Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Heimsheim 2014
Content
1. Principle of Electromagnetic Acoustic Transformation ................................................................. 3
1.1 Principle of wall thickness measurement ................................................................................ 4
2. Detecting of Defects by means of SV-share Waves ................................................................... 6
3. Detecting of surface defect by means of EMAT ........................................................................... 9
Width of the
active zone
Pic. 4. A Butterfly coil: a perfect device for transmitting and receiving ultrasonic waves normal to
the plate or pipe surface direction (patented).
Pic. 5. Principle of ultrasonic shear waves generation with EMAT. Waves are generated exactly
normal to the surface.
Alternate current feeds the induction coil, causing, causing electromagnetic oscillations, which, in
turns, induce eddy current on the surface of the test object. Eddy current interfaces with the
3
permanent magnetic field, creating ultrasonic waves directly on the surface of the test object. These
waves propagate in the test object, reflecting and deflecting from the walls or defect back to EMAT
coil.
1.1 Principle of wall thickness measurement
The physical principle of wall thickness measurement is based on measuring the time interval
between two consecutive reflections of ultrasonic wave from the bottom surface (see picture below).
These reflections, received by EMAT, are also called as Bottom echo pulses.
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The 1-st bottom pulse is the first visible in the A-scan reflection from the bottom surface.
Wave propagates from point A, reflects at point B and being received at point C=A (see
Pic.11 below).
The 2-nd bottom pulse is the same signal but after three logical the reflections according to
the following program: transmitting - bottom surface top surface bottom surface receiving. Wave propagates as A B C D and then being received at point E = C =
A (see Pic.11 below).
Pic 6. A-scan with received 1-st and 2-nd bottom echo pulses
Therefore, having an information on time T and ultrasound velocity C the system can easily calculate
the actual thickness of the material according to the formula above.
Pic 7. Wall thickness measurement of tubes with ultrasonic waves generated and received by
EMAT
A-scan with reflection from crack, located on a bottom surface of the sample
For cracks on the top surface, signal in the A-scan is correspond with the wave witch propagates
from point A, reflects by surface at point B, reflects by defect at point C, and that after second
reflection at point B is being received at point A (see Pic. below):
A-scan with reflection from crack, located on a top surface of the sample
Changing of the initial pulse the working frequency allowing transmitting and receiving of the angle
range of about 30 to 45 by (for angle 32 the working frequency is about 1.5 MHz).
There is one more useful physical factor facilitating high and stable sensitivity of SV-waves
transmitted and received by the EMAT. The principle is explained in the diagram below:
in our case: even a little ultrasonic beam inclination or change of the tube shape (that is practically
inevitable with piezo probes) will immediately influence the beam angle.