based on the Following Stainless Steel Pipe Materials: Seamless A213 TP304L' A312
TP3O4L
>2Oo"F with W.ler, No Insulaiion
(1, = 7,650 Psi)

Maximum
Span

'

Exceeds maximum delleclion.

Courtesy of Power PiPing Compan

Becommended

201.F-600.F wirh commodity

{L =

a,500 Psi)

Maximum
Span

weigh! ol water, Minimum Insulallon

Recommended

317

318

Piping Stress Handbook

Table 12-5
Piping Spans Based on the Following Nickel pipe Material: Seamless 8161 Annealed
>200'F with Water,

(L =

No Insulation

4,ooo psi)

Maximum

201dF-450cF wlth Codmodity

1,000 psl)

[. =

Recommended

Weight of Waier, Mtnlmum Insutation

Maximum

Courtesy of Po,,er Piping Company.

Table 12-6
Piping spans Based on the Following Aluminum pipe Material: seamless B24l Gr.3oo3 H112
>200'F wlth Wbter, No Insutation
(1. = 4,000 psi)
Maximum

Cowteq of Power Piping Compaat

Recommended

201'F-400.F wilh Commodity

(r. =

1,7s0 psl)

Maximum

Wetght ot Warer, Mtnimuh tnsstation

Recommended

Allowable Pipe Span Formulas and

Tables

319

Table 12-7

PipingspansBasedontheFo||owingA|uminumPip"M"tg'iM
>2oooF with water, No Insulation
(1. = 3,000 Psi)

Pipe
Size

'

scH,

201.F-4O0dF with Commoclily

d- 2.ooo Dsi)

Weight ol Waier, Minimum lnsutalion

Recommended
SPan

Maximum
Span

Maximum
Span

Exceds maximum dellction.

CourresJ of Power PiPing Comqany

Table 12-8
8235
Piping spans Based on the Following Aluminum Pipe Materials: seamless B21O' 9'234' and
H18
Gr.
3003
Gr. 6061 T4, 8241
>200'F with Waler, No Insulatlon
(1. = 4,500 psi)
Maximum

'

Exceeds maxlmum dellectlon.

CouneE of Power Piping ComPant

Recommenaled

201.F-6OO.F with Commodity

(t! 9s0 psi)

Maximum

welght o, water, Minimum Insulation

Becommended

320

Piping Stress Handbook

Table 12-9
Piping spans Based on the Following Red Brass pipe Materiar:
seamress B43
>200"F wilh Waler, No Insulatton

(l =

tot

1,500 psi)

Maximum

u:o'o:offn

il.

weisht ot warer' Minimum Insuration

""""oditv

Fecommended

Courkq of Power Piping Conpany.

:
:
W:

where SB

L
E
I
Z
f

:
:
:
:

Longitudinal bending stress, psi

Maximum deflection, in.
Weight of pipe, including commodity and
insulation if any, lb/ft
Length of span, ft
Hot modulus of elasticity of pipe, psi
Moment of inertia of pipe, in.t
Section modulus of pipe, in.3
Unit stress = Sr/2, psi. 56 per ASA Code
831.3

To solve for an allowable pipe span with a known

__
llectlon, use the foliowing lormula:

4i EIA
Y 13.5W

de_

Piping Wind Loads

Wind Loads
Tables 12-10 through 12-12 can be used to calculate
wind loads.
The wind pressure (P) in lb/ff on a flat surface normal
to the direction the wind for any given velocity (V) in
miles/hr is given quite accurately by the formuli

0.004v,

Table 12-11 gives the pressure per square foot on a flat

surface normal to the direction of the wind for different
velocities as calculated by the preceding formula.
The design wind pressure at the location of a given
pipeline should be applied ro the projected area ofthiout-

Allowable Pipe Span Formulas and Tables

side of the pipe (or insulation) to determine a uniformly
distributed load as follows:

w_
where

(P) (c") (D)

The design wind pressure depends on the location of the

vessel or stack. The U.S.A. Standard Building Code Requirements for Minimum Design Loads, in Buildings and
Other Structures, A58.1-1972, and the Uniform Building

Code include a table showirg wind pressure at various

t44

P:
C":
D:
W:

heights, and a map where these values apply.

Design wind pressure, 1b/ft2

Shape factor (See T};ble 12-12)

Outside diameter of pipe (or insulation)'

in.
Wind load 0b/in) pounds per linear foot of
plpe

More tables have been developed according to wind velocity in miles/hr, wind pressure lb/ft2, wilh reference to a
pipe outside diameter. These tables are very usefirl for
computer data input to model uniform wind load on pip-

ins.

Table 12-12
Shape Factors

Table 12-10

Ofticial Designations of Winds

Shape
Less than

Calm

Ito

Light wind

Cylinder

8to12

Gentle wind
Moderate wind
Fresh wind
Strong wind
Gale
Whole gale
Hurricane

Factor

General Use

13 to 18
19 to 24
zf, to J6

Octagon
Sphere

Flat

39 ts 54
55 to 75
Above 75

* Beoufon Wind kole, U.S. Weather Burca-.

Towers, stacks, drums, tanks,

exchangers, prping, etc.
Piers for towers and drums

0.6

Tbnks

0.60

Open signs
Solid signs
Closed buildings, framing, and
com. parts
Frames, open-type structure

1.60

0.80

1.40
1.30

1.60 Open plan

0.80 Sec. plan

0.00 other
Plan

Table 12-11
Pressure per Sq Ft on a Flat Surface Normal to the
Direction of the Wlnd
Corespondlng
Pressule
Velocity

(miles/hr)

(lbflrl

To

10

0.4

Gende wind

20

1.6

30

3.6

Fresh wind
Strong wind

40

6.4

)U

10.0

60

t4.4

80
100

25.6
40.0

Gale
Gale

Whole gale
Hurricane
Violent hurricanes

322

Piping Stress Handbook

Table 12- l3
Wind Load (lb/in.)

t5

rb/tt2
lil

il

40

45

50

55

9l

to0

105

lt2

117

85

.r4
.2t

.19

.24

.29

,29

.35

.43

.51

.25

.31

.41

.50

.58

.37

.,t5

.56

.65

.75

.69

.81

.68

.42

.89

.4r

rl5

.55

8.625

r0.750

.67

.89

12.7 50

,79

t.06

I4

35

80

4.500

5.525

30

7!
es,/ti R

2.375

4.0

20

l.tl

.39

.49

.58

.55
.83

.84

.93

.92

1.04

1 t5

L.27

.96

1.10

1.23

1,38

1.51

r.0?

1.25

I.44

I.61

1.34

1.56

2,r2

t.38

1.32

2.01

.47 r -15

1.45

1.75

2.04

2.3

2.61

1.00 r.33

1.66

2.00

2.3

2.67

2,99

l8

t.r2

1.87

3.35

20

t.25

22

r,37 1.83

24

1.50 1.99

t,62

1.4

2a

r.7

30

r.87 2.49

2.62

3.00

2,50

2,9I

3.34

2.75

3.20

2.49

3.00

3.45

4.00

2.70

3.25

1.79

4,34

4.85

2.9t

3.50

4.0

4.61

.12

4.75

4.31

s.01
5.3

2.08

2.13

2.00 2.56

3.32

4.00

4.66

34

2.t2 2,83

3.53

4.25

4.95

35

2.25

2,99

3.7

'1.50

5.21

38

2.17

3.r6

3.95

4.75

40

2.50

3.33

4.16

5.00

12

2.62

3.49

{.35

5.25

44

2,75

3.56

46

2.al 3.83

t ,74

48

3.0 0

3.99

4.99

50

3.r2

.16

5.20
5.40

I.9l
2.39

1.46
2,92

2.9r
4 -1,2

a,16

4.58

rt

4.58

5.0r1

4.48

4.99

5.45

5.45

5.9S

4.

6.41
5.51

5.8?

5.9 8

6.65

7.33

6.35

7 -08

7 .7A

5.0I

6.?3

7,49

8,24

-34

7.10

7.91

8.?0

6.68

7,48

8.3 3

9.15

8.?4

9.62

5.83

.9t

.01

7.85

6.4I

7.34

8.22

9.r5 10.0I

5,75

6.70

7.68

8.60

9.58 10.s3

6.0

6.99

8.01

s.97

9.99 l0 .99

6.25

7 .29

8,35

9.35

10.41 I1.45

8.68

9.t2

10.83

,57

4.33

.80

.71

rl.9I

5{

3.37

4.49

s.6t

6.75

55

3,50

4.66

5.82

?.00

8.

58

3,52

4.83

1.25

60

3,75

6.24

7.50

4.14

10.02 Ll.22

t2.49

1.3

3.87

5.16

.44

7.75

9.03

10.35

tr.59

12.9t

14.20

.99

54

4.00

5.33

6.5

56

4.12

5.49

5.

9.01 10.09

1t.24 \2.X7

r5

9.3 5 10.47

1r.66 !2.42

4.45

9.58 10.84

12.08 13.28

.87

.008

10.68 1r.95

g5

8.25

1I.02 12,34

.7 4

14.66
13.74

15.12

Table 12'13
Uniform Wind Loads (lb/ln.)

.59

1.02

.9{
4.00
/t.500
5

1.00

l.l2

8.625

r0.750

I4
18
20

1.08

2.15
2.58

1.3r

1.2r
t,?

"525

.79

.84

1.09

l.16

r.23

r..25

1.33

r.

.54

1.40

2.69

2.33

2.34

2,47

3.05

2.91
3.45

1.33

/t.50

4.8?

5.00

5.41

1.3I

r./15

2.14

1.78

r.87

2.62

2.76

3.41

3,59

4.03

t.25

t.17

4.78

5.02

3.99

1.21

l.5r

1.37

.4.56

{.95

1.65

5.00

5.33

5.83

6.25

?.08
8,25

8.?0

9.00

9.49

9.20

9.7 5

10.29

9.91

10.50

r1.08

t.08

4.00

.98

1.66

1.49
2.20

.94

r.50

!11

3.80

3.50

.89

5.54
5.00

5.99

22

5.50

5.95

6.41

.87

7.79

21

6.00

5.49

7 .OO

?.50

8.49

25

6.50

8.56

?.54
7.58

8.15

?.91

10.83

2S

7.00

30

?.50

32

8.00

r0.00

r0.56

11.33

8,50

r0.62

11.33

12.03

13.45

r4.16

L2.7 4

L1.24

15.0

15.04

15.83

34
36

40

9.00

10.0

9.99

9.20
4

10.50

r0.29

II.OE

9.7

10.83
L2.23

a2

ta

II.O
12.45

45
!t5

14.00

r2.0
12.5

13.54

13,0

t{.08

5a

r3.tl

L4.62

15.75

15.70

16.9t

54

t5,0

12.00

13.45

14.25

13.3

1{.1

rt.00

13.12

13.99

14.87

13.75

t{.66

15.00

16.5

17.4I
r8.20

19.16

16,99

r 8.00

18.99

20,00

17.?0

18.?

19.79

20.83

16.25

17.33

t8.al r9.50

20.58

16.87

17.99

19.12

20.25

2!.37

17.50

18.56

r9.82

21.00

r 8,75

15.78

19.37

20.55

17.33

20.00
20.52

2L.21

2a.!.6

22,50

23 .7 4

25.00

23.25

24.53

25.83
25.66

24.00
23.27

22.50
23.22

2L.75

18.12

\5.24

17.50

15.28

14.37

19.99

!7 .A7

rt .8?

12,50

r1.87

14.58

14.0

50

11.99

10.5

24.75

25.L2

27.50

13
Pipe Support Selection and Design

Pipe Supports

t
Because piping is aflected by thermal expansion. supports in a piping system move thermally in different directions. Weight is supported by two kinds of supports-rigid

tions are critical (very expensive). They have been use<i

frequently in hold-down applications.
Leaf sprtngs have no known applications in the petrochemical industry.

and flexible.

c Rigid supports are supports in a piping system which

stay fixed. They generally move thermally in two directions-horizontally and laterally, but not vertically. The
weight at this point is usually supported by shoe supports, bracket supports, dummy legs, or a rigid hanger.
There are hundreds of ways these supports can be designed and every company seems to have its own way.
(See Figure 13- 1.)

c Flexible supports move in all three directions. Weight is

supported in this application by use of spring supports.

Spring Supports
The types of springs offered for industrial support applications can be segregated into three classifications:
are the springs most commonly used in the
petrochemical industry for supporting loads. They are
used almost exclusively in the construction of pre-engineered and calibrated variable- and constant-support
spring hangers. They are also used in less expensrve
forms in the construction of hold downs, field supports,
and vibration dampeners.
c Disc spings (BeIlviIIe springs) are seldom used in the
construction of variable- or constant-support spring
hansers, but are available if desired when space limita-

o CoiI spings

Variable Spring SuPPorts

The word "variable" in this description refers to the
fact that the load-carrying capacity of the spring varies
considerably as the spring is compressed or extended
from a fixed reference point. In other words, as the pipe
moves up, the spring is extended and the load that it exerts
is decreased. The opposite effect is experienced when the
pipe moves down. In either case, the force exerted must
not vary when extended or compressed by more than 25 %
(maximum) from the calculated load.
Manufacturers offer a large variety of variable-load
spring hangers with standard and nonstandard scales. (See
Figure 13-2.) The scale is attached to the spring support

frame and indicates the vendor's recommendation for

range of load. Normally, a safety scale is provided above
and below the scale. Beyond these points the unit either
loses all load carrying capacity or it reaches its fully compressed position, therefore prohibiting frrther displacement. In every case, an attempt should be made to select a
spring so that the calculated load falls in the center of the
spring-scale range. The maximum deflection, which will
compute to be not more than a 25% variability, can be
found by dividing the full range of the spring scale, in
inches, by a factor of 2.5. Where the equipment loading is
sensitive or critical, larger-range scales may be beneficial
in reducing the variability percentage.
Typical applications are shown in the next pages along
with an explanation on how to size and how to determine
the type of spring to be used. Dimensions for variable
{Texl conlinued on Page 327

324

"'l

.,|

",1

\tf\ET

"
,
'S+

!4

F.l

t6 t

HI

o.l

FI

-.ll

tlsstA

trTli
|t /

ill
$

tl

Ie

ol

;l

ll.l
tl

u_!J

lP

l+

Pipe Support Selection and

I
_l

r.

fl

o RI

c)l

.{l

.i

Design

oo-

6
o
l

o
(9

.9
lt

325

326

Piping Stress Handbook

Type A

Typr A

Typo B

!t

T=

,t

Special variable spring hangers can be fabricated for

.d\
V

i|fr

l|\
Typc C

fi

lo D.Lrnio. Type: The type of variable sorine

hanger to be used depends upon the physical ihari
acteristic-s_ reqlired by the suspension problem; i,e.,
amount,9f head room, whether pipe is to be supported
above the spring or below the spring, etc. Conslderation _should be given to the seven standard types of-

Typr

How

fered (see line cuts of types ,,A', througlr',,6"r,

unusual conditions.

How io Dctcrminc Sire: Conplete sizing infornation is

given above the hanger selection chart
This information is applicable to sizing hangers of
all series.

It will be noted

on the hanger selection charts that

the total spring deflection in the casing leaves a

leserve above and below the recommended working

load mnge.

Trovol Stop:
lrrtr-l
PICCEI

lrnev:L

i LrIrTl

sroP

PtEqg

Typr F

Typc

Wirh Roller

L--,1
rH

The functional design of the pre-compressed variable

spring hanger pereits the incorpo.ation of a two-piece
travel stop that locks the hanger spring against up-

Type E

Typr

ward or downward movement for temporary conditions

of underload or overload, The complete travel stop,
the up litnit stop only for cold set purposes or the down
limit stop only which rnay be ernployed during erection,
hydrostatic test or chenical cleanout will be fumished
only when specified. The travel stop is painted red
and is installed at the fsctory with a red ..cautio!,'
tag attached calling attention that the device rnust be
removed before the pipe line is put in service.

Figu.e 13-2. variable supports. (courtesy support rechnology and piping Technology products,

Inc_)

Pipe Support Selection and

springs are generally the same for all the malufacturers.
That is why loading tables and dimensions that can be
used for application in supporting piping have been included.

Constant Spring SuPPorts

The word "constant" in this description implies that the
spring will exert the same lifting effort as the pipe moves
up and down. Actually, the spring rate in most cases rs
minimized by transferring the load through a series of levers so that the elongation or compression of the spring is

negligible.
Constant-support spring hangers are considerably more
expensive than variables and are therefore used sparingly.
They are used in conjunction with large deflections where
variability becomes a problem, large loads where erren
small variabilities are a problem, and at strain-sensitive
equipment. (See Figure 13-3.)
Manufacturers offer a wide variety of load ranges, deflection ranges, and frames for their constant-support
springs. Loading tables given in Thbles 13-1 through 13-5
and in Figures 13-3 through 13-6, generally are the same
for all the manufacturers, but dimensions are different and
should be obtained from each manufacturer. (See Figure
13-7 for typical arangements of constant supports.)'

Travel Stops

All hangers have built-in stops to limit the travel at the

top and bottom to a small percentage beyond the specified
range. In addition, temporary stop pins are provided at the
initial travel position for the purpose of hydrostatic testing
and to facilitate erection. All stops are of rugged construction to withstand appreciable overloads.
It should be remembered, however, that hangers will
function only when temporary stops are removed and the
hangers load-rods are adjusted properly to enable the
hanger to operate within the specified range oftravel. An
arrow traveling on a scale readily indicates the travel posi-

tion at all times.

Load Ad justment

All

hangers are equipped with a load-adjusting nut that

permits up to a 10Vo increase or a 10% decrease in loadcarrying capacity. However, since all hangers are carefully tested ald preset in the factory to specified loads, it
is recommended that no field load adjusfinent be made until it is accurately determined that a change is necessary.

Otherwise, the proper distribution of pipe stresses in the

system may be disturbed.

Design

327

Standard Hangets
Load-travel data, physical design features, and dimensions are shown on the following pages, for convenience
in selecting the proper type and size hangers for any specific requirement. Since the load-supporting capacity of a
given size is inversely proportional to the travel function,
excessive overfavel when specified may require a larger
and more costly hanger size than actually needed.

Sway Brace Support

This type of support is also a spring, but is not used to
take care of the weight effect. It is recommended for controlling vibration, absorbing shock loading, guiding or re-

straining thermal expansion, and bracing a pipe line

against sway. Figure 13-8 shows different sway braces
and tables for loading and sizes.

Insulated Pipe Supports and Anchors

for Cryogenic Service
Gryogenic Pipe Supports and Hangers
The design of supports for piping used in cryogenic
service diffbrs from those designs used for standard piping. In this application the support is designed to avoid
metal-to-metal contact of the support with the pipe. Such
contact would create a heat sink whereby heat would be
transferred from the ambient environmental conditions
to the cold pipe through the metai support. To avoid this
metal-to-metal contact, a support is manufactured from
rigid polyurethane foam. Polyurethane offers both the insulating properties necessary to maintain the cryogenic
temperature, and also the high strength necessary to support the pipe. Figure 13-9 illustrates a typical cryogenic
support. The insulated support is normally furnished
with the foam, vapor barrier, protection shield, and a
galvanized cradle. These components are all adhered together into a unit that is easily installed. The saddle as
ihown in this figure may be removed and replaced with
other types of supports such as a pipe clamp for use with
rigid and spring hangers, or with graphite teflon slide
Dlates.

The design of the polyurethane support includes the

following considerations:
. Required insulation property (K-factor).
o Thickness ofthe insulation on the remainder ofthe pip(Text conlinued ofl page 3,15.)

324

Piping Stress Handbook

Table 13-1
Load Table for Variable Spring Supports for Selection ot Hanger Size

Lood Toblc in Poundrr lor Sclection of llonger

site

I
6

hir

21/.

sp.in, S.dl.

- lb, p.r i.,

Courtes! of Support Technolog, Products, Inc., and Piping Technolog)t Products, Inc.

il'

Pipe Support Selection and Design

Figure 2680

TY PE -8.

TYPE-A

329

TYPE-C

Type B and C opringe are furnished with one ot

two luge ae ehown, welded to tlre toP cap of epring'

Typc A rpringc are furnirhed with r threedcrl

buchirg in the toP Platc, providing for a rimplc rod
attachment for the upper connection.
ugt
naiad

ha|t9al
!12a

load

tb

20
3'o

00
124

v,
c

713

tu9

cadn0

crdng

thd
lgth

holc

lengtn

dlan

3l2a

v2

th

813/rs
gqa

5
27
29

Vr

950

1Ol/s

1235

3/t

12Vs

62

t/.

1615

1\h
11/1

79

1Vs

th

a4
100
124

11h

lU!

1V2

154

14t

5130

16o 7125
170 q5fl0
18o 12645
19o 1680s
200 22325

21o 29688
19591

l.ngth

lt

tht

1Y2

101/rs
1013/re

1Ua

7h

1V2

301

3,18

2U1

456
528
684

21/,

2!e

1Ya

I
I

t0
10
11

2%
27/a

3Ys

9154e
1oe/r o

85/6

8%
8%

131/ro
131316

1/a

1U4

t/s

V4

1V2

121/^

11/a

7/e

V4

125h

1313/,e
14s/ro
1sYa

11/2

1Ua

121/B

15

11/2

12
13%

1Ua

1st/g

16%

11/2

137/s

14rh

167/a

'|

11/2

14V2

11/4

1U4

1V2

1Sla

1U4

11/^

16la

17Y2
18Ya

''|

147/a

1Ya

15%

177e

15%s

11/2

187/rs

1V2

2171rc

187ls

11/2

1515he
1815/rs
181s/rs

qa

2131le
2471rc

23111le
261s/ro

tt
tt

19t
3

2V2

2811rc

3
3
4

41/2

313i ro

23tr

129a

4Y2

35rrAa

265/r s

12qa
1zEa

41/2

3813/rs
45r1/16

2U,

U1

263lta

as's
12Ve
12Ya

2Vt
2Y.

115/,0

,2

1rb

1/2

2011ha 2
2315h6 2Y2

't%

181/a

32%

1V2

1V2

18V^

115

7/a

1lz

ash

1sqa
161/rs

10,/rs
Va

11/4

!,t

13Ys
13U1

lk

x
mtn

lUr

,lr

6%
6%
8%
8%
8%
ask

1l/a

lenglh

nelS

1013/rs
115/rs

1O1/.

2850

15o

ptn

ash

146 3aoo

13o

ihlck-

d.plrr

opn|n9

Ss/r s

Ya

120 2134

d6vl3

pln9

5s/rs

5
5

l5

61

snrF

ol

't1h

8s/,e

loedod

h.i9hl

thrlrd

V2

14

399
532

R.H.

V2

166
29C

1lo

tb

't

4o

6o
7g
80
9o
10o

alza

0o
1o

PFO

6rn

rd

187ll.^

2#l'a

C^

26rri,e

27/s

Ya

31h
33h

le

28sh6 31r46
311'/re 3431rc
363/,c

3811/,4

3%

395/15

4113/r o

37/a

463/rs

48rr/16

Figure 13, Spring supports. (Courtesy Support Technology Products, Inc. and Piping Technology Products, Inc')

330

Piping Stress Handbook

TYPE-D

Figure 2680

TYPT-T

EJ

TY PE-F

--,

c=_:
.-- rl

Type D spring permits adjustment from the top, by lurning lhe nuls on the hanger rod against a piece ot
tubing. The tubing is securely welded to the spring cap. Type D spring is set above the supporting steet_
Type E permits rod adjustment from either above or below the spring.
Type F spring assembly is designed to suppofi piping lrom below, direclly lrom the tloor
Adjustment is made by inserting a bar into holes in the load column. and turning the load column as a jack
screw The base plate is welded to the case and has lour holes for fastening.

type F
csBlng

Lnglh
a

0o

6r1/,0

cr3lng

!hipplng
l.ngth
K

10

9'3/,6

3Vs

8s/,a

50

8%

3Ys

5s/16

5s/,6

60

80

5/s

90

tto

7h

813/,6

6%

11/2

6s/s

1Y2

1O1/a

67a

-lY2

101h

8s

9'si,^

150
160

8%

1t/a

12'h6
131r/i6

15rr/rs

13v4
13Y.

'|

I37s

13'/16

8%
8

2Y2

16Ya

2Y)

8%
a%

169r

31/2

19'/i6

21VE

1qa

181/6

85/s

1AY6

12Ya

21A

201h
235h

124b

23%

123/a

5e/,s

265h

123/4

61/t

295/,6

32

1211$
137/,0

16th

107l*

155h

12151,^

21Vs

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

3
3

AY.
AY.
eY.

t{

Y.

a%

Y.

U.

Y.

Y.

1orh

Y.

+t

107
101

Y.

13//s

+t

AY.

I
1(F/16

16}t

161{

10'

13Y2

131/.

121/B

14Ya

1@/16

18%

14rr/16

16!r^

13U.
13U.
13U.

1@1.

16V2

1@/'6
1G/r6
15%

16h

15r^6

171116

179!

19%

13Y.
13Y.

25%

197/,n

2t,t,e

131/.

25r1/,5

191^6
2151'6

21\lt6

17Y.

197a

2gqe
3231,a
35e/i

295116

127e

lG6

17U.

15,1/.

17U.

159t
15Y.

l7U.
17U.

Figure 13-3. Continued.

10'/!6

1g/.

6,a
161,
r

6V16

Y.
U2

8U.

a%

Y.

aU.
Y.

Y2

AY.

v,

AY.

16'4

aU.
Y.

16Y2

\,

A1/.

Y2

AY.

,2

AY.

tt

12\t

7l

12y2

Y.

td

't2h

12V2

-2

3i3
5U.

1Ak

1V,

15r3/,6
183/a

tt

AY.

71h

21h

21/a

121/a

111/e

18o
190

21/2

101/a

1431a

fian96

7r.

3
3

131k
151h

bolta

7Y2

131/a

170

200
21o
220

10'5/,6

9s/16

141/a

8%

16th6

7
7

8%

13y4

7Vz

123/a

10,/15
131/4

1251o
13

1j/a

9Ya

'l2Ys

100

8is/,s

11r/i6

nrng.

nan9.

7|h
7\k

1211h6

107h6
11/a

nrngo

9r^6

thlck-

fr6n9.

ranglh

.l

1011/ro

20
3o

120
130
140

lenglh

h.ighl

tt

12\t

Pipe Support Selection and Design

i80

Figure 2680

ROO

SrZ A',

--

N\

-c
Type G trapeze type spring assemb,y is formed by welding lwo standard spring assemblies to the ends of

a pair ot channels. Type G assembly is especially adaptable tor use where headroom is limited, lo avoid
interference, or lo accommodate unusually heavy loads.
The assembly can be furnished wiih center to center dimensions, as specified by purchaser. When ordering Type G, divlde the total pipe load in half to select the proper spring size. Ihe travel range of the springs
remain unchanged-

r
F

hanger

.alod
load

(appror)

!tza

tb

each, lb

0o

138

1o

200

20
3o
40
5o
6o

256

70

8o
9o
10o
110

12o
130
140
150
160

170
18o
190

200

21o
22o

rod

caslng

lenglh

79142

min thread
cngegornonr

channtla

V2

6rr/re

1/z

Y2

38
39
63

8s/'"

4
4
4

,b

Ya
Ya

5e/ro
7151rc

3/a

V2

a5h

Ya

sh
5k

813/15

6s/a

2
2

th

7/o

1U.

3
3
3

7/e

123

la

107/a

8E4

137

Ua

'lzYs

87a

125
't37
175

1/g
1

10,/re

1Ya

131/s

183

1Va

13Y4

224
270
326
630

1U4

13/a

8%
8%

11/g

11/z

161/re

gVa

231rc

2Va

13/a

lAYs

Bsh

271rc

21/e

91s/rs

18Y.

2U4

20

2V,

2316

at6

Ya

10v4

11/re

lt
1

6%
6%

V2

1V2

Ya

Y2

1V2
1Y2

5h

1/a

1b

933
1137
1436

28
29
30

v2

446
598
798
1064
1426
1900
2470
3230
4276
5700
7600
'| 0260
14250
19000
25290
33610
44650

caslng
dlamater

1Ya

11/a

11/4

1Y2

t/a

11/2

12Ya
12Ea

2651rc

12/a
12!a

32%

1zCa

1lz
2

2131rc

2%

3r^6

2sh

3s/rs

27/a

3e/'a

3rr/ro

3Vs

Figure 13-3, Continued.

31t

3il

332

Piping Stress Handbook

Figure 980
TY PE-B

TYPE-C

--I-

RiS

rElh r

rll

stzE'A'

Type A springs are furnished with a threaded bushing in the top plate, providing for a sjmple rod attachment for the uDoer connection.
Type B and C springs are unfurnished with one or two iugs as shown, welded to the top cap of spring.
These types are designed for use where headroom is limited, as these springs can be attached direc y to
building steel by a pair of angles, eye rod or a single plate.

rypr

B
Aa,c
o,Ec
oo

lo

20
30
40

].t

lt

tt
+t

170

,h

U.

lu.

rh

U.

tY.

r6lt

5r/rr

th
th
llt

ld'/rr

6tr

18tl

651

i9.

lh
lh
th

6tt

2Al

851

r8U.

a9i

lr

lgrt

811

1Y.

2411

8tl
8tl

1}|

24h

1U.

25Y.

6l

th

'lx

81r
8St

131

,A

ltt

t40 ltl

150
160

1Y.

149t
1srh

llt

18,o 2
190 2Y.

no

2U

21o

2*

220 3

4h

't

1lt

lt

llt
2

37U.
41U.

12Y.

2L

4h

l'h

1?g.

lg.

Y.

1Y.
1Y.

,h

'lY.

ri

'|

2rr

3lt

th

3tt

13

t3

20

255^.

197/l

t5

15

2O.l$

2*h. r stt

l7+f

19

22tl$

16?h

1At/.

23
25

1AU.

20L

26rt

't81r

*f

21

20"'

25tr

?31h

2a%

m'l16

21V.

261n

73th

2A?h

2-lU.

211he 26r/'e

23Y.

2lt.h. 26i'hl 241'h. 29irl! 21Y. AV.

2qh. a,t$ 27'h.
24'h. 263h1
2ovr

A.h.

yr
2631rr
315/r6

a\

38
46

21

39

6l

69
72

58

t(X

9a

?f''ltr 2Ahl

149

147

342

t8a

27

1|:|4

273

544

3|14

38lt

381r

,1t

311rr 33pir

37tr 42y
37.ht 12'l|.
46'r/,r

1aV.

SiVr 3Flr

25S

n3

34th. 3rA!

482
570

147

772

693

57,t

61lt 66% 4Sl^

75'h. &)r/r 62

2.1

t29
t37

U.

7111L

140

189

En.

127
'187

213
285

8Y.

3tr

126

134
171
174

8Y.

4$i. 54. ! 38'/r

$!rnr 57'tt 629nr

67
't(B

124
94
134

5t
57

87

28'lr

30r!nr 3511,r 263ha

26rVl 3r,rn. 3131r 36t/r3 26ttt 2A'hl

43

2
37
45
49

28tt l9i3/rr 211't

2411hl 29rr/'l 211h. 23tlt

39

33
37

39Y.

$
1

t9

171.1

8%

t{

2h

'tl

15'V,l

2.t$ 2Vlft
.

{ch

D,E

16U.

t43
r58
204

tt

*t

23\'l

La.c
'tl

14Y.

23.h

l8%

21'lr.

tl

s
1

aw

1k

2111$ 18u/r6

18'/,r ?35
Y.

2h
2h
a

0r

,^

2tt

1g

1U.

1U.
1V.
1Y.

161/,3

15..

th 1tl
th

lx

3(|lt

1Y.
1U.

is3

(rppror) lb,

tP.

a,c

l1

81i

100

lhlct

th
th
th

?0'h.

1lo

hg
a

,^

15Y.

6o
70
80
9o

r.ltht

Llgll
H

12rl

t4

5O

120
't3 0

||,!

A, C

\l

520
594

n7

3o:l

936
I

l7t

1573

51l,t

9r0

015

842

196

64

210

t1t0

1154

2506

Figure 13-4, Spring supports. (Courtesy Support Technology Products, Inc. and Piping Technology Products,

Inc.)

Pipe Support Selection and Design

Figure 980

***-ffj

___l_

T-ffi-r
I FC-t
I

xllE

llrll
Ll-l-L---i
TYPE-D

TY

T YPE -G

TYPE-F

PE-I

0o
'lo
20
30
10

50
80
70

19%

2.Y.

1Y.
1U.
1Y.

2OY.

1U.

22
23v.

1Y.

21lt

23\'tr th
25Y.

80

5h
5\t
5\t

1Y.

5h

29h

25Y.

120

27Y.
32Y.

130
140
150

1.900

AYa

tl

1.9m
1.9m

7V2

8Y.

Y.

vh

a%

71h

AY.

7Vr

1\'

90
100

th

Yr

7
7

8Y.

7'h

7V2

1oth

107h
1Ot/.

13U

16V,

13rl

16v.

stt

2h
2h

13%
13'
13U.

10e/,.

16v2

l0'/,.

16Y.
16v,
16v,

13u.

3S'

70

13h

5v,

13U

160
190

48tl

l5Y.

5ra

'|

200
210
220

35'1.
m+t

13%

Y.

,l

ti
li

3.50
3.50
3.50

53/r.
9Vt

8U.
8u.

v.

1Y.
1Y.
1U.

4.50
4.50

aU.

9U.

h
h

th
th

4.50

AV.

4.50
4.50
4.50

a%

2Vr

al

12/t

17v.

l5V.

llUa

5?r

22

U.

It

Figure 13-4. Continued.

2h

8Vt

5.563
5.56:]

51{

2\l

5.563

6Y.

l2v.

{
4

lVa

AY.

lsya

5!t

4.50

5 563

1th

V.

12v.
12v.
12v,

sV,r

I
I

4.50
4.50

qt

'ty'

Ua

Y.

5.563

Y.

Y.

5Y.
5Y.

V.

Ua

th

5U.

15Y.

17Y.
17U.
17U.

6n

lt
lt

16v,
16v.

l0'/t

t60

3Yr

2.875
2.475
2.475

'16Y7

13U.

2Y.

AY.

2'h

3}t

3ti

{
a
1

a
1

333

334

Piping Stress Handbook

Figure 820

TYPE-A
III'
ROD S|ZE

"A"

TYPE-C

TYPE-B

r-l-t

- --_<,1

__JH

__t

ROD SIZE

"A"

Type A springs are lurnished wilh a threaded bushing in the top plate, providing lor a simple rod attachmenl for the uooer connection.
Type B and C springs qre unlurnished with one or two lugs as shown, welded to the top cap of spring.
These types are designed for use where headroom is limited, as these springs can be attached directly lo
building steel by a pair of angles, eye rod or a single plate.

r.rqhl {lp9ror)

lug
in9

\E,C o,E

00
20

10
10

25

'

27

17

29

t8

31

tl

I
I
t0

19

32

17

t8

45

8V.

8%

19

51

8%

8tk

21

45

12

6r3i

85/,6

1O'/,6

8'/rs

30

5',

6J^G

50
6o
70

6%
7th

80
9o
r00

91/,6

9r/,6
gvz

BV2

10

8Y.

1OV.

9'/r6
10j/,0

11%

130

r5o

16()

3
?

3
3

r90
16
1T

131

14y1

200

127/.

16

16%
18Y.
2O1t$

20
2111

133i,6

23

24!.

13$/i6

1913i,e

2lllt6
26\ t\5

2651'a

6
7

ro

91/?

9'1

171

12rs/,r

26'/,0
2O5116

gv,

1215h6
15?/ro 103^5
15ir/,s 1011$

97/r6

61h

lOYa

12tlt

120

61/2

13r16

105/ro

1to

220

8j/re
s'g/i6

210

..ch

h.bhr

B
A.A,C

180

rb,

29eltt

288/re 30r^6

18

19

33'3/ro 35r/re

22r.

23v.

52

45

41

4a
59
62

43

25

53

68

't6
117
101

08

112

71

134

55

8l

139

71

65

86

88

T7
91

112

zla

256

196
218

210
245

488
539

32()

zi2

314

3o9

318

&7

40r

it13

1006

460

172

m2

Figure 13-5. Spring supports. (Courtesy Support Technology Products, Inc. and Piping Technology Products,

Inc.)

Pipe Support Selection and Design

Figure 820

ROD & NUT NOT

FURNISI]ED
LENGTH TO SUIT
CUSTOMER

TYPE-E

TYPE.t)
r-r--

--

ROD SIZE

LOAO FLANGE NOT FUFNISHED

\\\
INDICATOF

00
10

20
30
40

7v,

7
7
7

AYa

7Ya

9Yt

ala

1 900

2.475
2.875
2 475

AYa

50
70
80
90

1Ot/r

I
I

1oth
1O7/.

13Y.
13%

16v2

13%

161/,

120

13V.

16V.

130

13%

16V,

13U.

16Y2
16Y2

't6Vz

100
110

13%
13V.
5

25

16V,

3i3/,e
3r3^6

1.9m
8%

50

140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
2.O

1.9m
YB

16v2

l5Y.

22

17U

15Y.
15V.

22
22

17Y.
17Y.

157.
t 5Y.

22
22

v,

3.50
3.50
3.50

5%
5%

5Va

65/,6

4.50
4.50
4.50

41.,a

2
2
2
2

S1/.

1Y.
1V.

2
2

4.5!o

8%

1V,

4.50

1V.
3

4.fi

8V.
a%

1Y2

450

aV.

21h

4.50
4.50

8%
8th

2v.

2
2

5.563
5 563
5.563

Figure 1&5. Continued.

8Va

v,

214

12V2

2%

121h

2rt

121h

27/.

12V,
12V.

3th
3%

v,

335

336

Piping Stress Handbook

2Il2"8H

SERVICE: Recommended for light loads where vertiCal movement does not exceed 1% inches.
APPROVALS: Compties with Federal Soecification
WW-H-171D (Type a9) and Manufacturers Standardization Society SP-69 (Type 4B).
INSTALLATION: Designed tor attachment to its supporting member by screwing a rod into the top cap of
the hanger the full depth of the caD.

THO,

4'FN. TIiD

LIGHT DUTY SPRING HANGER

Corbon Steel Spring Coil ond Coge
The Light Duiy Spring Honger is used for the support of rniscelloneous lield
run piping systems subiect to slight (up to l,/4") verticol displocement. lt is
designed for incorporotion in rod hongers with o lood coupling provided for spring
Iooding. lhe unit does not hove o lood scole ond trovel indicotor. Amount of
spring looding con be opproximoied by reloting "8" dimension with spring deflecfron role.

Selection of correcl spring size is normolly done by opproximoie methods

toking into occount weight o{ pipe, covering, contents ond mojor fittings.
Ordering: Order by port number ond spring size nurnber,

DIMENSION5 IN INCHES
Sl1in e

No.
%

l)

Def

6/,

6'/.

l'/1

7)/.

t1

81"

6'/^

I0'/s

Lood

1,/,
2

V/"

Spr in o

Defle

oio

w
n

sighr
Lbs.

per 100

52

26

160

266

66
87
152

00

200

238
287
350
680

600

210

982

5
3',/,

6t/,

ledion

,4

Figure 1$6. Spring supports. (Courtesy Support Technology Products, Inc. and Piping Technology Products,

Inc.)

Pipe Support Selection and Design

L.
T
+

----'l

.[w7-.,

-es.;-

Figure 13-7. Typical arrangements oi constant supports. (Courtesy of Elcen Metal Products Company.)

Piping Stress Handbook

Table 13-2
Load Table for Constant Spring Supports
(lb for total fuavel in in.)
hango.
3lzo

load in oounda for lolal truvel in lnche3

Pipe Support Selection and Design

Table 13-3
Load Table for Constant Spring Supports
(lb tor total travel in in.)
losds in Dound3 lor lotal trevel in inchas

340

Piping Stress Handbook

Table 13-4
Load Table for Constant Spring Supports
(lb for total travel in in.)
load In pound! lor total lraval In Inchca

mn0aa

trzc

65

aV.

19225

201m

17049
17866

22064

19615

61h

7V2

1l431

10986

53AO

13982

16080

!4618

2816
13400

I1486

17654

16049

14711

12370
13580

10253
10720

12610

aY.

9613
10050
r 1094

9047
9459
10385

8544
8SKl3

th

10

10v,

l1

8094
8463

7drc

73?3

6990

8040

7657

7308

6991

a8c7
9613

8406

aa4

7675

9r 54

8738
9454
1004

&359

24@3

21362

1926

17

474

16021

14790

1310

10681

26000

z]111

20s0

18909

17333

16m0

12417
13866

r2016

6a

13733
14a57

9291
'10119

13@O

12234

11555

10947

10400

9904

27635
29268

24564

1UA

1mo7

15792

1300s

1282

11635

18011

16725

13n3

13m8

12323

30$0

274ffi

2A73 20599

19016

17657

14542

13733

13010

32835
34764

29186
30s04

26268

21889

2@O7
21396

18763
19468

17512
18542

1ge

14593

1/384

1636Q

15452

3825
14639

13134

27414

23880
25286

14634
15450
16418

11054
11707
12360

1627

19511

1473a
15609
164a0

13818

21246

7l

2210a
23414
24720

2098

70

29360

26691

2446'6

74
75

36700

26015

p&2

43000

3/.49
363ss
34272

7a

45335

&297

76

38800
40900

47ef8

&
81

8il

06

42371

50(100

31040
32720
344@

28214
23746
31273

36268

3297 r

12f2

13344

t2764

12?63

14780

14r08

r3495

r2gt3

100rts
11588

17271

16311

15452

19400

r8259

17244

16336

15520

20450

19248

18r 78

172.1

18380

15580

14471

14,25

'r3d,3

2&3

215m

18105

17?@

22864

198

18134

1a955
15788

27Ag

?3B4

2432

20149
21185

15635
1484

2K]35

24174
25422

16380
17269

l,lSilt

27899

20236
213ii5

19111

{22

?3372
24572
25906

21813

28666

25170
26462

a)070

1967

18t58

r65fg

25m0

m22

21052

20@0

r9046

27g,9 26250

23530
24707

17332
18r80

233:13

2105

21(!0

'|

19049

18:lO

r75aro

mo

98

20951

20000

r{xtg

27266

3a134

34668

317/9

40000

36364

33332

gT70

23572
30000

2666

i
t5Et
15ll

ZJSO

46666

42m0

38182

35mO

48888

44@0

40000

3666 5

3447

3t429

29333

27gO

2s883

24444

23157

32858

30666

24750

270f0

25555

2300

21903

209)7

21500

n427

22361

24950

23816

r9129
20@0
21390
22741

46000

41819

3a332

353a6

49200

409S8

32799

30750

ng2

27333

4i1665

37g47
40309

35144

52400

44728
47!7

37 429

3492

32750

30@4

29111

24210
25494
27574

55400

5G64

46165

426t6

39572

3@32

34625

32589

30777

2915|

27t@

26079

25179

24085

44921
47?32

41715

38032

385m

34354

32444

2C200

.278o7

265,

253S

230P
2/BiP

858

409]2

38375

3t1l r

s700

99236

2796

26894

25562

fi771

47144

43999

4125n

36119
3425

30736
32315

36666

3478

31426
35045

29997

286S4

319S

3o$5

35011

5S8C

38345

5749
10416
44135

AE

550m

51165
54990

am

20500

21B2

61331

56617

52572

4965

4600

43295

46aA

67164
73500

62m2

57573

53732

5G75

47413

44777

3g/36
424m

33otx)
3800
10300

6784 8

58799

55125

51884

49O0

&20

44100

4ts5

80830

74617

63@ I
6S287

33451
36633
40087

4t665

80625

57060

53848

51051

4500

46187

4467

58848

56788

53000

48177

61344
63888

58156
60525

50472
52615

fi222

42t71
4G4
4@r0
50000

47315

628q|

54313

5't 953

49700

7?943

68888

65261

9757
56$0
5943

52m8

66388

56358

53909

51666

75884

71666
74444

57500
59750
620@
64500

61423

58G31

56003

5374t

67000
6S500

63804

m96 ws1

720m

64566

87500

81540

75716
78930

70665
73665

66250

6q)53

96

a2145

71a75

97

&5360

74688

875m

82665
85998

875&

77500
80625
8i]750
86875

875m

6235s
66@2
67649
70296

78826
81767
84708

87500

110

1$m

12641

18350

44665

107

11939

13244
13940

19573

i5819
600m

i06

12508

20@3

53091

94

11nO

2172

61400

0756
103(n

25a5 m972

584m

9.

921

!t611
10179
10747

a5m0

8o1l

10042
11235

11149

52500

5111

/u,

9043

3299

57500

tt

aaTa

231f7

s8

91

9808

t2

13907
14680

87

90

1769

'fl 1{

v21

70524

38378

4@.0

cx30

Stgla

71351

62604
65430
68250

6ta1,l

743t 1
77265

71c62

dJ122

80946

739

70831

84469

80628

v125

73914

875m

83992

80342

a7446

s3646

770m
m183

875m

86050

830

8@@

73156
75787

83610
47221

79210

75250

71661

43176
65444
68402

82629

785m

74756

67500

86050

81750

n851

87500

850@
87500

66185

64708

Pipe Support Selection and

Design

Table 13-5
Load Table for Constant Spting Supports
(lb for total travel in in.)
load In pound3 ior

nangJ
aLa
no.

l2V.

13v2

14

14Ya

't5

5696

5492

5303

5126

4961

4a06

42

5544

5359

518 7

5025

1SV2

16

64

6152

5915

65

6432

6184

66

7062

67$

6538

6304

6087

5884

5694

5617

67

7@0

7394

7120

6966

6629

6408

620 r

m0a

6a

8320

sm

7m3

7428

7172

6933

6709

65@

8843

8503

8188

7895

7623

7365)

7131

6909

9005

8671

8361

8073

7804

7552

7317

a
m

57

lotll tievol
15Y2

In

inchc

17

llth

t8

1AV2

le

19h

71

9888

9507

9155

8428

8523

8239

7973

n25

72

10507

10103

9724

cts

9057

8755

4473

82G

73

11126

10697

10301

9932

9590

9270

8971

8692

74

11714

t292

r0873

10484

10123

9786

9470

9175

12416

1r

ct8

11496

11084

10703

10346

10012

9700

76

1$88

12544

12118

11584

11282

10906

10554

10225

77

!3760

13230

12740

1224

11861

1466

11096

10750

78

14507

1399

13432

12951

12505

12088

11698

|l34

79

15254

r4666

4123

13618

13149

12710

12300

11917

&)

16000

1534

14814

fi24

13792

12902

125.O

81

16m0

r6153

15555

14S8

14482

14m0

1354 7

13125

8it

't7o0

'16922

16295

15712

15171

1465s

14r92

13750

83

18400

17602

17(B6

16427

15861

15332

14lX)7

14375

19680

18522

142.1

1756S

16364

16398

15859

r5375

20960

20153

19406

1A712

18068

17465

16902

16375

86

22160

213o7

m517

19783

19102

18465

17869

173r3

87

23:t60

?2461

21628

20855

20't36

19465

18A37

18250

88

24560

23614

2739

21C26

21171

20465

't9805

19188

89

25384

2757

219e8

21288

20625

23o7

24413
2725a

23569

26400
29440

26283

25377

24331

23740

23000

g1

3?210

31@0

29&50

a7a2

27791

26864

25998

25188

g2

35280

as22

32665

31496

301r I

29397

28449

27563

3aan0

37g)E

35944

34639

33446

32330

31247

3)313

12!00 40788

39257

37853

$549

3530

34t90

33125
321 19

31175

3@45

29442

2fl647

27494

27179

26500

442@

42494

40g24

39460

381m

36830

35642

34531

33482

32498

31570

30691

29863

29078

28332

27625

4amo

44ZiO

42590

41067

39652

38330

3703

35938

34445

32856

31941

31080

30262

29486

?750

47800

,r5960

44257

42873

41204

39829

39545

37344

35209

43822
35r 45

3r'141

3l}191

32295

31448

30640

?3875

4SOO

47690

45023

4428[

42755

41329

4m00

38750

37572

36468

35/27

34441

33511

32631

31794

310m

99

51600

49613

47n5

46066

44479

429S6

41609

40313

39087

37939

36855

3584t0

3/,862

3:}946

33076

32250

tm

$6m

51536

49627

47451

46203

44662

43221

41A75

406m

39r09

38284

37219

36214

35a62

34358

335m

s
91

95

98

tol

55800

53459

51479

49637

47927

46329

44434

43434

42117

40880

39712

34607

37565

36578

35640

34750

102

57600

56382

5330

5142 4S51

47995

4&47

450m

4S32

42350

41141

39996

38916

37894

36922

38000

1(x,

802m

5788e

55738

53744

51892

50r 62

44544

47031

456(P

44262

429S

41801

40673

39604

3858

37625

104

62800

60382

58

54r 34

52324

50640

49063

47571

$174

44455

43607

42429

41315

&255

39250

105

65400

62882

m552

58346

56375

54495

5e737

51094

49541

4085

46712

45412

44196

025

11921

40875

106

68000

65382

62960

60707

58616

56661

54834

53125

51510

5mm

48569

47214

45943

44736

4358

42500

107

700m

6228

657m

63350

5116

59127

572m

55438

53752

52r 73

506a3

49273

47942

46683

454 85

44350

t0a

7"3920

68441

65992

63719

61594

59607

57750

55994

54350

52797

51328

49942

6i]0

47343

a6200

109

70960

7to14
74m0

71255

6530

u127

62059

60125

58297

5459

53439

5200

5030

49331

48rm

1t0

80000

76920

74070

68706
71120

64960

6660

64510

62500

60600

57140

55550

54050

52630

51280

5m00

r45

58820

341

342

Piping Stress Handbook

Figure 550

VIBRATION COIIIROl
AND SWAY BRACT

The FIG 550 vibrotion conlrol ond swoy

broce presents o neol, conpoci oppeqronce

Sire Ronge: For pipe sizes 2 through 24 inch.

Service: Recommended for conttolling vibration; absorbing shock loadings; guidittg or restraining the
movement of pipe resulting from thermal expansioni
bracing a pipe line against sway.
Instollotion: Shipped ready foi installation

Adiustment The sway brace should be in the neutral

position when the system is Hot and operating, a:
which time the tension test collar should be hani
tight, If it is not, the sway brace should be adjusted to the neutral position by use of the loai
coupling. The screws in the tension test colla:
need not be loosened, since they serve o[ly to secure it to the load coupling.
Feotures:

rVibration is opposed with an ilstantaneous counter foice bringing the pipe back to normal position.
rA single energr-absorbing pre-loaded spring provides two way action.

Cut.owoy section shows simplicity

of exclusive .single spring

design

One spring saves space and simplifies design.

Spting has 3-inch travel in either direction.

r Accurate neutral adjustment assured.

oEnclosed spring excludes ditt and gives a clear.

compact aPpeaaance.

Speci{icotions: Fulfills the requirements of the ASi

Code for Pressure Piping as to fabrication details
and materials.

Deflection of single spring occurs

when thrust exceeds pre.compress ion

Tension couses dellection of sin.

glo spring in opposite direction

Figure 13-8, Vibration control and sway braces. (Courtesy Support Technology and Piping Technology

Produc:-.

Inc.)
Fi

Pipe Support Selection and Design

lmportont: Rod lengths should be cut and final tension

adjustments made for the hot or operating position of
the pipe. If, with the pipe in its hot position, the

Siue Selection: The vibration control and sway btace

gives full deflection forces from 200 to 1800

pounds

initial precomptessed spring forces from 50 to

450 pounds to dampen vibrations, oppose pipe sway
and has

tension test collar can not be turned by hand or if it

tums very freely, loosen the jam nut adjacent to the
rod coupling and rotate the coupling until the coliar

and absorb shock forces.

The exact amount of energy needed to control piping

should be in proportion to the 6ass, amplitude of
movement, and nature of disturbing forces acting on
the pipe. When it is possible to calculate the exact
restraining force required, the size of the vibration
control and sway brace capable of providing this force

can just be turned by hand. Retighten the jam nut.

When correct tension adjustments are completed, the

btace exerts no force on the pipe in its operating

position. Undei shut-down conditions, the brace

allows the pipe to assume its cold position. It exerts
a nominal cold strain force equal to the pre.load force
plus the amount of travel from the hot to cold position,
times the spring scale of the particular size of the
vjbratron control nd sway brace.

should be selected.

To simplify the selection of size, engineets have designed the vibration control and sway brace in three
sizes that are readily related to nominal pipe size. For
pipe sizes 3%-inch and smaller, the small size is
recommended; for 4 to 8-ioch, the medium size; and
for 10-inch and larger, the large srze.
Instollotion: The vibration control and sway brace is
shipped ready for installation. The rod coupling rotates
with slight resistance and the tension test collar can
be rotated by hand while holding the rod coupling
statiorla!y,

vibrqtion control crnd sway brrrce

END

El'lD

PLATE

PLATE

SPR]NG PLATE

rN
SIO

343

-.

SPRING PLATE

,-ROD

COUPLTNG

STD. JAIV NUTT

JAM NIJT,'

E
E

loads

FtG 550

weights

FtG 555

dimensions (inches)

FtG.550
preload

2
3

21o

spring

weight

to

(approx)
each. lb

4to I

50
150

10 to 16
18 to 24

450
900

31/,

5
6

1350

1800

ID

200
600
1800
3600
5400
7200

rod
size,

trkeoul

3ize,

E
'11/z

22
1

36

plpe

11/a

2
2
2

79
95

212

41/z

135/o
14TB

41,'

1
1

3/a

11/2

'|

1Yz

11/2

'lrz

Y2

11/z

6tb

15/B

177/s
185/s

173/4

15/s

22

17

21/a

141.h

21/a

2011

2lt

13/B

23r3/ro

6Ys

1
,1

87/a

13

63/q

lYz

111i2

63/a

112
112

13
15

63/a

11/a

95/a
11/a

r3i, o

FrG. 555
spfing
ror pipe
size

l
2
3

4
5

2lo
4lo

tb
31/2

8
16

10 to
18 to 24

50

150
450
900
1350
1800

A As specified by customer.

Figure 13-8. Continued.

pipe
size,

weight
(3ppror,

rod
M,

each, lb

200
600

23
26

11/?

1800

38

3600
5400
7200

1v2

2
2vz

'| Y2

a2

11/2

6s/s

98

1t'2

21/2

1\',2

65/s

3/a

11/a

41i2
3/a

1Y2

65/e

20

24Va

77/a

2O3/a

25

77/a

241/s

283/B

7?/3

2451.o 6s/rs
2513/, o 6'g/,s
2713 rc 6'g/,s

31Ya
33Ls

295/B

g'/a
91/a

11,,
11.,

9Ya

1)ta

93i r6
91si, e

135/,s
12

13lz
15Yz

11/a

1l/a

344

Piping Stress Handbook

FIG 550 A
**il:"1iu *ll *

FIG 555 A
dimension

i! 2It 0 in

recornmended when W dimension is

or les!

lt

in, o! lo38,

FIG 555

FIG 55OB
recommended when W dimnson is 2

Il I in.

recommnded when W dimeBion is 2 lt

or rnot

I in.

or more

-r.

PIPE

olAp

tl!alqace

corior oI plpa
noDLnol plpa

drs

rwoy broce

!l:e

2%
3

6%
2

l4
l8
20
24

7
8,,16

sX"
r0%

l0
t2

s%
s%
sr\e
8Xe

3%
4
5
6

lo olltlld6 stud
ol ptD6 cloEp

rr%

t2tlft
r3,\"

I4tXc
rs%
r7%

Dimenaions lor ssgemblies lor lsrger pip sizes dvdilobl on opplicalion.

psrogroph "How lo sir6 qsBemblios" obove.

Figu.e 13-8, Continued.

-a-

Pipe Support Selection and

Design

Molded rigid polyurethane foam supports may also be

to support other types of piping systems where the
medium being transferred in the pipe is to be maintained
at a high temperature and protected from a cold environment. This type of application is typical of a pipeline
pumping oil at a design temperature of 180'F through a
cold environment at approximately -50"F. The insulating properties of the polyurethane foam are necessary to
keep oil in a low viscous state for pumping over long distances. The supports for this type of application are designed in the same manner as those for cryogenic appli-

ing system. The thickness of the polyurethane support

should match that of the line pipe.
. Support load,
o Environmental conditions-The exposed cradle may
require special coatings or galvanizing.
From these design conditions, a suitable foam density
is selected for the supports. Thbles 13-6 through 13-11 include some typical properties of molded rigid polyurethane foam used to fabricate supports.
Examining these tables, it is apparent that as the foam
density at ambient temperature is increased, both the
thermal conductivity factor and the compressive strength
also increase. At cryogenic temperatures, however,
higher density rigid polyurethane foam has approximately the same thermal conductivity factor as lower
density foam. This results from the fluorocarbon within
the foam cells becorning a liquid at the cryogenic temperature, thus creating a partial vacuum. Thus the normal support design procedure involves first determining
the required K factor to insulate the piping based upon
the thickness of the matching pipe insulation. Secondly,
the foam density needed to produce the required K factor
is selected. Lastly, the length of the support needed to

used

cations.

lnsulated Anchors
For special designs where it is necessary to anchor the
piping system, it is also necessary to avoid the metal-tometal contact for the conditions already stated. Anchors
are fabricated for this application by foaming between an
actual piece ofthe line pipe and an outerjacket. See Figure 13- 10.

support the pipe is determined using the selected density.

P0WERFoAM/P0WEBSLIDE Beference Guide

POLYUBETNANE FOAM

sEcTloN "B.s'

AOLTEO PLATE TO STR1JCTUBE

l-g-

*..o.o

"*r.

ro

"t"r"tu".

Al ligure numbers ir lhis section

are ava lable

in any POWEFFOAM thickness, sin91e, double

or lriple layefing lo conform to the line

Figure 13-9. POWERFOAM/POWERSLIDE"

345

reference guides. (Courtesy of Power Piping Company.)

346

Piping Stress Handbook

POWERF0AM lnsulated Pipe Anchor

Stainless, copper and
alumanum pipe can be made

into PowERFoAM anchors.

ULTRA HIGH DENSITY

POWERFOAM
STEEL PIPE
EXACT DUPLICATE
OF LINE PIPE TO BE
WELDEO TO LINE PIPE

ON/CONTRACTION

Figure 13-10. POWERFOAM" insulated pipe anchor. (Courtesy of Power Piping Company.)

Pipe Support Selection and Design

347

Table 13-6
POWERFOAM- Thermal Properties

oella "T"/2 ll.

lb./cu.ll.
10
10
14
14

160.0

20
20

320.0
320.0

Cou

Hol Face

Kq./cu. m,

+43 5
+42.9
+41.6
+42.4
+44.3
138.7

160.0
224.O
224.O

esy of Power

cold

Hol Face

Cold Face
1S3 7

162
193.4
159 6
193.4
157 6

l.

''K" Faclor
Blu. ln. Hr. Fl.2

264

88.7

0 0213

o 141

0.0219
0.0241
o.0244
0.0297

0.r52
0167
0169

110 3
109 2
106

-3I6.7

103.2

-261 2

760

232

792

-316.1

104 6

-58 4

109

986
860

-746

111 7

102.2

357

-59 4

101 7

-255.3
,316.1
251 7

24.9
25.2

750

31 8

121 7
108 6

Conduclivity

Blu/Hr.

Face

-15 1
-60 0
-75 9

Apparent Thermal

Power Input amount

ol Energy Powr
Loss To Malntain

TemDeralure in Fahrenheil

Temperalurein Cenligraale

Powerloam Den3ilier

"F

0.206
o.223

0 0321

PipW ConpanJ.

Table 13-7
POWERFOAM* Physical Properties
Engineering
Oata
Slrenglh
Compressive

At Yield with a
Safety Faclor

Ske.glh

Srrenglh

Or 5:1

Densilies
Kq.

t0

160 0
160.0

10

224.0
224.O

320.0

20
20

320 0

-256
-318
-256
-318
-256

160
194.5
160

60

194.5

,318

194 5

6.0
6.0
6.0

r60

60
60

152
152
152
152

152
152

5900
4500
9200
9200
r 4600
18000

2625

I191

2550

3575

1157
1667

2800

1270

4204
3900

1905
1315

PSI

PSI

PSI

PSI

2676
2441
4173
4173
6522
8165

534
408
833
833
1322

38
29
59
59
93

1630

115

234
231
333

17

2.8
1.9

23

3.1

3.2

254
380
354

PSI

27

32

25

4.8

19500
22104
27200
27004
40000
34900

1371
1483
1912

1898

2812
2453

106.8
81.6
166.6
166.6
264.4
326.0

5.74
11.71
11.71
1.59

22.92

ar Yrerd

Courtesy of Power Piping Conpan!.

"o*',l'-?;ly ST?31'.':Tf;",:"':$f3$'j1".'#ij::l'.'h
Table 13-8
POWERFOAM" Temperature Range

lrsrimum (Hol)

Temperalure

Temperelure

Den3illes
lb./cu.

Kg./cu. m.

10
14

160 0
224 0
320 0

20

Minlmum (cryogenic) seflice

Servace

'c
+275

135

425

+275

r35

-425

-245
,254

,275

135

-425

-254

Data is all based on tests performed on POWERFOAIiI

made with our tormula and molding techniques.
Independent testing laboratory corroborating iesl data
available upon request.

Courtesy of Power Piping Compant

SUPPORT CONTACT
30" each side of
vertical center line.

60"

SUSTAINABLE LOAD FORMULA:

/n'D'L
I lc\ Sustainaute Loao
\ 6 l\ t =
C = Compressive strength with safety lactor
O = Ouier diameter in inches
L = Length in inches

Piping Stress Handbook

Table 13-9
Engineering Data

IEIGHI

OF PIPE, WATEi
{PEe Footl

r'rl|sutaTtol{
1J2

22
2.052

i5
192.01

I
5

402.n

'u

f
.375 t
"r^"",1
PIPE
I

t7912
39.59
23

1323.,15

'.62

257.&A
751"O

r3233 9

"Are

nol regular p pe

sz6

*"SUSTAINABLE

LOADS OF INSULATED PIPE SUPPORTS

2 fb./cu. tl.
32 Kg./cu. n.
COMPaESSIVE STRENGTH = 5.8 pst (.40774 Ks./Cm.t W|TH 5:1 SAFETY FACTOR

'rrBased on ioam .c,mpresston (with

a S:1 salery

Courtes! of Power Pipin| Company.

tacroi,

tengrh ot slpports and pipe sizes.

FOAM BY
AMBIENT TEMP

-it

Pipe Support Selection and Design

Table 13-10
Engineering Data

*-SUSTAINABLE LOADS OF INSULATED PIPE SUPPORTS

4 lb./cu. tt.
- & Kg./cu. d.
13 PSI ( 9139 KS /Cm, WITH 5:1 SAFETY FACTOR

COMPAESSIVE STRENGTH =

*rBased on loam compression (with

AMBIENT TEMP,

5l

saietv laclor) length ol supporb and pipe srzes

96 Kg./cu. m'
6 lb./cu. fi.
COMPBESSIVE STRENGTH ='I6 PSI (1.1248 KS./CM.4 WITH 5:1 SAFETY FACTOB (NON-MOLDEO FOAM AY
OTHEFS AMBIENT TEMP

"'Based

on road compression (wnh a 5:1 salely lacior). length oi supports and pipe s[es

Courtesy of Power Piping Conpany.

Piping Stress Handbook

Table 13-1 1
Engineering Data

-*SUSTAINABLE LOADS
OF INSULATED PIPE SUPPORTS
t tbJcu. fi. - 128 Kg./cu. m.
COiIPRESSIVE STRENGIII = ZI PSt (1.5466 Kg./Cm.,) WITHi:1 SAFETY FACTOR lt{ON-MoLDEo

FoAM ay

OTHERS AMBIEXT TEMP.

ot supporrs and pipe si:es.

fi'8as.d

on foam densirios (wnh a

""Comprossive strength ol

5r

salety lacto4, iength ot supporls and pip sizos.

POWERFOAM onty.

Counesy of Power Piping Conpan!.

t4
Fundamentals of ExPansion Joints

Thermal movements in pipelines and ducting result

from variations in temperature of the flowing medium or
from variations in ambient temperature where piping is
exposed to weather. If not compensated for in system design, these movements may cause high stresses, possibly
resulting in failure of the piping or connected equipment.
Compensation for thermal movement in a piping system
. can be achieved by three basic methods:

Nomenclature and SYmbols

Standard nomenclature used in discussing expansion
joints and the symbols used in applications drawings are
presented in Figure 14-2.

Types of Expansion Joints

1. Designing a flexible piping system that utilizes

2.
3.

changes of direction to absorb movement.

Using pipe loops or bends to absorb the movement.
Using expansion devices, such as expansion joints,
swivel joints, ball joints, ard flexible hose.

There are two general categories of expansion jointsthe slip type and packless (or bellows) type. The packless,
corrugated metal expansion joint is most frequently used
in modern piping applications. It does not require maintenance, and its hherent flexibility to absorb thermal movements in several planes permits greater freedom in piping
design. The slip joint, a pair of telescoping sleeves made
pressure tight by a packing gland, can absorb a greater
amount of axial movement than a comparable bellowstype joint. However, it requires periodic maintenance and
is restricted to axial movement only.

Types of Joint Movements

The type of expansion joint used depends on the qpe

movement to which it will be subiected.

of

Single Expansion Joint

This is the simplest type of expansion joint . As its name

implies, it is constructed with one bellows and is used

mostly to absorb axial movements. A single joint can also
be used to absorb angular ald lateral movements, as well
as a combination of these three basic movements.
Figure 14-3 typifies good practice in the use of a single
expansion joint to absorb axial movement. Note that the
expansion joint is placed between two main anchors (MA)
and that it is located near one of the anchors. Q'{otice also
that the first alignment guide (GD is placed close to the
joint. The second guide (G2) is close to the frst, and intermediate alignment guides (G) are provided along the
balance of the line.

Expansion joints installed in piping systems are subject

to thee types of movement-axial movement, angular rotation, and lateral deflection. These movements can occur
individually or in combinations. The four examples in
Figure l4-1 show how single and universal expansion
ioints absorb these movements.

Double Expansion Joint

This consists of two single joints joined by a common
connector that is anchored to a rigid part of the structure
by means of an anchor support base. Double expansion

351

Piping Stress Handbook

I
r*F
AESORPTION

OF AXTAL

MOVEMEIiT

(SINGLE JOTNT)

ABSORPTION

OF ANGULAR ROTATION
(SINGLE.'OINT)

--I -t-'
1+

-li
rl

L EGEND

- X:
+X:
9:
Y:

ABSORPTION OF LATERAL DEFLECTION

AND AXIAL MOVEMENT
(UNIVERSAL.JOINT)

COMPRESSION

EXTENSION
ANGLE OF ROTATTON
L

ATERAL DEFLEcTIoN

Figure 14-1. Expansion joint movements. (Courtesy of Badger Expansion Joint Company.)
joints are supplied with or without an anchor support base
depending on the customer's preference. See Figure 14-4.
A double joint is used when the axial movement to be
absorbed is too large to be handled by a single joint. The
intermediate anchor on the center nipple divides this
movement so that each bellows of the double joint is usually located in the center of a pipe run: so both ends are
subjected to the same movements and have the same num-

ber of corrusations.

Universal Expansion Joint

This consists of two bellows joined by a common connector which is not anchored to the structure. This per-

mits the universal expansion joint to absorb any combinaand

angular-where these movements are too sreat to be handled by a single joint.
Universal joints usually have tie rods with stops that
distribute the movement between the bellows and siabilize
the corrunon connector. The joints find increasing use in
steam and hot-water distribution systems because there

tion of three basic movements-axial, lateral.

are impressive cost savings for the large amounts of

movement they can absorb with a minimum of guiding
and anchoring.

Figure 14-5 illustrates a universal expansion joint used

to absorb lateral deflection in a single plan Z bend. Both
anchors are intermediate anchors because the pressure
loading is absorbed by the tie rods. Only directional guid-

Fundamentals of ExDansion

MAIN ANcHoR

Xf--f

Ft
DMA
l2\-------------1

mmr

F__x--?
IA

-ffi-

Joints

353

sTNGLE E*PANSToN JorNT

DTREcnoNAL

DOUBLE EXPANSION JOINT

MA|N ANcHoR

WITH INTERI\4EDIATE ANCHOR

INTERMEDIATE
ANCHOR
PRESSURE BALANCEO

EXPANSION JOINT

\DIRECTIONAL INTERMEDIATE

m7f
DIA

'ANcHoR wtrH

GUTDE

SINGLE EXPANSION JOINT

l----

PrPE ALTGNMENT GUTDE

WITH TIE RODS

rr---r l

'" lfi:11
tEt
mmm
sroE vrEw

UNIVERSAL EXPANSION JOINT

END VIEW

WITH OVERALL TIE RODS

PLANAR PIPE ALIGNMENT GUIOE

ra*/L
't

c-------E-------

sPRrNc suPPoRr

UNIVRSAL EXPANSION IOINT

WITH SHORT TIE RODS

P,PE REDU.ER

GUSSET

UNIVERSAL PRESSURE EALANCED

EXPANSION JOINT

l--'-4

-Ff

HTNGED EXPANSToN

rorNr

GIIvIBAL EXPANSION JOINT

Figure 1'l-2. Expansion loint symbols. (Courtosy ol Badger Expansion Joint Company.)

Piping Stress Handbook

di

'1il-

l|l
Figure 14-3. Single expansion joint. (Courtesy of Badger Expansion Joint Company.)

Figure 14-4. Double expansion joint. (Courtesy ot Badger Expansion Joint Company.)

fI

-LATERAL

MOVEMENT HOT

Figure 14-5. Universal expansion joint. (Courtesy

of Badger Expansion Joint Company.)
ing, if any, is required because the compressive load on
the pipe consiss onJy of the force necessary to deflect the
expansion joint.

Where dimensionally feasible, the expansion joint

should be designed to fill the entire offset les so th;t its

expansion is absorbed within the tie rods as ixial movement.

Pressure Balanced Expansion Joint

This is a combination of single joints that oppose each
other in the same way the internal pressure loads oppose
the other. This prevents excessive loading due to presiure
thrust from being transmitted to pipe anchors, turbines, or

Figure 14-6. Pressure balance expansion joint.

(Courtesy of Badger Expansion Joint Company.)
process equipment. The compressive forces of the two
bellows are additive, but these are usually negligible in
comparison with the pressure forces. This type ofjoint is
used where a pipeline changes direction. It absorbs axial
or a combination of axial and lateral movements.
_ Figure 14-6 shows a tlpical application of a pressurebalanced expansion joint for combined axial movement
and lateral deflection. The anchor on the piping run and
that on the turbine are intermediate anchors, and onlv directional guiding is required. By proper design. the guide
directly above the turbine can be made to absorb the axial
movement forces of the expansion joint without transmitting these to the turbine. The only force imposed on the
turbine is that which is required to deflect the expansion
ioint laterallv.

Fundamentals of Expansion Joints

Hor

Hinged Expansion Joint

This is a single expansionjoint designed to permit angular rotation in one plane only by use of a pair of pins
through hinge plates attached to the expansion joint ends.
Hinged jo-ints are used in sets of two or three to absorb
pipe movement in one or more directions in a single plane
piping system. Each individual joint in the system is restricted to pure angular rotation by its hinges. However,
each pair of hinged joints, separated by a section of piping, will act together to absorb lateral deflection in much
the same manner as a universal expansionjoint in a singleplane
- application.
Expaniion joint hinges are designed to transmit the fu1l
pressure thrust of the expansion joint and, in addition'
may be designed to support the weight of piping and

----------.1

rA(:

HEJ:

Hings Expansion Joint

PG:

Planar Guide

equipment, and absorb thermal loads, wind loads, and

other external forces. A hinged system permits large
movements to be absorbed with the minimal anchor
forces.

Figure 14-7 illustrates a two-hinge expansion joint system. In this application the expansion joints absorb only
the differential vertical growth between the vessel and
pipe riser. Any horizontal movement due to piping elpqiion, vibration, wind loads, etc. will be absorbed by bending of the vertical pipe leg. A planar guide may be installed near the top of the vessel to protect the hinged
joints from wind loads at right angles to the plane of the
piping.

Figure 14-7. Hinged expansion joint. (Courtesy

Badger Expansion Joint ComPanY.)

Gimbal Expansion Joint

This is a single expaqsion joint designed to permit angular rotation in any plane by the use of two pairs of hinges
affixed to a cornmon floating gimbal ring' Unlike the
hinged joint which can absorb angular rotation in a single
plane ofun the gimbal joint can absorb angular rotation in
any plane. The ability of the gimbal expansion joint to atsorb angular rotation in any plane is most often applied by

using two gimbal joints which act together to absorb

movement. Gimbals, like hinges, are designed to transmit
the pressure thrust and are used in pairs, or in conjunction
with a hinged joint.
Figure 14-8 illustrates a gimbal-joint application. Because pressure loading is absorbed by the gimbal structure, only intermediate anchors are required. Planar
zuides are provided to restrict the movement of each piping leg. Ai in a hinged-joint installation, the location of
pipe suppo.t. is simplified by the load-carrying ability of
the simbal.

Figure 14-8. Gimbal expansion joint. (Courtesy

Badger Expansion Joint Company.)

of

Piping Stress Handbook

Anchors, Guides and Supports

Pipe Anchors
The.function of pipe anchors is to divide a pipeline into
individual expanding sections. Since thermaj movement
cannot be restrained, it is the function of pipe anchors to
limit and control the movement that expansion joints, lo_
cated in the line between the anchors, must abiorb.
In some applications, major pieces of connected equip_

ment such as turbines, pumps, compressors. and reaciors,

lI desrgned to wlthstand the forces acting upon them. can

function as anchors. Additional pipe ichors are com_

monly located at valves, at changeJ in pipe direction, at
blind ends of pipe and, at major branchionnections. ix_
pansion devices must be installed in each of the pipe sec_
tions to provide flexibility.

Pipe Guides
A pipe guide is a sleeve or frame fastened to a risid
structure that permits the pipeline to move onJy along-its
9wn lxls: The guide is needed to prevent the pipeline
from buckling due to the pressure thiust or ftelbiiity of

the expansion joint-or both.

planar pipe guide is a pipe guide modified to permit
.. A
limited movement in one direction other than loneitudi_

nal. It is used in

"L" or "2"

Cold Springing of Expansion Joints

"Cold springing" means prestraining the elements of a
piping system at the time of installation so that thermal
stresses occun'ing when the piping is hot are appreciably
reduced. The purposes of cold-springing expaniion joints
may be considerably different, although the mechanics are
basically the same. Cold springing is generally applied to
expansionjoints absorbing only lateral deflection or angular rotation.
Cold springing should not be confused with ..orecompressing" or "presetting" an expansion joint. Tire laner
terms apply to adjusting an expansion joint in an axial direction to allow for specified amounts of axial compression or extension without physical interference between
the corrugations or overextending the corrugations,
yhich mighl damage them. If deshed, cold springing can
be done at the factory before shipment to facilitate installation.
The endurance or cyclic life of an expansion joint is dependent on the maximum mnge of stress to which the bellows is subjected, the numerical maximum stress value
being a far less significant factor. Cold springing an expansion joint to reduce the maximum numerical stress
would not result in any great improvement in cyclic life.
There are, however, a number of other reasons for coldspringing exparsion joints as foliows:

piping configurations (see

figurg J+j) where rhe expansion idints ar6 subiected to

lateral deflection or angular rotatton.
Pipe guides should be located and spaced carefullv in a
piping system. (See Figure l4-9.)
A pipe support carries the dead weight ofthe insulation,
.
piping. and its contents. Pipe supports are not pipe guides.
supports do not lim.it the free movement of piping or con_
tribute to guiding it in any way. The recommendations for
pipe anchors and guides given in this chapter represent the
mlrxmum requrements tor controlling pipelines contain_
ing expansiotr joints. However, standard piping practice
usually requires additional pipe supports b;twe;n guides.

Forces and Moments

To calculate the loads on piping, supports, and equipment, the forces and moments to move an expansion joint
must be known. The expansion joint manufacturer will
provide axial, lateral, and angular spring rates.

Force Reduction

Il

a wide range of applications, the force required to

deflect an expansion joint is significant. Where the expansion joint is used to relieve the loading on sensitive equip-

ment, where anchor structures are limited to extremely

small loads, and in other similar cases, cold-springing the
expansion joint at installation can cut the maximum deflection force in half. In some cases, a 100% cold spring
will reduce deflection forces to a minimum at extremely
high operating temperatures.

Stability
Figure l4-1 shows the movements ofbellows due to angular rotation and/or lateral deflection. In both cases, one
side of the bellows is extended and the other compressed.
so the bellows may become distorted when subjected to

Fundamentals of ExPansion Joints

MAXll,4UM RECOMMENDED SPACING FOR TNTERMEDIATE PIPE GUIDES
AXIAL MOVEMENT ONLY (VALUES BASED ON STANDARD WEIGHT CAREON STEEL PIPE

400

357

400

350

350

300

300
250

200

200
r80

t80

r60

t60

r40

r40
r20

roo

=a^

feo
r..r 70

e
lao

(9 -k--

>40
CE

z-30

toL

400

250
MAXIMUM PRESSURE-PSIG
NOTE: I.ADOIIIONAL PIPE SUPPORTS ARE USUAILY iEOUIREO ATWEI'I GIIIDES II{
ACCORDANCE WITH STANOARO PRACTIC.
2 ARROWS REFR TO EXAMPLE GIVE^I IN TEXI

Figure 14-9. Spacing for guides with expansion joint. (courtesy of Badger Expansion Joint company.)
internal pressure. Reducing either the internal pressure or
the displacement of the corrugations will improve the stability of the expansion joint. By cold springing the expansion joint 50% at installation, the maximum displacement
per corrugation is cut in half and the exparsion joint is far
more stable. For this reason, where expansion joints are
subjected to large lateral deflections, or where operating
pressures are high, it is good practice to install the joint in
a 50% cold-sprung condition.

Component Clearances
Where an expansion joint is furnished with internal
sleeves, external covers, or tie devices spanning the be1-

lows, these components must have enough clearance to

accornrnodate the lateral deflection or angular rotation of
the joint. The required clearance can be reduced to a minimum if the joint is cold sprung 50%. By this means, hter-

358

Piping Stress Handbook

nal sleeves of maximum diameter can be furnished, the

overall diameter of an expansion joint incorporating external covers or tie devices minimized, and the desien of
external structures simplffi ed.

Use of Internal Sleeves in Expansion

Joints

. I?"r:lJ

sleeves should be specified in expansion joints

ln me Iollowlnq cases:

l.

transmitted through the flange bolts to the mating

ange and then to the connecting pipe.

In some instances cold springing is recommended to

keep tie rods closer to the bellows. thereby minimizing
moments. When ordering, advise if joints are to be insul
lated. If so, speci$ the insulation thickness, because this
will affect the hardware desien.
. Consideration must also be-given to the crushing of piping. Attachments must be designed to distribute -the l-oid
as much as possible.

to

When smooth flow and/or minimum friction losses

are desired.

2. Where flow velocities are hish.

3. Where there is a danger of pitting or erosion.
4. In high-temperature applications.
5. When copper bellows are used and the application

is

for high-pressure drip, super-heated steam, hot water^or condensate, or where there is any possibility
of flashins.

In some

increase the thickness

cases

it becomes necessary

of the pipe wall and/or

the
lengths of the pipe nipples in orderlo distribute the load.
Proper design of attachments is extremely important.
parJicularly for critical applications with high piessures
and temperatures. In such cases, hardware-cai cost as
much as or mrcre than the expansion joints. For greater
systgm rgliab_ilrry, it is important that emphasis be put on
engineerirg design rather than price. Upon receipt of per_
unent apptlcatron data. spcial requirements can be deter_
mlneo,

Internal sleeves should not be used where tars or other

il;;;;;t-";;;;

Calculation of Forces and Loads

highly viscous fluids are nowing.
'jplcking up," "coking," or "caking" and result in joint
failure..If purging will prwent these conditions, sleeves The forces or loads to be calculated for tie rods, hinges
should be used in conjunction with purging

comections.

Tie Rods, Hinges, and Similar

Accessories
In a piping system with expansion joints, it is often impractical to provide main anchors to absorb pressure
thrusts. In these cases. tie rods. hinges, or gimbals may
solve the problem as long as their attachments are designed to transmit the forces imposed by pressure in the
expansion joint.

Method of Attachment

and attachments are:

1. Pressure thrust.
2. Force to extend or compress the expansion joint due
to thermal growth within its tied lensth.
.'- Weight of joint.
4. Unsupported weight of prptng and insulation between a pair of bellows.
5. Weight of fluid carried in the joint and unsupported
piping. In large joints, consideration should be eiven
to the weight o[ water used in hydro testing.

6. Wind loading effects, if

present.

In addition, effects of temperature and flow conditions

must be accounted for.

Tie rods, hinges, and gimbals are attached in two basic

ways:

1. By a structure whose function is to transmit the

loads to the pipe or equipment. This concentrated
loading may introduce high localized stresses into
the prping in addition to the stresses due to internal
pressufe.

2. By direct attachment to

flanges, which then carry

the loads on the rods or hinges in addition to their
normal flange load. In this method the total load is

Cycle Life Expectancy

The cycle life expectancy of an expansion joint is affected by various factors in physical Construction. These
are:

1. Operating

pressure.

2. Operating temperature.
3. Bellows material.

Fundamentals of Expansion

4.
5.
6.
7.

The movement per corrugation.

The thickness of the bellows.
The center-to-center distance of the corrugations.
Depth and shape of the corrugation.

Any change in these factors will result in a change in

the life of the expansion joht.
The life expectancy is defined as the total number of
complete cycles that can be expected from the expansion
joint based on data tabulated from tests performed at room
temperature under simulated operating conditions. A cycle is one complete movement from the full-open to the
fi.rll-closed to the full-open position. It should be noted,
however, that laboratory tests rarely if ever duplicate actual service conditions. Cycle life is only one factor in the
design of an expansion joint and may be tle least important. Many life cycle tests have been conducted and expansion joints can be manufactured to meet any specification. However, experience has shown that few
applications have a real need for high cycle-life design,
which adds unnecessary costs to the expansion joint.

Joints

359

prevented by covering the bellows and using an antispatter compound when welding.
External conditions should also be considered. External
corrosion can result from fumes or sprays that may contact the bellows or in tunnel and manhole installations
where water is allowed to collect. Direct application of insulation to the expansion-joint bellows and direct burial in
the ground are not recommended. Many corrosion problems encountered in the field can be reduced, if not completely eliminated. Where corrosion problems are complex, consult a qualified corrosion engineer.

Erosion
This is the mechanical wearing away of the metal surfaces in a joint. It usually results from the irnpact of solid
particles entrained in the flowing medium. Where there is
a possibility of severe erosion, such as in lines carrying
abrasive media, heavy liners should be used to protect the
bellows of the expansion joint.

Corrosion
Corrosion can significantly reduce the service life of an
expansion joint. The design and operating characteristics
of expansion joints are such that they may be exposed to
corrosive attack under conditions that do not affect piping
and fittings of similar materials.
Types of corrosion most frequendy experienced in expansion-joint applications are as follows:

1. Stress-corrosion (a cracking of the material as the

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

result of a combination of stress and corrosive environment).

Intergranular-corrosion, characterized by a preferential attack along the grain boundaries in metals.
Pitting, which is a localized attack on metals.
General corrosion or the gradual eating away of the
metals in a system.
Impingement and corrosion erosion, associated with
the impact of a liquid or gas medium on the surface
of the material under attack.
Elevated temperature oxidation, most comrnonly encountered in hot ak and exhaust lines.

Calculating Thermal Expansion

Metallic, packless expansion joints are normally designed to move in axial compression only, and unless otherwise specified, the minimum and installation tempratures are assumed to be 60'F.
Here is how to determine the amount of thermal expansion in a piping system:

Example
Assume a 10-in. steam line fabricated from carbon steel
is carrying superheated steam at 300 psig and the distance

between pipeanchors is 1,10 ft-O in. The minimum ambi

ent temperature is 70"F and the maximum operating temperature is 460'F.

Sorution
The corrosion resistance of stainless steel depends on
the formation of a thin, unbroken, chromic oxide surface,
which will form slowly in the atmosphere on clean stainless steel. Particles of steel from welding spatter should be

From Chapter 2, Table 2-1, we find that the expansion

of carbon steel pipe at 460'F is 3.25 in. per l0O ft, and at
70'F the expansion per 100 ft is 0 in.

Piping Stress Handbook

Total expansion:

(r4O ft) (3.2s

in.)

100

0 in.

Example

4.55 in.

Therefore, we find that we should select an exDansion

joint that will absorb ar least 4.55 in. of axial

"o*o."._

slon.

Assume that the installation temperature will be 70"F.

The required precompression is then calculated as follows:

6(70.F
P_
(460"F

Precompression

- 0.F) _
- 0.F)

0.913 in.

Note: If the amount of precompression is very small (Va

in. per corrugation or less), it may be neglected. When
precompression is required, remember to deduct the
amount of this precompression from the normal overall
length dimensions.

If the minimum operating temperature is lower than the

qggput d installation temperature, the expansion joint
will be subjected to both enension and compression-dur_
ing^operation. Because most expansion jointjare designed
to runcuon rn compression only. any expansion joint used
rn
lyclr an apphcatlon must be precompressed (prior to in_
stallatton) to prevent extension of the expansion joint beyond its original. overall length.
If advised of the minimum. maximum, and installation
temperalures when the order is placed. the expansionjoint
wlll be tactory precompressed and may be installed as re_
ceived.
In the case of expansion joints specified for low-temperature service only, the installation and maximum temoeratures are normally the same. so thejoints function eniirely
in extension. Where such service conditions are clearly
specified, the expansion joint will always be factory precompressed, ready for installation.

Where it is not possible to anticipate the installation

temlerature, the expansion joint may be precompressed
in the field. The amount of precompression is determined
as follows:

-4(Tz-Tr)
(Ts - Tr)
D-

Application
Pipe Anchors
The first step is to determine the tentative locations of
pipe anchors. By proper location, any piping system can
be reduced to a number of individual eipanding pipe sections having relatively simple configurations. The number
and location of pipe anchors will depend upon piping configuration, amount of thermal expansion, the proximiry of
structural members suitable for-use as anchors, and-the
location ofpipe fittings, connected equipment, and branch
connections.

. Start out with the assumption that single expansion

joints in straight axial compression will provide the simplest and most economical layout. Wherever possible, the
distance between anchors and amount ofexpansion should
be kept uniform so rhat the expansion joinis used will be
interchangeable. Ib minimize the number of exDansion
joints adjust the distance between alchors so thai exoansion joints having a maximum number of corrugations in
each bellows (consistent with stabilitv) can be ised.

Total amount of precompression, in.

Total rated axial movement of the expan-

Galculation of Forces Acting on Main

Pipe Anchors

Installation temperature determined by actual temperatue reading of adjacent piping. Do not use the ambient atmospheric
temperature for this purpose.

A main pipe anchor must be designed to withstand the

forces and moments imposed upon it by each of the pipe
sections to which it is attached. In the case of the installation illustrated in Figure 14-10, the force acting on the
main anchor consists of the full line thrust due to pressure ,
-the
the force required to deflect the expansion joint,
rated

sion joint, in.

Minimum temperature

Maximum temDerature

Fundamentals of Exoansion Joints

'1
0z

Figure 14-10, Diagram illustrating the forces that act upon the main

anchor.

Figure 14-11. Diagram illustrating the forces that act upon the main anchor in applications involving straight pipe
selections and in applications involving anchors at pipe bends and elbows.

movement, and the frictional force due to the pipe align-

where

ment guides. Formulas for calculating anchor forces in

various applications follow.
The steps for calculating the main anchor forces for applications involving straight pipe sections (see the center
anchor in Figure

14-ll)

are:

:
F, :
F. :
F,nn

Fg :

I
2.

Static thrust due to internal pressure' lb

Force (ftom data sheet) required to
extend or compress the expansion
joint, lb
Frictional force due to pipe alignment guides. Note: This can be obtained from the manufacturer of the

1. Calculate the firll line thrust:

F":AP
where F, :
A:
P:

Force on main ancho! lb

guides.
Static thrust due to internal pressure,

lb
Effective pressure thrust area (in.2)
taken from data shet
Maximum pressure (p6i) based on
the most severe conditions whether
design, operational or test

Assuming that the weight of the pipeline and its contents are carried by supports. To calculate the total
by any one
force imposed on the main anchor
pipe section use the following equation:

(F)

F':F"+F.+F"

To determine the net load on the anchor, it is necessary to add vectorially the forces imposed upon it by

each

of the three pipe

sections

to which it is at-

tached.

To calculate the main anchor forces for applications involving straight pipe sections containing expansion joints
ofdifferent diameters (see center anchor in Figure 14-12),
use the following equation:

4:(Ar-&)P

Piping Stress Handbook

Figure 14-12. Diagram illustrating the torces that act upon the main anchor in applications involving straight pipe
selections containing expansion joints of ditferent diameters.

where

A1 :

Effective area, corresponding to the

mean diameter of the corrugations of the
expansion joint in the larger pipe section,

,q.2

P :

m.'
Effective area, corresponding to the
mean diameter of the expansion joint in
the smaller pipe section, in.2
Maximum pressure (psi), based on the
most severe conditions, whether design,
operational, or test.

Here again, it is necessary to consider the differences in

the forces required to extend or compress the expansion
joints and the differences in the frictional forces due to
pipe alignment guides and supports. Thus, the total force
on the center anchor

will

be:

F,":F"+F-r+Fgr-Fgz
where F.1

F- :
Fr1
Fez

:
:

Force (from data sheet) required to extend or compress the expaniion joint in
the larger pipe section, lb
Force (from data sheet) required to extend or compress the expansion joint in
the small pipe section, lb

Frictional force (from guide manufacturer) due to pipe alignment guides in the
larger pipe section, lb

Frictional force (from guide manufacturer) due to pipe alignment guides in the
smaller pipe section, lb

To calculation the main anchor forces for applications

involving anchors at pipe bends and elbows (see Figure
14-10) the following calculation must be used.
In the case of an anchor located at a pipe bend or elbow,
it is necessary to consider the forces imposed by the pipe
sections on both sides of the anchor. Thus, assuming that
each section contains an expansion joint, the line thrust
due to pressure (F" : AP) and the forces F- and F", explained previously, become biaxial components and-must
be added vectorially. In addition, the effect at the elbow of

the centrifugal thrust (Fo) due to flow, must be considered. Fo may be calculated as follows:

rp:

2ADV2

: Internal
where A-slnD
e

:
:
:
:

ff

area of pipe,
DensiU of fluid, lb/ft3
Velocity of flow, ft/sec
Acceleration due to gravity, 32.2 fllsec2
Angle of pipe bend

Calculation of Intermediate Pipe Anchor

Forces
An intermediate pipe anchor must be designed to withstand the force and moments imposed upon it by each of
the pipe sections attached to it. However, an intermediate
anchor does not have to be designed to withstand the full
line pressure thrust, because this force is always absorbed
by main anchors or by devices on the expansion joint.
such as limit rods, tie rods, gimbals, or hinges.
Assuming that the weight of the pipeline and its contents is caffied by supports, the following calculation will
determine the forces acting on an intermediate pipe anchor in a pipe section containing expansion joints (see Figure 14-13):

Fre : F.r *
where F^1

Frr

Fno

:
:

Fr1

Fn2

Fgz

The force (ftom the data sheet) required

to extend or compress expansion joinr

EIl

shown in Figure 14-13.

The total force due to friction of all the

pipe alignment guides installed on the

pipe section to the right of the intermediate anchor in Figure 14-13.
The force required to extend or compress
expansion joint EI2 shown in Figure 14-

tJ-

-Fundamentals of Expansion Joints

363

Figure 14-13. Diagram illustrating theJorcesthat act upon an intermediate pipe anchor in a pipe section containing
expansion joints.

Fgz

The total force due to friction of all tlte

pipe alignment guides installed on the
pipe section to the left of the intermediate
anchor in Figure l4-13.

Nore: The frictional force due to pipe alignment guides

can be obtained from the manufacturer of the guides.

If the pipe is the same diameter on both sides of the intermediate anchor, and if the guides on both pipe sections
are similar in number and design to F,,z and Fgr, respectively, but opposite in sign, F1a will be equal to zero.
However, it is possible that the pipeline may heat up gradually from one end, thereby causing one of the pipe sgctions to expand before the other. It is therefore considered
good practice to design the htermediate anchor to resist
the forces exerted by one of the two pipe sections (i.e.,
F1a : F*1 *Fgr).

used only in applications involving lateral deflection or

angular rotation resulting from L- or Z-shaped pipe configurations .
Proper alignment is very important in the installation of
all expansion joints. Expansion joints will not function
properly unless the pipeline in which they are installed is
securely anchored and guided.

Spacing of Pipe Guides

Where an expansion joint is located close to an anchor,
the first pipe guide should be located no more than four
pipe diameters ftom the moving end. The second should
be located no more than fourteen pipe diameters from the
first. The recommended spacing for intermediate guides
along the balance of the pipeline can be determined from
Figure 14-9. For any known pressure and pipe size, the
guide spacing can be determined by locating the pressure
on the scale at the bottom of Figue 14-9. Follow the pressure line vertically until it intersects the diagonal line for

Pipe Guides and Guiding

A pipe alignment guide is a sleeve or frame fastened to
some rigid structure that permits the pipeline to move
freely along its own axis and limits it to this type of motion. A roller support, U bolt, or pipe hanger, which orily
supports the weight ofthe pipe, cannot be substituted for a
pipe guide.
Pipe guides are required to prevent buckling ofthe pipeline. Buckling is caused by compressive loading on the
pipe due to the internal pressure thrust and the flexibility
of the expansion joint which causes the pipe to act like a
column with end loading.
In axial movement applications, avoid using a single
pipe-alignment guide because such a guide may act as a
fulcrum, which might impose lateral deflection or angular
rotation on the expansion joint due to movement of the
piping in a dhection other than axial.
Planar pipe guides are modified to permit limited movement and/or bending of the piping in one plane. These are

pipe size. From this intersection, follow across horizontally to the guide spacing column (left to right) and read
the recommended spacing. For example, the recommended intermediate guide spacing for a 6-in. pipeline
containing an expansion joint under a pressure of 125 psig
is 43 feet. The first guide should be no more than 24 in.
from the expansion joint, and the second pipe guide 84 in.

from the first.

Location of Expansion Joints

Wherever possible, an exparsion

joint should be lo-

cated irnmediately adjacent to a pipe anchor. If it is not

possible to locate the expansion joint near a pipe anchol
pipe guides should be used on both sides of the expansion
joint ir accordance with the instructions given in the precedhg paragraphs under "Spacing of Pipe Guides."

Piping Stress Handbook

Figure 14-10 shows the preferred practice in the use of

a single expansion joint (EI) to absorb axial pipeline expansion. Note the use of one expansion joint between two
main anchors (MA) , the nearness of the expansion joint to
an anchor, the closeness of the fimt alignment guide (G1),
the spacing between the fint alignment guide and the second alignment guide (Gr), and the spacing of intermediate
guides (G) along the balance of the line.
Expansion joints should not be located immediately

downstream from turbulence-pnrducing devices (such as

butterfly valves). plug valveJ, and su-dden increases in
pipe size, mitered elbows, etc. If it is impossible to locate

joint an adequate distanceiway from tubulence producers. the joint slould be equipped with a
heavy sleeve. Figures 14-14 and 14-15 show the information required for standard and special expansion joints
specification sheets.
the expansion

End Connections
The type of end connections selected depends upon the
operating conditions and the customer's re.guirements. See
Figure l4-16 for illustrations. The following is a briefdescription of the various g?es available.

Fixed Flanges (Type SF)

The flanges are welded directly to the bellows material
without the use of intermediate pipe nipples. In this construction the flanges are in direct contact with the flowins
medium.

Fixed Flanges (Type F)

The flanges are welded to pipe nipples, thereby provid-

ing greater overall length. In this construction bbth the

pipe nipple,s and flanges are in direct contact with the
flowing medium.

Combination Ends
Expansion joints can be supplied with one weld end and
one flanged end to meet installation requirements.

Covers
Covers protect expansion joints from mechanical damage and serve as a base for insulation.

Van Stoned Flanges (Type V)

The flanges are slipped over the ends ofthe bellows and
the bellows material is flared out or "Van Stoned" over
the faces of the flanges. The \r'an Stones are roughly
equivalent to the raised faces on standard forged steel
flanges. The flanges are loose and free to rotate, thus permitting easy alignment with the mating pipeline flanges.
This construction is generally used in applications involving product purity or corrosion, because the only material in contact with the flowing medium is the corrosionresistant bellows matefial.

Sleeves
Sleeves minimize pressure drop and also streamline the

flow of gas or fluid through an expansion joint, thereby

reducing friction losses and turbulence. They are recommended for all expansion joints, except in applications

where high-viscosity fluids such as tar are involved.

Sleeves are required whenever the velocity of flow exceeds the following values:

Welding Ends (Type W)

The ends of the expansion joint are supplied with pipe
suitably beveled for welding to connecting equipment or
piping. Standard joints are supplied with carbon steel
weld ends. See individual data sheets for grade and type.
Other thicknesses, lengths, and grades of carbon steel
weld ends are available on order. Where alloy pipe is
used, it may be advantageous to use weld ends that are
shorter and thinner than carbon steel standards. Consult
the factory for recommendations when alloy pipe is used.

Nominal

Size
3 to 6 in.
) 6 in.
3 to 6 in.
> 6 in.
Pipe

Medium
in Pipe

Steam
Steam
Air
(other gases)
Air
(other gases)

Velocity

of trlow
1,000 ft/min/in. dia
6,000 ff:/min
250 ft/min/in. dia
1,500 fl:/min

Fundamentals ol Exoansion

For additional data use the sheet for supplemental information for special expansion joints.
Customer

Inquiry/Job No.

Project

1. Item No.

2. Quantrty
3. Size
4. Flowing Medium+
5. Flow Velocity
6. Int. Design Pressure, psig
7. Int. Text Pressure, psig
8. Maximum Temperature, "F
9. Minimum Temperature, oF

10. Installation Temperature, oF

11. Axial compression, in.

12. Axial

extension, in.

13. Lateral deflection, in.

14. Angular rotation, deg.
15. Pipe specification
16. Weld end specification
17. Flange specification
18. Type or catalog number
19. Internal sleeves
20. External covers
21. Anchor base
22. Limit rods
Use manufacturer's standard unless otherwise specified by purchaser.

23. Bellows material

24. Equalizing ring material
25. Total corrugations
26. Lenglh limitation

If flowing medium is corrosive,

erosive, or viscous explain in detail.

Figure 14-14. Standard expansion joint specification sheet.

Joints

365

366

Piping Stress Handbook

Customer

Project

hquiry/Job No.

1. Item No.

2. External design pressure, psig

3. External test pressure, psig
4. Pipe purge, instr. connection
5. Vibration amplitude
6. Vibration frequency
Special Flange Design

7. Material
8. Facing
9. O.D.
10. I.D.

ll.

12.
13.
14.
15.

Thiclness

B.C. diameter
No. holes
Size holes

Hole orientation

Design Restrictions

16.
17.
18.
19.

Length
Maximum O.D.
Minimum I.D.
Axial force
2O. LatercJ force (Shear)
21. End moment
22. Cychc design life
23. ASME Code partial
Data forms required
24. Applicable codes and
specifications

Figure 14-15. Supplemental information for special expansion joints, to be used with the standard expansion
ioint
specitication sheet.

Fundamentals of Expansion Joints

Figure 14-16. End connections.

15
Glossarv
.,/

Aging-The term originally applied to the process or

sometimes to the effects of allowing a metal to remain at ordinary temperatures. H;at treatment ar
temperatures above room temperature for the purpose of accelerating changes of the type that might
take place during aging at ordinary temperature is
called artificial aging. The changes taking place

during artificial aging are due to the precipitation

treatment. Aging is an approach to the attaitment of
equilibrium from an unstable condition induced by a
prior operation. The fundamental reaction involved
is generally one of precipitation, sometimes submicroscopic. The method employed to bring about aging consists of exposure to a favorable temperature
subsequent to (1) a relatively rapid cooling from
some elevated temperature (quench aging) or (2) a
limited degree of cold work (strain aging).
Alclad-The common name for a type of clad-wrought
aluminum product with coatings of high purity aluminum; or an aluminum alloy different from the
core alloy in composition.
Alloy-A metallic substance consisting of two or more
elements, of which at least one is metal, and in
which all elements are miscible in the molten state
and do not separate when solid.
Alloying elements-Chemical elements constitutins an
alloy. In steel. usually rhe elements added to mo?ify
the properties of the steel.
Annealing-A heating and controlled operation to impart specific desirable properties generally concerned with subsequent fabrication of the alloy, such
as softness and ductility. When annealing follows
cold working for the purposes of stress removal, it is
called stress annealing.
Arc welding-Welding accomplished by using an electric arc formed between a metallic or carbon electrode and the metal being welded, between two separate electrodes, or between two separate pieces
being welded (also called fusion welding).
368

Austenite-A solid solution in which

gamma iron is the

solvent, having a face-centered cubic crystal structure.

Austenitic steel-Steel, which due to its comoosition
has a stable structure at normal lroom) timperatures; as for example: the 18-8 types. It is not hardened by thermal treatrnent.
Bend test-A test commonly used to determine relativ!
ductility of a sample by bending it over a given radius and through a given angle.
BilIet-A semi-finished rolled ingot of rectangular or
nearly rectangular cross section.
Brass-A copper-base alloy in which zinc is the principal added element.
Brazing-Joining metals by fusion of nonferrous alloys
with melting points above 800"F but below the melring point of the metals being joined.
Brinell hardness-A hardness number determined br
applying a known load to the surface of the mareriil
to be tested through a hardened steel ball of known
diameter. Note: Not suitable for measurins the hardness of strip and sheet because of insulfic-ient thick.
ness.

Brittleness-A tendency to fracture without appreciable

deformation.
Carbon steel-Steel in which carbon provides the properties without substantial amounts of other alloyins
elements.

Carburizing-Diffusing carbon into the surface of ironbase alloys by heating in the presence of carbonaceous materials.

Case hardening-Carburizing, nitriding, or cyanidinr

and subsequent hardening by suitable heat trearment, if necessary, all or part ofthe surface portion:
of a section of iron-base alloy.
Casting-Fouring molten metal into a mold or a meta.
object so produced.

Cementite-An iron-carbon compound with the chem;cal formula Fe3C often called iron carbide.

--

Glossary
Charpy test-A pendulum-q pe impact tesr in which

notched specimen, supported ar both ends as a simple beam, is broken by the impact of the falling pendulum. The energy absorbed in breaking the specimen, as determined by the deireased rise of the
pendulum, is a measure of the impacr strength of the

metal.
Chemical analysis-Separating an allor. into its component elements and identi! in-e them. In quantitative
analysis, the proportion of each element is determined.
Chromium-A hard crystalline metal used as an alloying element to give resistalce to heat. corrosion, and
wear and increase strength and hardenability.
Cold working-Permanent deformadon of a metal below its recrystallization temperature. Also defined
as plastic deformation of a metal at a temperature
low enough to ensure strain hardening. Mechanical
properties, such as tensile strength, hardness, and
ductility, are also altered.
Compressive strength-The ability to withstand compressrve stresses.

, Compressive stress-Stress caused by a compressive

load or in fibers compressed by a bending.
Cooling stresses-Stresses caused by uneven contraction, external restraint, or localized plastic deformation during cooling.
Corrosion-Gradual chemical or electrochemical attack
on a metal by atmosphere, moisture, or other elements.

Corrosion embrittlement-Embrittlement in certain al- loys caused by exposure to a corrosive environment.

Corrosion fatigue-Combined action of corrosion and
fatigue in which local corroded areas act as stress
concentrators, causing failure at the point of stress
concentration and exposing new metal surfaces to
corrosion. The failure is progressive and rapid.
Creep-Plastic flow of metal, usually occurring at high
temperatures, subject to stress appreciably less than
its yield strength. It progresses through first, second, and third stages to fracture or results in stress
relaxation.
Cyaniding-A process of case hardening a ferrous alloy
by heating in a molten cyanide salt bath, thus causing the alloy to absorb carbon and nitrogen simultaneously. Cyaniding is usually followed by quenching to produce a hard case.
Ductility-That property of metal which allows the
metal to be permanently deformed before final rupture.
Elastic limit (limit of elasticity)-Maximum stress to
which a metal can be subjected without permanent
deformation at the point of stress.
Electrochemical corrosion-Localized corrosion that
results from exposure of an assembly of dissimilar

349

metals in contact with or coupled with one aa'drc:

or of a metal containing microscopic areas di-isr::-

lar in composition or structure. The dissimilar er:ments form short-circuited electrodes. The corr.--

sive medium is the electrolyte, and an electrlc

current is induced. which results in the disolution of
the electrode that has the more anodic solution potential, while the other is unattacked.

Elongation-The amount of permanent extension in

the

tensile test, usualll' expressed as a percentage of the

original gage lengrh. (e.g. , 25 percent in 2 inches).
It may also refer to the amount of extension at any
stage in any process which continuously elongates a

body, as in rolling.
Endurance limit-A limir of stress below which metal
will withstand stress without fracture; a specified
large number of applications of such stress.
Eutectoid steel-A carbon steel containine 0.80% carbon that becomes a solid solution ar anitemoerature
in the austenite temperarure range between i ,333.F
and 2,500"F.

Fatigue-The tendency of a metal to fracture under conditions of repeated cyclic stressing below the ultimate tensile strength but above the yield strength.
Ferrite-A solid solution in which alphas iron is the solvent and having a body-cenrered iubic crystal structure.

Ferritic steel-Steel which, due to its composition, is

not hardenable by heat trearmenr. Such stainless
types as 405, 430, and 448 are essentially ferritic
steels.

Free machining-The property of steel imparted by additions of sulphur, selenium, or phosphorus which
promote chip breakage and permit increased ma-

chining speeds. Additions of sulphur or selenium

also help to decrease friction between the chips and
the tool face.

Galling-The damaging ofone or both rnetallic

surfaces

by removal of particles from localized areas during

sliding friction.
Galvanic corrosion-Corrosive action occurrins when
two dissimilar metals are in contact and arJioined
by a solution capable of conducting an electric current, a condition which causes a flow of electric current and corrosion of the more anodic of the f$.o
metals. (Also see Electrochemical Conosion.)
Gas welding-Welding in which heat is supplied b1' a
manually or automatically controlled torch flame of
oxyacetylene or oxyhydrogen (also called fusion
welding).
Grains-Individual crystals in metal.
Hardenability-In a ferrous alloy, the propern that determines the depth and distribution of hardness ilduced by heat treating and quenching.

37O

Piping Stress HandbooK

Hardness-Resistance to indentation by standard balls.

diamonds, etc.. under standard loais. Also, the degree of cold working.
Heading-An upsetting process used to form rivet,
screw, and bolt heads in making these products from
wire or rod.
Heat treatable-Refers to an alloy that may be hardened
by heat treatment.
Heat treatment-A combination of heating and cooling
operations timed and applied to metal or alloy to
produce desired properties.
Homogenizing-A process of heat treatment at high
temperature to eliminate or decrease chemical segregation by diffusion. Attainment of austenite that
has a uniform distribution of carbon.
Hooke's Law-Stress is proportional to strain in the
elastic region.
Hot forming-Working operations performed on metals
heated to temperatures above room temperature.
Hot working-Hot forming above the recrystallization
rcmperature.

Hydrogen embrittlement-A brittleness sometimes

engendered by contact with plating and pickling solution acid due to absorption of hydrogen by the

metal. The embrittlement is more evident in hardened parts, and can be removed by aging or heating
the steel for a prescribed period.
Hypereutectoid steels-Steels containing from 0.80%
to above 2.0% carbon.
Hypoeutectoid steels-Carbon steels containing less
than 0.80% carbon.
Impact test-A test designed to determine the energy
absorbed in fracturing a test bar at high velocity.
The usual impact test specimen is a standard size
square bar with a V or keyhole type notch. (See
Charpy test and Izod test.)
Intergranular corrosion-Corrosion that tends to localize at grain boundaries, usually under conditions of
prolonged stress and certain environments, and in
association with poor heat reating or welding practice that has caused the precipitation of a more easily
attacked constituent at these boundaries.
Izod test-A pendulum-type of notched-bar impact test
in which the specimen is supported at one end as a
cantilever beam and the energy required to break off
the free end is used as a measure of impact strength.
Machinability-The rate and ease with which a metal
can be machined.
Magnetic particle testing-This method of inspection
consists in suitably magnetizing the material and applying a prepared magnetic powder which adheres
along lines of flux leakage. On properly magnetized
material, flux leakage develops along surface nonuniformities. This method is not applicable to high

manganese or austenitic stainless steels and nonfer-

rous alloys, which are nonmagnetic.

Martensite-An unstable constituent in quenched steel,

the hardest of the transformation products of austenite.

Martensitic steel-Steel which, due to its composition,

has martensite as its chief constituent after cooling.

The hardenable stainless types are all martensite

stels.

Mechanical proprties-Those pfoperties that reveal

the reaction, elastic or plastic, ofa material to an applied stress or that involves the relationship between
stress and strain; for example, Young's modulus,
tensile strength, fatigue limit. These properties have
often been designated as physical properties, but the
term mechanical properties is technically more accurate and therefore preferred.
Modulus of rigidity-The ratio of the unit shear stress
to the unit angular strain in the elastic range.

Nitriding-A

process of surface hardening in which a

ferrous alloy is heated in an atmosphere of cracked
ammonia gas or other suitable nitrogenous material
thus allowing nitrogen to diffuse into the surfaca
metal. Nitriding is conducted at temperatures below
the critical temperature range and produces surface
hardening of the metal without quenching.

Normalizing-A

process in which steel is heated to a

suitable temperature above the transformation range
and is subsequently cooled in still air at room teiperature. This operation is used for grain refining or
to develop specified mechanical properties.

Notch sensitivity-The reduction caused in nominal

strength, impact or static, by the presence of a stress
concentration, usually expressed as the ratio of the
notched to the unnotched strength.

Permeability-Magnetic permeability is the ratio of the

magnetic induction to the intensity of the magnetizing field.
Physical properties-Those properties familiarly discussed in physics, exclusive of those described under Mechanical Properties; for example, density,
electrical conductivity; coefficient for thermal expansion. The term has often been used to describe
mechanical properties, but such usage is not recommended.
Pickling-Immersion in dilute acid or other suitable media for the removal of oxide scale from hot-rolled or
otherwise sealed surfaces.
Plasticity-The ability of a metal to be deformed exten-

sively without rupture.

Plating-Deposition of a thin film of a metal or alloy on
a different base metal from a solution containins
ions of the plating metal.

G
Glossary
Poisson's ratio-Ratio expressing the relation of strain
normal to the applied load as a proportion of direct
strain within the elastic limit. Also relates moduli of
elasticity ard rigidity.
hecipitation hardening-Hardening of metallic alloys,
by aging, which results from the precipitation of a
constituent from a supersaturated solid solution,
usually nonferrous alloys. Also termed as hardening. (See ,{grng.)
Process annealing-An annealing operation carried out
at a constant temperature just below the critical
transformation temperature (also referred to as sub-

critical annealing) .
Proof stress-In a test, stress that will cause a specified
permanent set in a material, usually 17o or less.
Proportional limit-The highest stress at which the material still follows Hooke's Law, similar to elastic

limit.
Quenching-A process of rapid cooling from an

ele-

vated temperature.

Radiography-The use of X-rays or gamma radiation to

detect internal structural defects in metal objects.
. Reduction of area-In a tensile test, the difference between the original cross-sectional area and that of
the smallest area ofthe point ofrupture. It is usually
stated as a percentage of the original area. Also
called contraction of area, it is not applicable to the
mechanical testing of sheet and strip. It is also a
measure of cold work.
Refractory metals-Metals such as tungsten, columbium, tantalum, and molybdenum, which have rela- tively high melting temperatures.
Residual stress-Stresses locked in a metal after the
completion of nonuniform heating or cooling, working, etc. due to expansion, contraction, phase
changes, and other phenomena.

Resistance

welding-A welding

process

in which the

work pieces are heated by the passage of an electric

current through the contact area, combined with
pressure causing joining by fusion.
Rockwell hardness test-This test consists of forcins a
cone shaped diamond or hardened steel ball int6 a
metal specimen to determine the degree of penetration and. hence. the hardness.
Rupture stress-The true stress given by dividing the
load at the moment of incipient fracture by the area
supporting that load.
Salt spray tesl-An accelerated corrosion test in which
the metal specimens are exposed to a fine mist of
salt water solution.
Scaling-Surface oxidation caused by heating in an oxidizing atmosphere.
Seam welding-Resistance welding that consists of a series of overlapping spots forming a continuous weld .

37'l

Shear-Plastic deformation in which parallel planes of

metal crystals slide so as to retain their parallel relationship. Also called angular elastic strain.
Shear stress-Stress acting on a shear plane.
Solution treating-A condition of complete solubility
resulting in a single phase for compositions of two
or more alloying elements at temperatures lower
than the solids. Solid solutions may be limited in extent with respect to range of alloy composition or
can be continuous, extending throughout an alloy series.

Specific gravity-A numerical value representing rhe

weight of a given substance compared with the
weight of an equal volume of water.
Spot welding-A resistance-welding process in which
the fusion is limited to a small circular or oval area.
Stabilization-Prevention of the formation of carbides
at the grain boundaries of austenitic stainless steels.
Dimensional control of nonferrous castines.
Strain-Deformation expressed in units pe-r unit of
length produced by strain.
Strain aging-Load per unit of area.
Stress concentrator or stress raiser-Any notch,
scratch, sharp change of contour, slot groove, hole,
defect, or other discontinuity in an engineering material that has the effect of concentratins the stresses
applied to the material or generated in-it by heating
or cooling.
Stress corrosion-Corrosive action induced and accelerated by the presence of stresses.

rupture-A test to destruction at elevated temperature, by which it is possible to determine the

stress that causes failure at a given temperature and
with the lapse of a given period of time.

Stress

Temper-A condition produced in a metal or alloy by

mechanical or thermal treatment and havins chancteristic structure and mechanical propertiei.
Temper brittleness-Brittleness that results when certain steels are held within or slowly cooled throug! a
certain range of temperature below the transformation range. The brittleness is revealed by a notchedbar impact test at room temperature or lower temperatufes.
Tempering-The process of reheating quench hardened
or normalized steel lo a temperature belo*. t}le rars-

formation range and then coolhg at an) rare desired. This operation is frequently called sress relieving. "Drawing" is synonymous xith temperhg.
but the latter is the preferred usage.
Tensile strength-The maximum load il pou_n& ger
square inch, based on the origiml cro=.-^.e.-tibn.
which may be developed in rensile resrilg. isee a.L:o
Uhimate Strength.)

372

Piping Stress Handbook

Thermal stresses-Stresses in metal, resulting from

nonuniform temperature distribution.

Through-hardening-Thermal description of alloys

that harden completely, so the center of a hardened
section exhibits hardness similar to the surface.
Torsion-Strain created in an object by a twisting action
or the stresses created by such an action.
Toughnesl-Ability to absorb considerable energy before fracture, usually represented by the area under
a stress-strain curve and therefore involvins both
ductility and strength.
[Jltimate strength-The maximum strength or stress before complete failure or fracture occurs.

Vacuum melting-A process by which alloys are melted

rn a near pertect vacuum to prevent contamination

by atmospheric elements.
Vickers hardness test-An indentation hardness test utilizing a diamond pyrarnid and useful over the entire
range of common metals.

process of joining metals whereby partial

melting of the parent metals occurs except in the
case of pressure welding when heating is only sufficient to cause recrystallization across the interface.

Welding-A

Yield point-The load per unit or original cross section

at which a marked increase in deformation occurs
without increase in load. In stainless and heat-resisting steels, this occurs only in the martensitic and
ferritic chromium types. In the austenitic stainless
and heat-resisting steels, the yield point is the stress
corresponding to some definite and arbitrary total
deformation, permanent deformation, or slope of
the load deformation curve; this is more properly
termed the yield strength.

Yield strength-Stress corresponding to some fixed

permanent deformation such as 0.1 or 0.2% offset
from the modulus slooe.

aa

Index

Air-cooled heat ex changerc, 263-264

Allowable expansion stress range, 2,
8-9, 11, 13
Allowable external forces and
moments (tables), 264

Allowable internal pressure stress,

1l
Allowable loads, 257 -264
Allowable longitudinal stress, 9
Allowable momenlq 257 -264
Allowable pipe deflection, 314
Alowable pipe span, 314
Allowable resultant forces and
moments (table), 258
Allowable shear stress, 11

Disffibution Piping), 11, 13, 15,

251

ANSI/ASME Code 831.9 (Building

Services Piping), 15
ANSI/ASME Code 831.10
(Cryogenic Piping), 16

ANSI/ASME Code B31.11 (Slurry

Piping), 16
ANSI/ASME Code for Pressure
Piping, 177
API Code 610, (steel pump force,
moment, and stress limitations),
257 -258
API Code 661 (design criteria for

air-cooled heat exchangers),

263-2&

Allowable span, 314

Allowable stress(es), 8-11, 257 -264

ASME Boiler Code, 177

Barlow formula, 177

Baseplate support, 258-259
Bellows, 356

range (tables), 38-111

Allowable working pressure, 177,

250-251
Anchor(s), 122, 345, 356, 360-363
forces and moments, 3
intermediate, 362-363

main, 360-362
Angle valves
cast steel, 307

flanged,302
ANSI/ASME Code 816.9, 120
ANSI/ASME Code B31.1 (Power
Piping), 3-6, 14, 257 , 260
allowable stress range (tables),

38-'72
ANSI/ASME Code 831.2 (Fuel Gas

Piping),

14

ANSI/ASME Code 831.3 (Chemical

Plant and ktroleum Refinery
Piping), 6-7, 14, 25'l -260
allowable stress range (tables),

73-111
ANSI/ASME Code 831.4 (Liquid
Petroleum Transportation Piping

, 9, 11, 14-15
ANSI/ASME Code 831.5
(Refrigeration Piping), 15
ANSI/ASME (DOT) 831.8 Code
Systems),

(Gas Transmission and

Bellville (disc) springs, 324

Bending, 123
maximum, 314
stress, 1, 260
Bends, 120, 3ll-323, 350
Boiler external piping, ,14
Bracket supports, 324
Branch connections , ll4, 253-255
Branch reinforcement, 252-256
Buckling, 356, 363

Building Services Piping Code

(ANSr/ASME 831.9), 15

Coil springs, 324

Cold springing, 2-3, 356-358
Combination ends, 364
Compliance codes, 3- l6
Components of pipe, 299-313

clearances,357
Compressors, 262-263
Connections

branch, 114, 253-254

end,364
purging, 358
vertical exhaust, 260-261
Cons^TLlt sprjng supports. 327,

load table, 338-341

Corrosion,359
Covers, of expansion joints, 364
Creep, 2, 177
Cryogenic hargers, 327 , 345, 349
Cryogenic Piping Code

(ANSr/ASME 831.10), 16
Cycle life expectancy, 2, 358-359
Cylindrical vessels, 122- 176

Deflection, 324, 329

lirnits of, 314-315
Design criteria
air-cooled heat exchansers.

263-264
compressors, 262-263

pipe suPports, 324-350

pumps,257-259
turbine drivers, 260-262

Butt-welded fittings, 303

Design factor

Caking,358
Centrifugal steel compressor, 262

Direct longitudinal sness. I

Direct shear stress, 2
Disc (Bellville) springs. 3?4

Chemical Plant and Petroleum

Refinery Piping Code (ANSI
831 .3) , 6-7 , 14 , 257 -258
allowable stress range (tables),

73-111
Circumferential bendhg, 123
Circumferential stress, 2
Coefficients of thermal expansion

(tables),2-32

373

F,

13

Discharge nozzles. 257 -259

Distortion energy (von Missl
theory, 2
DOT Code B31.8.
13. 15. 51
Double expansion joim- 15l-351
Dummy legs, 324

ll.

Elbows, 112, 118-lll

Electric generadng pla s. l-t

374

Piping Stress Handbook

End connections, 364

Ends, 121, 364

loops, 351

Erosion,359

factor (table), 120

Industrial plants, 14
Insulated anchors, 345
Insulated pipe supports, 348-350
Insulation of pipe, 299-300
Intermediate pipe anchor, 362-363

spans,314-320
rypes of, 325-329

Expansion devices, 351

Expansion forces, (tables), 278-290
Expansion joints, 351-367

anchors,356
application, 360-363
cold springing, 356
corrosion, 359

Internal sleeve, 358

k factor (table), 120, 327

erosion,359

Load adjustment, 327

265-291

't2

specified rninimum yield strength,

forces and moments, 356

guides, 356, 363-364
precompression, 360
thermal expansion calculations,

Loading, sustained external,

Loads,257-2&, 326,357
Leaf springs, 324

359-360
types,351-355

Piping Systems Code

(ANSUASME 831.4), 7-1r
Longitudinal joint factor t, 13
Longitudinal stress, 1-3, 5,7,9,

Factors, k, h, i (table), 120

Flanged elbows, 118
Flanged valves, weight of (tables)

angle,302
check (swing), 301
gate,300

globe,30l
Flanges

fixed, 364
forged steel, 303-305
weight (tabl), 302

Flexibility, 122
Flexibility factors,

12

flanged elbows, 118- 119

miter elbows, 120-121

Flexible piping, 351

Flexible support, 324
Force reduction, 356
Forces and moments,3, 122,

257,26/.,356,358
Fuel Gas Piping Code (ANSI/ASME

83r.2),

14

Gas Transmission and Distribution

Piping Code (ANSI/ASME

(DOT) 831.8), 11- 15, 2s1
Gimbals, 355, 358
Globe valves, 307
Guides, 356, 363

stress, l-2, 5-7

compliance codes, 3-16
simplified solutions (tables),

Joint movements, 351

cycle life expectancy, 358-359

end connections, 364-367

Expansions,
offset lensths reouired
(tables), 266-267'
Expansion stresses, 2-3, 6, 13
range, 8-9, 11
External mechanical forces, 258
External pressure, 5

materials, properties (tables), 33

properties (table), 292 -298

Liquid ktroleum Transportation

tl,

13

Machining, 112
Main pipe anchors, 360-362
Maximum allowed wall thickness, 6
Maximum allowable resultant forces

supports. See a/so Supports.

tor cryogenic service, 329, 345
design and selection, 324-350
flexible, 324, 356
insulated, 348-350
nsid, 324
Piping
restrained, 11
three-dimension, 2
two-anchor, 3

unrestrained,9
Piping codes, 3-16
Piping wind loads, 320-323

(tzble),324-325

Planar piDe euide. 356. 363

POWER,FOAMTM, 345-347

and moments, 258

Maximum bending, 314
Maximum def lection, 324

Fower Piping Code (ANSI/ASME

831.1), 3-6, 14, 257 , 260
Precompression, 356, 360

Maximum radius, 112

Maximum shear (Tresca) theory, 2
Mechanical forces, 258-259
Minimum radius, 112
Minimum thickness, 177
Miter(s)

Pressure

bends, 120
elbows, 120-121
spactng, 112, 120-121

welding,308-309
"Modified lame" formula, 177
Modulus of elasticity (table), 33,257

external, 5

working, 176, 250-251

Pressure-balance expansion, 354
Pressure design, 5
Pressure stress, 6-7, 11

rutios,

177

, 250-256

(tables), 178-249
Prestressing,3
Pumps, 256-258
Purging connections, 358

Moments. See Forces and moments

Nominal wall thickness, 11, 111,

177

Nozzles, 122-123

flexibilities, 122-

176

loadings (table), 257

snction, 257 -259
Occasional longitudinal stress, 6
Offset lengths required (tables),

266-267

Oil piping,

14

Radial flexibility, 122

Radial stress, 2
Refrigeration Piping Code

(ANSr/ASME 831.5),

15

Reinforcement area, 253, 255

Reinforcement zone, 255
Required area for branch
connections,253
Required yield strength, 350-351
Restrained piping, 1l
Resultant applied forces and

moments, 258
Pedestal support, 258-259
Pipe(s)

Hangers, 324, 327, 345, 349

Heat exchangers, 263-264
Heating plants, 14
h factor (table), 120
Hinged expansion joint, 355, 358

anchors, 356, 360-363

Hot \pater piping, 14

insulation, 299-300

Resultant bending stress, 6-7

Resultant shear force, 259

deflection, 314

Right
Rigid
Rigid
Rigid

guides,356,363

Rotational nozzle flexibilities

bends,311-323,351
components, 299 -313, 357

angle nozzles, 253

ends, 122
hanger, 324
support, 324

(tzbles), 122-176

{d
---r

Index {Is
Saturated sream. properties

(tables). 3-l-36 -

Self sprineins.

Shaft displaciment

of

. 258-259

Shape factors. 321

Shoe suppon. 3!-1
Shear strissSingle expansion ioint, 351

Sleeve.356.358,364

Slurry Piping Code (ANSt/ASME

831.11). t6
Spans, allouable, 313. See also ptpe
sPans.

Specified rninimum yield stren eth

(SMYS.,, 9,
Spring rate of nozzles, 122
spnng suppons, 324_341

ll

Stabiliry,356

Standard hangers, 327

standard terms, 3_4

Stress(es). .te aho piDe stress.

allowable. 8-l l. 38--l I t, 257_264

deadload, 314
intensificarion factors, l. I12.
I L4-121

limits,314-315
pressure/stress r atios,

prtmary, 2

lj 7 _256

range, 2
shear,

ll

Structuraj supports, 325

suctron nozzles, 257_259

Supports. 324-325, 327, 342. 356.
Slee a/so Pip(s) supports.
baseplare. 258-259
pedasral, 258-259

-'

Support load, 345

Sustained longitudinal stress. 5
)usralned-pIus_thermal expansion
stress, 6
Sway brace support, 327. 342
Swing check v-aives, 30gTemperature derating factor
terms, standard. 3_4

Thermaf expansion, 2-3,

359-360

f,

l.]

5-6. 324,

_.coefficienrs of (tabtes), 2_32

r nerma movements, 351
Three-dimension pipine. 2
Three-weld-miter elbo;s. 12 I
tte roos, JJ6
Torsional stress, 2
Travel stops, 327
Tresca (miximum shear) theory, 2
rwo-anchor Ptplng systems, 3

turbines,260-267

Thrbulence-producing device, 364

Uni{orm Building Code, J2l

unrtorm wind loads, 323

U.S.A. Standard Buildins Code

R^equirements for Deiign Loads.
Universal expansion joint, 352_J54
unrestratned ptplng, g

rtical exhaust connecrion. 160_16 l

vrbratron control, 342_ J4.t
Von Mises (distortion energr r l.betrrVe.

2-'

Wall thickness pressure stress, 7. 251

wall thlckness

maxrmum allowable. 6

nominal, l l, l12,
required, 177
Weather,35l

177

Wedge gate valves. 306

Weld elbows, l12
Weld-end valves (tables)

angle,302
check (swing),
gate,300
globe,301

301

Welding ends, 363

Weld joint factor E,

l0

Wind loads, 320-321

(table),322-323
Wind pressure, 320

Working stress, 172

y values (tables), 177_250

y : Q Garlowy, 178-195, 250

y=

Van Stoned flanges. 3&

Variable spring iupports, 324_327
load tabte, 328

U.4 (modified lame).

196_214,250
= 0.5 (average diameter).

2t4_231, t50

0.7 (creep), 232_250