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Quark
Globule
Rotation
of quarks
Loop carrying
gluon particles
Atom
Atom
Bonding of
loops
The attraction force occurs due to the interaction of electromagnetic wave loops emitted
from the sun and the planets, which take place between the sun and the planets.
Planet
Sun
Sun
Planet
Sun
Planet
Planet
Sun
overcoming the centripetal force. So the earth starts going away from the sun and at the
same time it starts moving towards south till about 21st June. During this time, if we put the
thumb finger, first finger and middle finger of left hand at right angles to each other and if
the thumb finger indicates the direction of rotation and the first finger indicates the direction
of centrifugal force; then the middle finger will indicate the movement of earth towards
south. On 21st June the earth is at about furthest point to the sun and the sun is sighted
towards maximum north (23.50 N) i.e. the position of earth is at maximum southern limit of
the elliptical path. From that day centripetal force starts overcoming centrifugal force and
the earth starts closing to the sun and at the same time the earth moves towards north till
22nd Dec. During this time, if we put the thumb finger, first finger and middle finger of right
hand at right angles to each other and if the thumb finger indicates the direction of rotation
and the first finger indicates the direction of centripetal force; then the middle finger will
indicate the movement of earth towards north. From 22nd Dec again centrifugal force starts
overcoming the centripetal force. In this way the orbit of the earth is 23.5 0 inclined to the
suns equator although the earths equatorial plane is only 70 inclined with the suns
equatorial plane(NB: Elliptical path is not shown in the figure below, only the apparent
distance of earth from the sun is shown).
Earth
21 June
Sun
st
21 March
23rd September
22 December
Rotation of planet
Rotation of Sun
In the above figure center of centrifugal force is shown outside the center of mass of the
planet in the direction of centrifugal force. If the mass of the planet is reduced, the
Rotational Lever (R'2 R2) will also reduce but less in relation to mass . So the ratio
between Rotational Lever and Mass is more in smaller objects i.e. at same distance and
same angle more centrifugal force is applied on each unit of mass In smaller objects
than larger objects. That is why the smaller objects rotate faster than larger objects. The
velocity of the object will depend on the acting resultant force i.e. the resultant of
centripetal and centrifugal force in relation to the mass. That means; at the same
distance, each unit of smaller objects will be driven by more resultant force and it will
move faster than larger one. From R'2 to E2 is Eccentric Distance. Its length depends on
the center of centripetal force and centrifugal force. The position of centripetal force and
centrifugal force depends on the initial velocity of the planet, strength of acting force,
distance from the sun and the mass of the planet. So the Eccentric Distance will indicate
that how far a planet will go from the sun and how much closer it will come towards the
sun.
Then from the above discussions, we may derive the following laws:
i. If the distance from the sun is same, then the planet whose ratio between the
mass and rotational lever is more, will rotate more rapidly on its own axis.
ii. If the distance from the sun is same, then the body whose ratio between the
mass and the acting resultant force is more, will move at higher speed in the
orbit.
iii. If the initial velocity and angle of capture is same, then the planet whose ratio
between the mass and eccentric distance is more, will go more away from the
sun and comes more closer to the sun.
As the size is very small, the value of above ratios is more in a comet than a planet. So
it rotates faster on its own axis, moves faster in the orbit and goes far away from the sun
and comes closer to the sun. These also depend on the time elapsed after the capture
by solar system and the direction from which the comet is captured. The eccentricity of
the comet is reduced slowly with the time.
6. New explanation about the forces tend to move the planet round the sun. The
centrifugal force from the sun acts in a curved path which is outward from the sun. This
force is generated due to the rotation of sun.
SUN
We know that the gravitational force acts through a center and anti gravitational force
also acts through a center. The resultant force that is centripetal force also acts through
the center of the nearest part of the planet towards the center of the nearest part of the
sun. All these are shown below:
Center of anti gravitational force
Center of mass
Earth
21 June
Sun
st
21 March
23rd September
22 December
The center of centrifugal force remains outside the center of mass in the direction of
centrifugal force which is shown below:
SUN
Planet
The center of the centrifugal force and the center of the centripetal force remain closer
from the center of mass in a planet when the planet is away from the sun and moving in
an elliptical path. In this position, the length of Eccentric Distance (R2 E2) and the length
of Rotational Lever (R2 R2) is minimum. The motion of a planet depends on the ratio of
its mass and acting force including Eccentric Distance and Rotational lever.
Rotation of planet
Planet
Rotation of sun
SUN
Fig-17: Forces acting when the planets are away from sun
In both the cases, the center of centrifugal force and the center of the centripetal force
do not remain in a straight line which is passing through the center of mass. That is why
the planets are moving on their own axis because, both the center of forces tends to
come in a line which is passing through the center of mass. The length of Eccentric
Distance, the length of Rotational Lever and acting resultant force in a planet varies with
the size, distance from the sun and position in the orbit.
c
Center of mass
7. New explanation for the movement of some comets in the opposite direction of
Suns rotation. Actually the comets do not move directly on the opposite direction of
suns rotation. Due to the variation in centrifugal and centripetal force, the comets go away
from the sun and come closer to the sun at an angle and move on the opposite direction of
suns rotation and apparently, it seemed to be moving in the opposite direction. These
comets get forward motion from the variation in value and the direction of resultant force of
centrifugal force and centripetal force. The mass, velocity and eccentricity of the comet
determines the wave length of this wave like path. Two runs of a comet moving in opposite
direction to the Suns rotation are shown in the figure below:
Path of comet
Sun
(i) The dense molecular clouds along with planet like objects and other materials collapsed
at a point due to gravitational force and a rotation of these clouds started around that point.
Thus the sun was formed like other stars. The planet like objects near the central region of
the cloud became the part of the sun. On the other hand, due to the rotation of central
region, the centrifugal force started acting on the planet like objects coming towards the
center from outer region. Due to the variation of centrifugal and centripetal force, the planet
like objects started orbiting the sun and became the planets of the sun. In the same way
some objects became the satellites of the planets. And the clouds which were away from
the central region were attracted by the central region and became the part of the sun.
Inner planets and their satellites may be captured in this way.
(ii) Like other stars, after forming, the sun along with the initially captured planets and
satellites was also moving in the space. As the planets are small in size than the sun, the
value of the ratio of mass and acting resultant force is more in the planet like objects than
the sun. So, the velocities and eccentricity of planet like objects at nearest orbits in the
milkyway galaxy were more than the sun. As a result, the planet like objects came closer to
the sun from the back and attracted by the suns gravitational force one by one. Just after
being captured, due to the variation in centrifugal and centripetal force, some planet like
objects started moving round the sun and became the planets and some objects started
moving round the planets and became the satellites. Outer planets and their satellites may
be captured in this way.
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While all these matters were falling at a point, a circular movement of these matters started
around that point like the center of a large active galaxy. We may consider the matters of
central region as dark matter as they are highly gravitationally compressed under highly
rotating motion. Matters are still falling into the accretion disk of the central region. Due to
the rotation or the frame dragging and interaction of electromagnetic wave loops at the
center, the accreted matters are converted into energy and sub atomic particles are
escaped through the two poles of rotational axis like the polar jets or relativistic jets of a
large active galaxy. The jets thus escaped are the black jets and contain higher frequency
electromagnetic waves and disintegrated sub atomic particles with high velocity at high
temperature and density. So, we may consider the jets as the source of dark energy. As the
energy is escaped from the center of a large object, the velocity and frequency of the
energy is more. The velocity of radiation of the energy may be faster than the velocity of
light. Our visible universe is a tiny part of a jet which is escaped from a pole of the universe.
Thus the shape of our part of the universe is a conical sphere which is continuously
expanding outwards like the shape of a big loud speaker.
The cosmic microwave background radiation is the radiation from a pole of the universe
which is located at the back. It radiates as a pulse. We receive the radiation from all the
direction because of the refraction and reflection of the energy and rotation of the solar
system, galaxies and cluster of galaxies. The central region rotates faster in larger objects
to conserve the angular momentum of a wider area as the objects are coming from far
away. So the interaction of electromagnetic wave loops are more in the center of larger
objects and thus the frequency of the energy which is radiated from the two poles of the
universe are more like a dynamo. As the size of the centers of all the objects are same and
larger objects produce more electromagnetic energy, the center of larger objects can hold
the charge for less time and that is why the duration of radiation pulse of electromagnetic
energy which is radiated from the poles of the universe is less. According to the 2 nd law of
thermodynamics, this energy is radiated in the region of conical sphere in such a manner
that it tries to maintain equal temperature in all areas.
New atoms, clouds, stars and also galaxies are formed from the energy depending on the
temperature and density and thus the universe is homogeneous and isotropic in the visible
region. As the energy is radiated from the pole towards forward and sideways in the region
of conical sphere, there is a little variation in temperature between the pole and forward and
between the center of the conical sphere and the sides. Due to the temperature variation,
the energy is radiated outwards and the drag force acts in a slightly curved path. That is
why the objects are getting continuous force to rotate and move forward. Thus the universe
is accelerating and the orientation of our solar system and the galaxies and cluster of
galaxies are same in the visible universe.
Because of the action of drag force all the stars, galaxies and cluster of galaxies
continuously get rotary motion and forward motion in the Polar Regions. The disc region
does not require drag force. They are moving around the central region due to the variation
of centripetal and centrifugal force. As the position of our galaxy is in, one of the polar
region, so we are going away from the center of the universe.
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The objects which are moving outwards from the Polar region return to the central region
again through an elliptical or parabolic path and the system continues. There is a gap
between central region and the polar region. We may consider the central region as a black
hole. There may be infinite number of universes outside our universe.
All the questions related to universe may be answered from this model and all the
mathematical equations and observational evidences about the universe may fit to this new
model.
10. Theory of Everything. The electromagnetic wave loops or light is the basic of all forces.
The electromagnetic wave loops make bond among the quarks of an atom as strong force.
They make bond among the atoms of an object as weak force. They also make bond
among the objects of the universe as gravitational force. The electromagnetic energy is
transmitted through medium or empty space with the help of electromagnetic wave loops.
The bonding strength created by these loops at any point from the center may be inversely
proportional to the square of the distance multiplied by and the golden ratio i.e.
F1/1.618d^2. Where F is force, d is the distance of any point from the center of an atom
and 1.618 is the golden ratio.
11. Conclusion.
The above new ideas are the result of my 25 years research and
observations. I welcome you all to prove the new ideas. The main postulate in above ideas
is Electromagnetic waves are emitted as loops . I hope that some of the new ideas will be
proved in near future. If these new ideas are helpful in any way to the physics community
then I shall be able to forget all the sufferings which I had to face in doing this.
Reference:
1. Paromanu Hote Mohabishwa O Oikkoboddho Tattwa (From atom to universe and the
theory of unification) by Lt Cdr Md Abdul Alim,(N),BN.
Abdul Alim
E-mail: alim40406@yahoo.com
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