Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
31 DE LA UNIDAD
Pág. 1
Página 75
PRACTICA
b) 2 (x 2 + 3) – 2x(x – 3) + 6(x 2 – x – 1) =
= 2x 2 + 6 – 2x 2 + 6x + 6x 2 – 6x – 6 = 6x 2
Pág. 2
a) x 4 + 4x 2 + 4 = (x 2 + 2) 2 b) x 4 – 16 = (x 2 – 4)(x 2 + 4)
c) 9x 2 – 6x 3 + x 4 = x 2 (x – 3) 2 d) 2x 2 + 4x + 2 = 2(x + 1) 2
a) 3x 2 – 7x + 5 | x2 – x + 1
–3x 2 + 3x – 3 3 Cociente: 3
–4x + 2 Resto: –4x + 2
b) (x 3 – x) : (x 2 – 1)
Observamos que x 3 – x = x(x 2 – 1), luego (x 3 – x) : (x 2 – 1) = x
Cociente: x
Resto: 0
c) x 3 – 3x 2 – 2 | x2 + 1
–x 3 –x x–3
– 3x 2 – x Cociente: x – 3
3x 2 +3 Resto: –x + 3
–x+3
Pág. 3
a) (x 5 + 7x 3 – 5x + 1) : (x 3 + 2x)
x 5 + 7x 3 – 5x + 1 | x 3 + 2x
–x 5 – 2x 3 x2 + 5
5x 3 Cociente: x 2 + 5
– 5x 3 – 10x Resto: –15x + 1
– 15x + 1
b) (x 3 – 5x 2 + x) : (x 2 – 1)
x 3 – 5x 2 + x | x2 – 1
–x 3 + x x–5
– 5x 2 + 2x Cociente: x – 5
5x 2 –5 Resto: 2x – 5
2x – 5
c) (x 3 – 5x 2 + x) : (2x 2 – 1)
x 3 – 5x 2 + x | 2x 2 – 1
–x 3 + (1/2)x (1/2)x – 5/2
– 5x 2 + (3/2)x Cociente: (1/2)x – 5/2
5x 2 – 5/2 Resto: (3/2)x – 5/2
(3/2)x – 5/2
a) 6a 3 + 5a 2 – 9a | 3a – 2
–6a 3 + 4a 2 2a 2 + 3a – 1
9a 2 Cociente: 2a 2 + 3a – 1
– 9a 2 + 6a Resto: –2
– 3a
3a – 2
–2
Pág. 4
b) 3b 4 – 8b 3 + 9b 2 – 2b – 7 | b2 – b – 1
–3b 4 + 3b 3 + 3b 2 3b 2 – 5b + 7
– 5b 3 + 12b 2 Cociente: 3b 2 – 5b + 7
5b 3 – 5b 2 – 5b Resto: 0
7b 2 – 7b
– 7b 2 + 7b + 7
0
c) 4c 5 – 2c 3 + 3c | c2 – c + 2
–4c 5 + 4c 4 – 8c 3 4c 3 + 4c 2 – 6c – 7
4c 4 – 10c 3
– 4c 4 + 4c 3 – 8c 2 Cociente: 4c 3 + 4c 2 – 6c – 7
– 6c 3 – 8c 2 Resto: 8c + 14
6c 3 – 6c 2 + 12c
– 14c 2 + 15c
14c 2 – 7c + 14
8c + 14
R e g l a d e R u f f i n i . Te o r e m a d e l r e s t o
a) (2x 3 – x 2 + 5x – 3) : (x – 2)
2 –1 5 –3
Cociente: 2x 2 + 3x + 11
2 4 6 22
Resto: 19
2 3 11 19
b) (–x 4 + 3x 2 – 2x + 1) : (x + 1)
–1 0 3 –2 1
Cociente: –x 3 + x 2 + 2x – 4
–1 1 –1 –2 4
Resto: 5
–1 1 2 –4 5
Pág. 5
c) (3x 3 + 5x 2 – x) : (x + 2)
3 5 –1 0
Cociente: 3x 2 – x + 1
–2 –6 2 –2
Resto: –2
3 –1 1 –2
d) (x 3 – 27) : (x – 3)
1 0 0 –27
Cociente: x 2 + 3x + 9
3 3 9 27
Resto: 0
1 3 9 0
e) (x 4 – x 2) : (x + 1)
1 0 –1 0 0
Cociente: x 3 – x 2
–1 –1 1 0 0
Resto: 0
1 –1 0 0 0
f ) (x 5 – 2x 4 + x – 2) : (x – 1)
1 –2 0 0 1 –2
Cociente: x 4 – x 3 – x 2 – x
1 1 –1 –1 –1 0
Resto: –2
1 –1 –1 –1 0 –2
1 0 –7 –6 1 –6 –4 24
–2 –2 4 6 2 2 –8 –24
1 –2 –3 0 1 –4 –12 0
3 3 3 –2 –2 12
1 1 0 1 –6 0
P(x) = (x + 2)(x – 3)(x + 1) Q(x) = (x – 2)(x + 2)(x – 6)
Pág. 6
1 –2 –11 12
1 1 –1 –12
1 –1 –12 0
–3 –3 12
1 –4 0
R(x) = x(x – 1)(x + 3)(x – 4)
1 –1 –5 –3
–1 –1 2 3
1 –2 –3 0
–1 –1 3
1 –3 0
S(x) = 2(x + 1) 2 (x – 3)
2 –7 5 –8
2 4 –6 –2
2 –3 –1 –10 → P(2) = –10
2 –7 5 –8
–1 –2 9 –14
2 –9 14 –22 → P(–1) = –22
2 –7 5 –8
–2 –4 22 –54
2 –11 27 –62 → P(–2) = –62
Pág. 7
a) x 3 + 3x 2 – 10x
1 3 –10 0 1 3 –10 0
2 2 10 0 –1 –1 –2 12
1 5 0 0 1 2 –12 12
b) x 3 + 2x 2 – x – 2
1 2 –1 –2 1 2 –1 –2
2 2 8 14 –1 –1 –1 2
1 4 7 12 1 1 –2 0
c) 2x 3 – 5x 2 – x + 6
2 –5 –1 6
2 4 –2 –6
2 –1 –3 0
–1 –2 3
2 –3 0
2x 3 – 5x 2 – x + 6 es divisible por x + 1 y por x – 2.
d) –x 4 + 3x 3 – 2x 2 = x 2 (–x 2 + 3x – 2)
1 3 –2
2 –2 2
–1 1 0
Pág. 8
e) x 3 + 5x 2 + 8x + 4
1 5 8 4
–1 –1 –4 –4
1 4 4 0
2 2 12
1 6 16
x 3 + 5x 2 + 8x + 4 es divisible por x + 1, pero no por x – 2.
Página 76
Factorización de polinomios
13 ( E S T Á R E S U E LTO E N E L L I B RO ) .
6 ± √ 36 + 28 6 ± √ 64 6 ± 8 7
x 2 – 6x – 7 = 0 → x = = = =
2 2 2 –1
Por tanto, x 2 – 6x – 7 = (x – 7)(x + 1).
b) x 2 + 12x + 35
c) 4x 2 + 8x – 12 = 4(x 2 + 2x – 3)
Buscamos las raíces de x 2 + 2x – 3:
–2 ± √ 4 + 12 –2 ± 4 –3
x 2 + 2x – 3 = 0 → x = = =
2 2 1
Por tanto, 4x 2 + 8x – 12 = 4(x + 3)(x – 1).
Pág. 9
e) x 4 + 9x 3 – 10x 2 = x 2 (x 2 + 9x – 10)
–9 ± √ 81 + 40 –9 ± √ 121 –9 ± 11 1
x 2 + 9x – 10 = 0 → x = = = =
2 2 2 –10
Así, x 4 + 9x 3 – 10x 2 = x 2 (x – 1)(x + 10).
a) x 3 – 6x 2 + 9x = x(x 2 – 6x + 9) = x(x – 3) 2
Las raíces son: x = 0, x = 3 (raíz doble)
Pág. 10
a) x 4 – x 2 = 0
x = 0 (raíz doble)
x4 – x2 = x 2 (x 2 – 1) = x 2 (x + 1)(x – 1) = 0 → x = 1
x = –1
b) x 3 + 3x 2 + 4x + 12 = 0
1 3 4 12
–3 –3 0 –12
1 0 4 0
x 3 + 3x 2 + 4x + 12 = (x + 3)(x 2 + 4) = 0 → x = –3 es su raíz
c) 2x 3 – 3x 2 = 0
x = 0 (raíz doble)
x 2 (2x – 3) = 0 →
x = 3/2
d) x 3 – x 2 – 12x = 0
x = 0
x3 – x2 – 12x = x(x 2 – x – 12) = x(x – 4)(x + 3) = 0 → x = 4
x = –3
e) x 3 – 7x 2 + 14x – 8 = 0
1 –7 14 –8
2 2 –10 8
1 –5 4 0
1 1 –4
1 –4 0
x = 2
x3 – 7x 2 + 14x – 8 = (x – 2)(x – 1)(x – 4) = 0 → x = 1
x = 4
f ) x 4 – 4x 3 + 4x 2 – 4x + 3 = 0
1 –4 4 –4 3
1 1 –3 1 –3
1 –3 1 –3 0
3 3 0 3
1 0 1 0
x = 1
x 4 – 4x 3 + 4x 2 – 4x + 3 = (x – 1)(x – 3)(x 2 + 1) = 0 →
x = 3
Pág. 11
a) 3x 2 + 2x – 8
–2 ± √ 4 + 96 –2 ± √ 100
3x 2 + 2x – 8 = 0 → x = = =
6 6
–2
= –2 ± 10 = 8 =—
4
2 —
6 3
( )
Luego, 3x 2 + 2x – 8 = 3 x – 4 · (x + 2) = (3x – 4)(x + 2).
3
b) 4x 2 + 17x + 15
–17 ± √ 289 – 240 –17 ± √ 49
4x 2 + 17x + 15 = 0 → x = = =
8 8
–3
= –17 ± 7 = –10 –5
8 —=—
8 4
( )
Luego, 4x 2 + 17x + 15 = 4(x + 3) x + 5 = (x + 3)(4x + 5).
4
c) 2x 2 – 9x – 5
9 ± √ 81 + 40 9 ± √ 121
2x 2 – 9x – 5 = 0 → x = = =
4 4
5
= 9 ± 11 = –1
4 —
2
( )
Por tanto, 2x 2 – 9x – 5 = 2 x + 1 (x – 5) = (2x + 1)(x – 5).
2
d) –x 2 + 17x – 72
–17 ± √ 289 – 288 –17 ± 1 9
–x 2 + 17x – 72 = 0 → x = = =
–2 –2 8
Así, –x 2 + 17x – 72 = –(x – 9)(x – 8) = (9 – x)(x – 8)
Pág. 12
18 Descompón en factores:
a) x 3 – x 2 + 4x – 4 b) x 3 – x – 6 c) 3x 4 + 15x 2 d) x 4 – 1
a) x 3 – x 2 + 4x – 4 x–1
x2 + 4 x2 + 4 x 3 – x 2 + 4x – 4 = (x – 1)(x 2 + 4)
1
b) x 3 – x – 6 x–2
x 2 + 2x + 3 x 2 + 2x + 3 x 3 – x – 6 = (x – 2)(x 2 + 2x + 3)
1
c) 3x 4 + 15x 2 3x 2
x2 + 5 x2 + 5 3x 4 + 15x 2 = 3x 2 (x 2 + 5)
1
d) x 4 – 1 = (x 2 – 1)(x 2 + 1) = (x – 1)(x + 1)(x 2 + 1)
Fracciones algebraicas
c) x y 2 d) 3x2– 2 y 1
x2 – x 2x – 2 9x – 4 3x + 2
a) x – 3 y 1
2x – 6 2
x – 3 = x – 3 = 1 → Las fracciones son equivalentes.
2x – 6 2(x – 3) 2
b) x2 y 1
x2 + x x
x2 = x2 = x → No son equivalentes.
x2 + x x(x + 1) x + 1
c) x y 2
x2 –x 2x – 2
x = x = 1
x2 –x x(x – 1) x–1
2 = 2 = 1
2x – 2 2(x – 1) x – 1
Ambas fracciones son equivalentes.
Pág. 13
d) 3x2– 2 y 1
9x – 4 3x +2
3x – 2 = 3x – 2 = 1 → Ambas fracciones son equivalentes.
2
9x – 4 (3x + 2)(3x – 2) 3x + 2
20 Calcula:
a) 1 – 1 – 1 b) 12 – 1 + 1
x 2x 3x x x 2x
c) 1 – 1 d) 1 – 1
x x–1 x–2 x+2
a) 1 – 1 – 1 = 6 – 3 – 2 = 1
x 2x 3x 6x 6x 6x 6x
b) 12 – 1 + 1 = 2 2 – 2x2 + x 2 = 2 – 2x
x x 2x 2x 2x 2x 2x
c) 1 – 1 = x – 1 – x = –1
x x – 1 x(x – 1) x(x – 1) x(x – 1)
d) 1 – 1 = x+2 – x–2 = 4
x – 2 x + 2 (x – 2)(x + 2) (x – 2)(x + 2) (x – 2)(x + 2)
a) 15x + 15 = 15(x + 1) = 15 = 3
10x + 10 10(x + 1) 10 2
b) x + 3 = x + 3 = 1
2x + 6 2(x + 3) 2
2
c) x –2 x = x(x –2 1) = x – 1
x x x
e) x 2 – 25 f) x (x + 1)
x2 + 25 – 10x x 2 + 2x + 1
2 2
g) x –25x + 6 h) x 4 – 1
x –4 x –1
Pág. 14
2
a) x – 1 = (x + 1)(x – 1) = x – 1
x+1 x+1
2
b) x – 42 = (x + 2)(x –2 2) = x – 2
(x + 2) (x + 2) x+2
2
c) 9x – 4 = (3x + 2)(3x – 2) = 3x + 2
3x – 2 3x – 2
2 (x + 3) 2
d) x +2 6x + 9 = = x+3
x –9 (x + 3)(x – 3) x–3
e) x 2 – 25 = (x + 5)(x –2 5) = x + 5
2
x + 25 – 10x (x – 5) x–5
f) x(x + 1) = x(x + 1) = x
x2+ 2x + 1 (x + 1) 2 x+1
2
g) x –2 5x + 6 = (x – 2)(x – 3) = x – 3
x –4 (x + 2)(x – 2) x + 2
2
h) x 4 – 1 = (x + 1)(x – 1)
2
= 21
x – 1 (x + 1)(x – 1)(x + 1) x + 1
2
23 a) Simplifica las fracciones: A = 2
x–2 B = x – 3x
x +x–6 2x
b) Calcula A – B después de simplificar.
a) x–2 = x–2 = 1
x2 + x – 6 (x – 2)(x + 3) x + 3
x 2 – 3x = x(x – 3) = x – 3
2x 2x 2
b) A – B = 1 – x–3 = 2 – (x – 3)(x + 3) =
x+3 2 2(x + 3) 2(x + 3)
2 2
= 2 – x + 9 = 11 – x
2(x + 3) 2(x + 3)
24 Efectúa:
a) x – 2 + 1 b) x – 2 · x + 2
3 x 3 3
c) 1 : x+1 d) x + 22 – 1
x–1 x 3x 6x
2 2
a) x – 2 + 1 = x – 6 + 3x = x + 3x – 6
3 x 3x 3x 3x 3x
Pág. 15
2
b) x – 2 · x + 2 = (x – 2) · (x + 2) = x – 4
3 3 9 9
c) 1 : x+1 = x = 2x
x–1 x (x – 1)(x + 1) x – 1
d) x + 22 – 1 = 2(x +2 2) – x 2 = 2x + 42– x = x + 24
3x 6x 6x 6x 6x 6x
25 Efectúa:
a) x + 3 b) 32 – x + 2 c) x – 2 – 2 d) 52 – 3x – 1
x–1 x x 5x x + 3 3x x x+1
x + 3 = x2 2
a) + 3(x – 1) = x +2 3x – 3
x – 1 x x(x – 1) x(x – 1) x –x
2
b) 32 – x + 2 = 152 – x(x +22) = 15 – x 2– 2x
x 5x 5x 5x 5x
2 2
c) x – 2 – 2 = 3x(x – 2) – 2(x + 3) = 3x – 6x – 2x – 6 = 3x –2 8x – 6
x + 3 3x 3x(x + 3) 3x(x + 3) 3x(x + 3) 3x + 9x
Página 77
P I E N S A Y R E S U E LV E
26 Di cuáles son las raíces de los polinomios siguientes:
a) P(x) = (x + 5)2 (2x – 3) x b) R(x) = 3x(x 2 + 5)
c) Q(x) = (x – 2)(x 2 + 1) d) S(x) = 2x 2(x – 7)
x = –5 (raíz doble), x = 3 , x = 0
2
2
b) R(x) = 3x(x + 5)
x=0
c) Q(x) = (x – 2)(x 2 + 1)
x=2
d) S (x) = 2x 2 (x – 7)
x = 0 (raíz doble), x = 7
Pág. 16
a) x 2 – 2x = x(x – 2) = x
2
x – 5x + 6 (x – 2)(x – 3) x–3
2
b) x –3 3x +2 4 → No se puede simplificar, ya que el numerador no se puede
x +x descomponer en factores de menor grado.
3 2
c) x –2 3x + 2x = x(x – 2)(x – 1) = x
3x – 9x + 6 3(x – 2)(x – 1) 3
2
d) x 2 – x + 48 → No se puede simplificar, ya que el numerador no se pue-
x – 8x + 7 de descomponer en factores de menor grado.
28 ( E S T Á R E S U E LTO E N E L L I B RO ) .
29 Opera y simplifica:
( )(
a) 3 – x : 1 + 1
x 3 x 3 ) (x – 1)
2
b) x + 1 2 · x – 1
x [( ) ( )]
c) x + 1 : x – 1
x x
· (x – 1)
(
d) 2 · 1 : 1
x x x–1 ) (
e) x –21 + 3 – 5 · 2x 2
x x x–4 )
(
x 3 x 3)( 3x
2
)
3x 3+x
2
a) 3 – x : 1 + 1 = 9 – x : 3 + x = 9 – x = (3 – x)(3 + x) = 3 – x
3+x
2 – 1) = (x + 1) 2
b) x + 1 2 · x – 1 = (x + 1)(x + 1)(x
(x – 1) x (x – 1) 2 · x x(x – 1)
[( ) ( )]
c) x + 1 : x – 1
x x (2 2
)
· (x – 1) = x + 1 : x – 1 · (x – 1) =
x x
2 2
= x 2 + 1 · (x – 1) = x + 1
x –1 x+1
(
x x–1 x x )
d) 2 · 1 : 1 = 2 · x – 1 = 2(x –2 1)
x x
( ) 2
e) x –21 + 3 + 5 · 2x 2 = (x – 1)(x – 4)2 + 3(x – 4)x – 5x · 2x 2 =
x x x–4 x (x – 4)
2 2 2
= x – 5x + 4 + 3x – 12x – 5x · 2 =
(x – 4)
2
= 2(–x – 17x + 4)
(x – 4)
Unidad 3. Polinomios y fracciones algebraicas
SOLUCIONES A LOS EJERCICIOS
31 DE LA UNIDAD
Pág. 17
b) x = x2
2x + 1 2x 2 + x
c) x = x(x + 3) = x 2 + 3x
x–3 x2 – 9 x2 – 9
d) 2 = 2(x + 2) = 2x + 4
x + 2 x 2 + 4x + 4 x 2 + 4x + 4
a) Ap = 4 · x · x = x 2
4 x
x
3
b) Vp = x · x · x = x x x
4 4 16 —
4
Pág. 18
a) x b) 2x c) x – 1 d) 1 + 1 e) 1 + 1
x+1 2x + 2 x x 2x x x+1
34 En el rectángulo ABCD hemos señalado los puntos A', B', C', D' , de modo
que: AA' = BB' = CC' = DD' = x B B' C
x x
Expresa el área del cuadrilátero C'
A'B'C'D' mediante un polinomio A'
en x, sabiendo que AB = 3 cm y x x
BC = 5 cm. A D' D
— — — —
Sabiendo que AD' = B'C = 5 – x y A'B = C'D = 3 – x, se tendrá:
[
Aparalelogramo = 15 – 2 · x(5 – x) + 2 · x(3 – x) =
2 2 ]
= 15 – [x(5 – x) + x(3 – x)] = 15 – (–2x 2 + 8x) = 2x 2 – 8x + 15
= 6m + 6 + 3m + 12 – 4m – 18 = 5m = 5
12m 12m 12
Pág. 19
Página 78
a) x 2
2
x – x = x(x – 1)
2
x – 1 = (x – 1)(x + 1)
M.C.D. [x 2, x 2 – x, x 2 – 1] = 1
m.c.m. [x 2, x 2 – x, x 2 – 1] = x 2 (x – 1)(x + 1)
b) x – 3
x 2 – 9 = (x – 3)(x + 3)
x 2 – 6x + 9 = (x – 3) 2
M.C.D. [x – 3, x 2 – 9, x 2 – 6x + 9] = x – 3
m.c.m. [x – 3, x 2 – 9, x 2 – 6x + 9] = (x – 3) 2 (x + 3)
c) x + 2
3x + 6 = 3(x + 2)
x 2 + x – 2 = (x + 2)(x – 1)
M.C.D. [x + 2, 3x + 6, x 2 + x – 2] = x + 2
m.c.m. [x + 2, 3x + 6, x 2 + x – 2] = 3(x + 2)(x – 1)
d) 2x
2x + 1
4x 2 – 1 = (2x – 1)(2x + 1)
M.C.D. [2x, 2x + 1, 4x 2 – 1] = 1
m.c.m. [2x, 2x + 1, 4x 2 – 1] = 2x(4x 2 – 1)
37 Efectúa:
a) x –2 2 + x2 + 2 – 2 1 b) x – x +1 + 2
x x –x x –1 x – 3 x 2 – 9 x 2 – 6x + 9
c) 2x – 5 – x –4 d) x + 2 – 2
2
+ x +1
x2 + x – 2 x + 2 3x + 6 2x + 1 4x – 1 2x
En todos los apartados, el mínimo común múltiplo de los denominadores ha
sido calculado en el ejercicio anterior.
Pág. 20
a) x –22 + x2+ 2 – 2 1 =
x x –x x –1
b) x – x+1 + 2 =
2 2
x – 3 x – 9 x – 6x + 9
2 – 3) – 2(x + 3) = x 3 – 9x – x 2 + 2x + 3 – 2x – 6 =
= x(x – 9) – (x + 1)(x
2
(x – 3) (x + 3) (x – 3) 2 (x + 3)
3 2
= x – x 2– 9x – 3
(x – 3) (x + 3)
c) 2x – 5 – x–4 =
x2 + x – 2 x + 2 3x + 6
= 6x – 15(x – 1) – (x – 4)(x – 1) =
3(x + 2)(x – 1) 3(x + 2)(x – 1) 3(x + 2)(x – 1)
2 2
= 6x – 15x + 15 – x + 5x – 4 = –x – 4x + 11
3(x + 2)(x – 1) 3(x + 2)(x – 1)
d) x + 2 – 22 + x+1 =
2x + 1 4x – 1 2x
38 Opera y simplifica:
( x
2
x+3 )
a) 1 – x – 1 x – 1 ( )
b) 1 – 1 : 32
x x+3 x
c) 4 – 1
( 2– 1
2x – 1 x x 2 )
Unidad 3. Polinomios y fracciones algebraicas
SOLUCIONES A LOS EJERCICIOS
31 DE LA UNIDAD
Pág. 21
( 2
) 2
(
a) 1 – x – 1 · x – 1 = x – x + 1 · x – 1 =
x x+3 x x+3 )
x2
x(x + 3)
–1=
2 2 2
= x – x(x + 3) = x – x – 3x = –3x = –3x
x(x + 3) x(x + 3) x(x + 3) x + 3
(
x x+3 x )
b) 1 – 1 : 32 = x + 3 – x : 32 =
x(x + 3) x
3 : 32 =
x(x + 3) x
x2 = x
x(x + 3) x + 3
c) 4 –
2x – 1 x ( )
1 · 2 – 1 = 4 – 1 · 2x – 1 = 4 – 1 = 4x 2 – 1
x2 2x – 1 x2 x2 x2
39 Efectúa:
a) x + 1 + 3 – x2– 2
x –1 x +1 x –1
b) x2 + 2x + 3 – 3
x2 – 2x + 1 x – 1
c) 2x2 – 3 – x + 1 – x + 2
x –9 x –3 x +3
2
a) x + 1 + 3 – x2– 2 = (x 2+ 1) + 3(x2 – 1) – x2– 2 =
x–1 x+1 x –1 x –1 x –1 x –1
2 2
= x + 2x + 1 +2 3x – 3 – x + 2 = x 2+ 4x
x –1 x –1
= 7x – 62
(x – 1)
Pág. 22
a) 2x 2 – 5x + 2
5 ± √ 25 – 16 5 ± 3 2
2x 2 – 5x + 2 = 0 → x = = = 1
4 4 —
2
( )
Así, 2x 2 – 5x + 2 = 2(x – 2) x – 1 = (x – 2)(2x – 1).
2
b) 3x 2 + x – 2
–1 ± √ 1 + 24 –1 ± 5 –1
3x 2 + x – 2 = 0 → x = = = 4 2
6 6 —=—
6 3
( )
Por tanto, 3x 2 + x – 2 = 3(x + 1) x – 2 = (x + 1)(3x – 2).
3
c) 4x 2 + 11x – 3
–11 ± √ 121 + 48 –11 ± √ 169
4x 2 + 11x – 3 = 0 → x = = =
8 8
–3
= –11 ± 13 = 1
8 —
4
( )
Luego, 4x 2 + 11x – 3 = 4(x + 3) x – 1 = (x + 3)(4x – 1).
4
42 ( E S T Á R E S U E LTO E N E L L I B RO ) .
Pág. 23
1 –1 k –1
1 1 0 k
1 0 k k–1
El cociente de la división es x 2 + k, que ha de ser igual a x 2 + 1 → k = 1
El resto será k – 1 = 0.
A
x
M D N
B P H Q C
Pág. 24
A
x
M D N
4 cm
B P H Q C
8 cm
( 1– a
a–b )
· a –2b = a – b – a · a –2b = –b(a – b)2 = –1
b a–b b (a – b)b b
Página 79
49 Escribe, en cada caso, un polinomio de segundo grado que tenga por raíces
los números dados:
a) 5 y –5 b) 0 y 4 c) 2 y 3 d) – 6 y 1
a) P(x) = (x – 5)(x + 5) → P(x) = x 2 – 25
b) Q (x) = x(x – 4) → Q (x) = x 2 – 4x
c) R(x) = (x – 2)(x – 3) → R (x) = x 2 – 5x + 6
d) S(x) = (x + 6)(x – 1) → S(x) = x 2 + 5x – 6
Pág. 25
56 Escribe tres polinomios de segundo grado que verifiquen, en cada caso, las
condiciones que aparecen:
P (3) = 0 [3 es raíz de P (x)]; P (5) = 6
Q (– 4) = 0 [– 4 es raíz de Q (x)]; Q (–2) = – 8
S(– 2) = 0 [– 2 es raíz de S(x)]; S(0) = – 2
P(x) = (x – 3)(x + a) por ser 3 raíz de P(x)
P(5) = (5 – 3)(5 + a) = 6 → 2(5 + a) = 6 → 5 + a = 3 → a = –2
P(x) = (x – 3)(x – 2) = x 2 – 5x + 6
Q(x) = (x + 4)(x + b) por ser –4 raíz de Q (x)
Q(–2) = (–2 + 4)(–2 + b) = –8 → 2(b – 2) = –8 → b – 2 = –4 → b = –2
Q (x) = (x + 4)(x – 2) = x 2 + 2x – 8
De la misma manera, por ser –2 raíz de S(x), este polinomio ha de ser de la
forma S(x) = (x + 2)(x + c):
S(0) = –2 → 2c = –2 → c = –1 → S(x) = (x + 2)(x – 1) →
→ S(x) = x 2 + x – 2
Pág. 26
PROFUNDIZA
1 + a – 1 + (a + b) 2 + b = 1 + a 2 – 1 – (a + b) 2 + b 2 =
ab b ab a ab
2 2 2 2
= a + b – a – b – 2ab = –2ab = –2
ab ab
60 Efectúa y simplifica:
x – 2y y + 3x x2 + y2 x + y x – y
a) + –3 b) – x – y + x
y x 2xy 2y
x – 2y y + 3x x(x – 2y) + y (y + 3x) – 3xy
a) + –3= =
y x xy
2 2
= x – 2xy + y + 3xy – 3xy =
xy
2 2 2
= x – 2xy + y = (x – y)
xy xy
2 2 x+y x–y 2 2 2
b) x + y – – + x = x + y – 2y(x + y) – 2x(x – y) + x =
2xy x y 2y 2xy
2 2 2 2 2
= x + y – 2yx – 2y – 2x + 2xy + x =
2xy
2 –y
= –y =
2xy 2x
Pág. 27
b) 2x 2y + y + 2x 2 + 1 = 2x 2 (y + 1) + (y + 1) = (2x 2 + 1)(y + 1)
4a 2b 2 – 2a 2bx x 3 + 2x 2y – 2x 2 – 4xy + y 2x – 2y 2
c) d)
2abx + 2a 2b + 4b 2 y 3 + 2xy 2 + 3y 2 + 6xy + x 2y + 3x 2
2 2 xy (2x – y) xy
a) 2x y – xy = =
10x – 5y 5(2x – y) 5
2 2 3 3ab 2(a – 2 b) = b
b) 3a 3b – 6ab =
3a b – 6a 2b 2 3a 2b(a – 2b) a
Pág. 28
64 Opera y simplifica:
a) 2a – 3b – a2 + 3ab + 18b2
a – 3b a + 3b a 2 – 9b 2
2
b) bx – b + 3bx + 3bx + bx2+ 2b
x+1 x–1 1–x
x + y x – y x2 – y2
c) ( –
x–y x+y ) 2xy
x–y x–y x+y
d) (1 –
x + y ) (x + y x – y )
: –
a) 2a – 3b – a 2 + 3ab + 18b 2 =
a – 3b a + 3b a 2 – 9b 2
2 2
= 2a(a + 3b) – 3b(a –2 3b) –2(a + 3ab + 18b ) =
a – 9b
2 2 2 2 2 2
= 2a + 6ab – 3ab +2 9b –2 a – 3ab – 18b = a 2 – 9b 2 = 1
a – 9b a – 9b
2
b) bx – b + 3bx + 3bx + bx2+ 2b =
x+1 x–1 1–x
c) ( x+y
x–y
–
x–y
x+y ) 2xy [ x2 – y2 ]
x 2 – y 2 = (x + y) 2 – (x – y) 2 · x 2 – y 2 =
2xy
2 2 2 2 2 2 4xy
= x + 2xy + y 2 – x 2 + 2xy – y · x – y =
x –y 2xy 2xy
(
d) 1 –
x–y
x+y
:)(
x–y
x+y
–
x+y
x–y
=
x+y–x+y
x+y )(
2
(x + y)(x – y)
2
: (x – y) – (x + y) = )[ ]
=
2y
x+y [
2 2 2
(x + y)(x – y)
2
: x – 2xy + y – x – 2xy + y = ]
2y –4xy 2y(x + y)(x – y)
= : = =
x + y (x + y)(x – y) –4xy (x + y)
x–y y–x
=– =
2x 2x