Geometrical application of derivative We have lexmed how to find the “and the 2 derivative of 1 fanction and how to find the gradient ofthe tangent and normal ofa curve from the derivative, However, ‘mathematically we know thatthe derivative of function still has many othe applications Increasing and Decreasing of a function A Gimotion is called increasing in an interval ifthe value of| _y gate bigger whenever the value ofx gets bigger Conversely a fimetion is called deereasing in mn interval if tho value of» gots smaller whenever the value ofx gets bigger. ‘Example 1-1: la the diagram tothe 5 ight, indicate the interval where the given fimetion is mereasing le or decreasing Answer: The function is i increasing from A to Band from Dto ‘The function is decreasing fom B to Cand fom C toD. Geometrically if funetion start fromm lower position om the left and goes toa higher easing, thes its graph will position onthe right. So the gradient of tangent inthis interval must be positive. It means tht the value ofthe derivative ofthe Smetion in this interval must be positive, ‘Conversely ifa fineton is deereasing, then its graph will start frm a higher position on the lel and goes to lower ponition onthe right. So the gradient of tangent inthis {interval must be negative. It means that the value ofthe derivative ofthe function in this interval mut be negative, ‘Therofore mathematically we say that: ‘Test for increasing oF decreasing fC) > Onan interval, then the frteton (a) must be {mereasing inthe inteval. If/*(2) <0 in an interval, then the function /(2) must be deereasing in the interval ‘Usually if point (a, f(a) is point in between the increasing of decreasing then the point (a, f(@) the called as 2 stationary point ofthe function y~ f(x) Example 12: Inthe dagiam ike Sight ica the interval where a A the given finston hs a postve mien fr its tangent pte gradient era tangent 8 and ahorizonal tangent Answer; The gradients of tangents tho points tatcen A and Ban btmoen D and Fare positive ‘The gations of igen tthe points between Bare Cand beeen Cand Dare negative, points B,C and D, the fimeton has horizontal anges or they ae stationary points Use the deorem above, we can answer the following question algebraically Example 13: For f(g) =? — 32 +7, determine the interval(s) where f (x) is increasing, the interval(s) where. _F (9) is dscreasing al the point(s) where f(s) has horizontal tangents) orf) has sotionary point) Answer For fla)? 38 ‘Thea Ad the raph fy =/ 6) is y fos So f° (9)>0 fore <0 ore >2 f° () <0 foe ex 2 fod f(a) “ats Oand2 Soy=f (a) is increasing for x< Oot x> 2, YF (is decreasing for O-< <2 And y= (2)has horizontal tangent at x= 0 or x =2 rx =O /orx= 2 are the stationary points of y =f (=)Exercise 1 (1) the diagram belo Junetion is increasing, decreasing or stationary. @ indicate the intervals where the co) (2) (9) Show that y = Sw +2 is decreasing forall. (©) Show that (6) Show that y=1+7 is increasing forall x +3 is decreasing forall x (4) Show thal y= 20+ 5 is inereasing forall (6) Show that y=.” is increasing forall x, except at 0, where i is stationery (D)Show that y= is increasing forall x, except at where itis tationsry (2) Show that y =3e is incwasing forall x> Osand -docreasing forall x <0. What happens at x~ 0? (h) Show that y =2e is imreasing forall 2> Oana decreasing for <0. What happens at = 02 i) Show that y = [x is increasing for all x> 0. @ Show thaty = isinereasng forall x 0 G) Letfta) = dea (Find fe, (6) Find the values of for whieh OF@>0 GF<0 — Gdfe)-—o (e) Interpret thee results by sketching the graph of Fo, Let fay? a8 45, Ge) Find fe, o (0) For wat values of is OF@=0 — GIFG)<0 GiNf~)-07 (©) Pind f(0) and f(2) anc hence sketch the graph oty -f60. (5) @)Ditterentiate/(e) = —* and henoe prove that /(2) increases forall xin its domain (b) Explain why f(-1)>F(2) despite ths fac. (©) Find the derivative of each ofthe following Functions By solving “> 0 fn he values of for mich te ‘imetion is inereasing. y= Paes (y= 20 ~6e (@) Find the values of for which » ‘an inereasing function, y= 8 3047 42 bat 7 is () Find the values ofx for which y =x" 82 +7 isan deereasng function (8) By finding f°) show that: @seo~ is decreasing for all 22.0 x3 wy) is increasing for all x #Oand x= 0 is xa astaionay pont ofthe faneion (a) Find fs) forthe fnetion f(x)= 7 +34? +158 +21 (0) By completing the square, show tha ial o postive, and hence that fis increasing forall x (10)(4) Show that f(s) = 2? — 2+ 50-41 hn no satonary point. (b) Show tha /*(2)> 0 forall vales of x and hence the fianeton is always increasing. (©) Hence deduce thatthe equation f= 0 has only ce rel rook. (1) @ Show tha f(s) - = 302 +278 —21 a no stationary point (b) Show that f*(x) > 0 for all values of x and hence the fition is always inereasng. (6) Hence deduce thal the equation (5) ~ Os only cereal root,OD;Leesen=2 ae +128 (a) Show that,f‘(x) > 0 for all values of x and hence the function always incresing {Hence dee that the equation f(2) =O has only one real rot (03)¢a) Prove that values 34+ 2e! —Se+7 is decreasing forall (8) Hence deduce that the numberof solutions tothe equation? +2 Sx+7=0. (14)¢2) Show that (a) ~ 7" isan od funtion (iFind fH (6) For what walues of xis PO GP@<0 — GidsG=07 (@) Evaluate f(1) and fA). (¢) State the equation of any vertical asymptotes. (By interpreting these results geometrically, sketh the graph ofthe equation (15) Sketch graphs of continuous curves suggested by the properties below. |FO-F-3-0 — WHFwH>0 Pay=o FO=0 FU >Ownens -1 (F(a) inodd £0) F°)> 0 whons> 1 f°) <0 when Osx 1 (f(~0 F'(8) <0 forall x0 LP Ga) <[F%) | foray = <0 FQa)>0 forall x> 0 LPG) =f) | foray > >. (L6)A function fx) has derivative f(x) =a + 2K0~ D (0) Drow the graph of y =/9) and hence dedhice that where / (2) is increasing, deceasing and stationary P(e)<0when #<0 PC) > O when x> 0 @f2-f2)-0 P°G* 0 for allan 22 (©) Draw a possible graph ofy =x) if is given that FQ)-0. (7G IE Fo) = () Deduce that f(x) <0 when <0 bute #1 and F(Q)> 0 when x> Obure# 1 (©) State the equations of any horizontal or vertical ssymptotes. (i Hence shotch the graph of y =f, 2 (18) For what values of xis decreasing? 4 _ix? AsRerse= Goyrng (°C () Bvaluae £0 (©) Siow that fis even (@) Hence explain why (2) <1 forall x (20) For each ofthe following functions determine the immervalis) where the given function is increasing ancl the imerval(s) where the given fietion is decreasing Aller hat interpret the result by sketching the graph for cach ofthe fllowing functions @say=P—4e13—— WFGI=3P LIA (fla) ~ 124 deat (Bfla)~3 4 Sx De @fe)-28-3e+5 (OD f)- Set (@fis)= 20-38 (fey 122-2 Of@=F+8 ss Ofe=16 +48 A ofa) +ae Hae WYf(e)= 8 128421 (n) f(x) =a* 28 28 —4 (a) f(a) = ate —2)? (F)= G+ Me-3P PIF) @-2Fe 4h @se)= 23-87 (fe)=-SFex41) ()fee)= Ge 22e-37 MY fe)= 0d —x@ +2 (0 fia) = 2? 5x7 38 ()f)- 8-62 498-2 (wf) = 3x16? +242 +11 (f(a) = 98" +208 128 +6e-+10 (2 Letfie) = ae" (4) Show that f(s) > 0 forall => O and f(s) <0 forall <0. () Find fe), (Find the values of» for whic:PO GFA)0 fer all x> 0 and f(x) <0 forall <0. (Find F100) (6) Find the values of x for wah OF E> GHPA)<0 Gidfe=0 (4) State the equation of any horizontal asymptotes. () Imerprotthove reauls by sketching the graph of vrFe. a)Lea fi ~ (a) Show that) 0 for all (oyFind (8). (6) Find the values of» for whic @F@>0 GFe<0 — Ginf~-—O (@)imerpret these ests by sketch the graph of PF (eaters =e () Show dat (9) > forall vFiel 2) (6) Find the values of for whch @F@>0 GF@<0 — Ginf~-—O (2) State the equation of my horizontal asyinptoes. () Interpret these reauls by sketching the graph of vasa 2s)Letf6) = xe {@) Show thats) >0 for allx> 0 and f (4) <0 for allx<0 (oF f°) () Fin the values of fr wich @F@>0 Gas@<0 — Gidf~)-0 (4) State the equation of any horizontal asymptotes (c) Interpret these reauls by sketching the graph of yrFian, (26) Let fie) = wns for > 0. (a) Show that f(2) > 0 forall x> 1, (4) <0 forall oerel, (Find (6) Find the values of» for witch @F@=0 GoFe<0 — GinrG=0 (@) Show thatthe value off) approaches 0 asthe value fx approaches 0 (e) Interpret these results by sketching the graph of vase. (27) Lat f(a) =x Inte+1) for x> 1 (Find (0), (Find the values of x for which: aaprayco — Ginfror=o (©) Show that f(x) >0 for all => 1 except atx=0, a@sio>o \where the fiction is stationary (@) Saate the equation of any vertical asymptotes (e) Imespret these results by sketching de graphof vase. (28) Let fie) = Ina forx> 1 (4) Show that f(x) > 0 forall x> 1, f(a) <0 forall. oezel @ Finds“. () Find the values ofx for which @Pw>0 GFa<0 — Gidfo=—0 (6) Show that th value of (#) approaches O as the value of approaclas 0. (© Interpret these results by sketching the graph of o-F@) (29) Lette) ~ sin x for tex <2 Find), (©) Find the values of x for which @F@=0 GF'E)<0— Gidf@)=0 (6) Intespret thee results by skeleing the graph of vs) (30) Let fta)= sin + eos x for 2a o wsey0 GFe<0 — GDF~)-—O (Vlatrpret these results by sketching the graph of vfs (G2)Let (5) ~ 2008+ sn 2s for Dre <2. (ring) (0) Find he values of xr which @F@>o GaP<0 — GHG-0 (6) Interpret these reuls by sketching the graph of ys [___Saooag pits Mexnum rng it] inimum turning point Comesponding to the increasing and decreasing of a function, mathematicians find that if we ean find the points (stationary points) chat are in between the increasing and the decreasing ofthe graph ofa fimetion, then we should be able to determine the intervals of increasing or decreasing, cnsly, It means that if we ean find all these stationary points that aro in botween the inoreasing ane the decreasing, and check ts lef hand and right hand side, then we should be able to determine intervals ofinereasing or decreasing of f finction easily. In order to deal with these kinds of situation easier, we need the following theorem “Test for sationary poi Ifpoint (a, f(@) isa stationary point ofthe fanetion PoFea) then f(a) = 0 “Test for maximum turning point Fora stationary point (a, (a), (Ge) > 0 for =<, which is near a, and f() <0 for >a, where xis ‘near, then the stationary point (2,/(a)) isa turning point or aToeal maximum of the function f (2), Test for minimum turning point Fora stationary point (a, f(a), iff") <0 for 0 for > a, whete x is ‘ear a, then the stationary point (a, f(a) a minimum turning point or 2 focal minimum ofthe function fx) Test for horizontal point of inflexion: Fora stationary point (a, f(a), ifs) >0 for both a, where xis near a, orf* (4) a, where ris near a, then the stationary point (a, /(2)) {sa horizontal point of flexion ofthe graph ofthe function fe). ‘Therefore ifwe want to determine the increasing or ecreasing of a funtion, we don’t have to solve the Inequalities any longer. All we need to dois to fd all its stationary point, determine its natural, so we ean deter intervals of increasing or decreasing ofa function Example 2:Let f(a) = 27-3047, Find all the stationary points of = (4) and determine their natural. So mterpret these results by sketch the graph ofthe funetion y= f(x). Answer: For f(x) = -32-+7 = Sax 2) Let ie ate 2)=0 So For x-Oy=7 and x= 2,y-3 So (0,7) and @, 3) ar the stationary points NM (7) ® Jo [ole rel + [ol- So (0, 7)i#amasimur naming point A @3) * [2 ]2[2] rel — fo So (2,3) isa minimum tuning point And the graph ofthe fanction ius followsExercise 2: (1) Find all the stationary points for each ofthe following funetions y= /(@). Alert determine the natural of cach ofthe stationary point. So intxpret these resus by sch the graph for each ofthe following fonctions (say F—4e+3 YF GD~ 3A +14 (fe)-12+4e-F (fe) 3 45x27 (f@)-22 3865 Ofis)-S ae? (eifls)-28 38 0 fo9-12e-2 (fey PsP Se5 Wyfay~ 1644? A WIP AP 4 (DF) —12e+21 (mn) f(a) =a" — 20 — 2? — 4 (a) fw) ake 2)? (0) f= C+ 2,0-3 ip) FG) =e 2Fie + 4h? (fe) -20-8F (9/0) =@- S741) Ge— 2F(2x—3) (OF @)=(1 ahr 2F Si oSe bai Pe e-2 (wf 0) = 3x! 162 +24 41 (ofa) = 984 20712 +64 10 wer va (2) Find al the stationary points foreach ofthe following funoticns y= f(2). After that determine the natural of the stationary point So interpret these welts by sketch ‘the aaph ofthe fintion, @sa)-s0-9 — @fen= x0 a7 (osay-80-x — @fe)-x0-27 ence show that (x) 2" (1 —2)" has a taming point ‘whose x-coordinate divides the interval between (0, 0) and (1, 0) the ratio of'm (9) Thecurvey = a? + he pases trough he points (4, Avan A, 6 ad a maxims ming point at Find the values ofa, band c (0) The tangentto the curve y= 3? +x 15 is horizontal at the point where x= 4 Find the value of (9) The curve y~ ax? he + ctouhes the line y ~ 2a the ceigin and has a maximum tuming point at the point where x= 1 Find the vals of b ade (6) Thoourvey= ae’ b?-+er+dhesa maxima turing point at (-2, 27) anda minimum taming point 4(1 0), Find the values of, , end (0) (@) Show that ifthe funtion f(x) —1? = 380+ 3or~ a tas two dstinet tuming point, then > e (©) 186?» e, show tha the vertical distance betwoon the two miming points is 44(6?=0)> (8) Find the stalionary point of the function y ~ xe" Aer ‘that determine the natural ofthe stationary point. So interpret these results by sketch the graph ofthe finetion (9) Find the stationary point of the function y (1 —s)e" After that determine the natural ofthe stationary point. So interpret these results by sketch the graph of the function. (10)Find all the stationary points of the funetion y= (+27) 0°, Aftr that determine the natural for eich ofthe stationary point. So interpret these results by sketch the graph of the function (1) Find the stationary point ofthe finetion y~ e** Atlee tho determine the aaral ofthe stationary pint So interpre these resus by akatch tho raph ofthe fimetion (12)Find all the stationary points ofthe function y= e°* ‘After that detemnine the natural ofthe stationary point So interpret thase results by sketch the graph ofthe fintion (13) Find al the stationary points ofthe function y= me" Afr that determine the natural for each of‘the stationary point. So iatepret these results by sketch the graph ofthe fiction. (14)Bind the sationary point ofthe function y ~ In. for =>, Afler that determine the natural of the stationary ‘point, So interpret these result by sketch the graph of the function (15)Find the stationary points of the function y= In (2 +1), Aftr that determine the natal of the stationary point So interpret these results by sketch the graph of the finetion. (na? for =>, After that determine the natural ofthe stationary (16)Find the stationary point of the function, ‘point, So interpret those results by sketcl the graph of | the function (17)Find be staionary point of the fanetiony = 1 tax for-x> 0, After that determine the natural ofthe stationary point, So interpret these results by sketch the ‘graph ofthe fietion. (18)Find the stationary point of the function, =>, Aflerthat determine the natural ofthe stationary ‘point, So interpret these resulta by sketch the graph of the function Inge+t) forx> I, After that determine the natural of the (19)8ind the stationary point ofthe function, stationary point, So interpret these results by sketch the gph of the funtion. (20)Find all the stationary points ofthe funetions y= sina + eos. for -2ar 0 in an interval, then te graph ofthe fsnction y ~ _F (8) mast be comeave upmard in the interval. 1g °Ge) <0 in an interval, then the graph of the fmetion »~ _F 2) mast be concave downward in the interval Usually if point (a, f(a) ie the point in between the concave upward and concave downward, then the point (a, f(@)) the called a8 a point of fnflexion ofthe function y = From the theorem above we ean answer the fllewing question Example 4: Determine the intervals) where (x) is concave ‘upward and interval(s) where f(x) is concave downward, where (2) =? 34 +7 Answer: For f(x) = 3° +7 3x Gx and f(a) = 6x 6 = Giz 1) yao ie Gi-1)-0 So oxol For x-l,y~5 A 4,5) ‘Concavity of a graph A fimetion is called eoneaye upward ian iterval ifthe raph of the function is bended upwards on both sides ofthe interval ‘Conversely a fiction is clled concave downward in an interval ifthe graph of the finetion is bended dovvard ot ‘oth side of the interval eri rel — [ol + So the graph is concave dawn on the left of (1, 5) concave up on the right of (1, 5) and (1,5) ita point of inflexion,Exercise (1) For each of the following functions, determine the interval(s) where the given function is concave upward an the interval) where the given fanction concave downward, After that interpret the result by sketching, the graph foreach ofthe following Fanetions (fay P43 (of) -12+4e 2 (ose)=22 aes (b) FG) 3e + 1-4 (A) f(x) = 3 + Sx 20 (f= 5-4-2 Whfq-18—-P Wsey= 16 +42 (fe)-P -12e+21 (ni f@)=xe-2)? (PIF) = (e- 2Pir ay" (ose) = sFr1) (fe) a+ 2F wafer (60a) (de-2F0r-39 (u) fia) =a? Sx? 43248 OW) FG) = 2 GP +9r-2 (w)f @) = 3x4 — 162 + 247 HT (xia) 9x4 + e128 + Ge 110 ‘Show that f(x) ~x? —3x + 7 is concave up for all values of (3) Show that f(x) ~-3x" + 2x = 4 is concave down for all vabosof (A) Show that (x) is concave up for x0 and concave down x <0. (5) Show that fis) 4£> 1 and concave down <1 (6) Find the intervals for which the curve yo2P a? 12048 (a) increasing ae Se-42 is concave up for (b) decreasing (concave wp {)oonoave dove. +) Lay = 222 (0) Laty= 272 (a) Find y* and y", (b) Determine the interval where y = = is concave #2 upandt interval whee thecarey = = "2 is conarve dom (tence sabe gb oy = 222 (8) Let fiz) = xe. (oF) nd 70 (Fd he vhs of for whch “x20 GA Gi Fe) =0 (©) Interpret these results by sketching the graph of yf. ) Leta e (a) Fine f*(x) and fa), (b) Find the values of x for which: G90 Gas)<0 Gidfw=0 (© Interpret these resus by sketching the graph of yf QoyLetfa=e* (a) Find f(x) and f(x). (b) Find the values of x for which: FW GDF)<0 Gid@)=0 (6) atespet these results by sketching th graph of vse aietse~ xe" GpFindf*(9) and fe. (b) Find the values of for which DFW GF) <0 Gif G)=-0 (©) Interpret these sells by sketching the graph of ya Fe. (2)Letfte)=snx fors> 0 (a) Find f(x) and f(x). () Find the values of x for which: OLW?29 GFW<0 GiDF@)=0 (6) espe these results by stein dh graph of vse (3)Letfte)~ ln +1) fr 2> (a) Find f(x) and f(a). {©) Find the values of for which: DLA=9 GDM) <0 GDS G=0 (Interpret these resus by sketching the graph of popes(LA) Let f(a) sin x he Qa <2 (0) Find fe) and“). (6) Find he values of x for which OFO0 GPH<0 GFG=0 () Interpret these results by sketching the graph of yrs (1S)Let fa) =sin 2+ cos, for Das es De (0) Find “G9 and f“G). (0) Find the values ofx for whieh WF @>0 GF<0 Gi F@)-—0 (6) Interpret these reauls by sketching the graph of yf. Concavity and the point of inflexion Similar to the mereasing and the decreasing ofa finction, sf 1we can find the points that isin between the coneave ‘upward an the concave downward, then we can dotennine the concavity ofthe grip of funetion withou solving any inequality. Tt means that if we can find all the points of inflexion snd check its lef hand and ight hand tide, then we should bo ble to detemine the concavity of the graph ofa function easily, In order to dal with these kinds of situation easier, we need the following theorem, ‘Theorem 7-1 ‘point (2, (@)) i the point of inflexion the graph ofthe faction y=/(x), thea f(a) = 0 ‘Theorem 8 1/ (a) = 0,7 (a> 0 fore a, where + is near a, then the point (a, /@)) i a point of inflexion the function f(x), Theorem 91°F sear a, and, int (a,f(@) is. point of nflerion othe finston f(s) (2) > 0 forr> a, where xis neara, then the | Theorem 10: If fa) = Osuch that f"G) = O on both sides | of a, where x is new a or f(a) Oem beth sides of a, ‘where. is near a, then the point (a, f(a) is mot a point of inflexion ofthe function f(s) ‘Therefore if we want to determine the concavity of a fimetion, we don’t have to solve the inequalities any longer. All we need to do isto find all its points of inflexion, determine ts natural, so we ean determine the concavity of a fimotion Example & Find all the points (a,/(@) such tat Fa) 0 ‘hen determine the natal ofthese points So interpret hese rents by sketch the grap of the fiotion, wines Fa) 2-307 10 Exercise : (2) Find the x-coordinate ef any possible points of inflexion far each of the following functions, After that determine whether the point isa point of inflexion or not (OF) -3hx+2) @FME)~ &—3Pex +2) Find all dhe points (0, f(a) such that/“a)~0. After ‘hat determine the natural of these points. So snterpret ‘hese result by sketch the graph foreach of tho followong fetions @ @fay-F—ae13—— WPe)=3RF HA @Fay-I2+de-F ——@fiI~34Sx-2e (fe) = 28 30 +5 fG)=S—ae—2 (gyn ~28 a? nyfeay= te? WJG)=PeP—H-5— HyE)=16 +4? at Wofey=n+aP sar (sG)= eB =12e+21 (an) fe) 29-267 4 (fay e+ 2K0- 39 (a soy=26-x? (970) = Gr-2%@e-3)" (ofan x Set 048 (Wf)? G2 498-2 (w/a) = Se" 162 +242 +11 (ofa) 9x4 26" 12 6 +10 (3) By finding the second devivative, explain why tho (mfen=ae—2? (efe= G2 Hay (fe) = @-She41) (Fla)= 0-2 +27 curve y= av +bx+ewith a 0 (a) is concave up ifa> 0(©) is concave down ifa <0 (© has no point of inflesion Pind the possible point of inflexian forthe function ye" Aller that check whether the point isa point of inflexion or not. So interpret these results by sketch the graph of the function Find the possible point of inflexion forthe function y- (1 a)e After that check wither the point is a point of inflexion ort So interpret these results by sletch the graph of te function. Find all the possible points of inflexion forthe function )e* Aor that check whether tho2e points are points ofnflexion or not. So interpret these results by sketch the graph ofthe fuetion. Find all the possible points of inflexion fr the function a 6) © > @*, After that check whether these points are points ofinflexion or not. So interpret these results by setch the graph of te function. (8) Find all che possible points of inflexion forthe function y= xo" After that check whether these points are point of nflesion or not So interpret these ress by slotch to graph of the faction Find al the posible points of infexion fer the fnetion yoelnsfor>0, Aer that check whether these poi are point ofinflexion o not. So interpret these results by sketch the graph of the function. Fd al che posible points of inflexon far the fnetion p> InGe+ 1). After that chock whether thse points are points of inflexion ort. So interpre these results luysketch the aap ofthe incon Fad the possible poit of infleson forthe Faction {y= (ina fora. Afr tht check wheter he point ia pointofinflexion or at. So interpret thes ess bysetch the gop ofthe fimcion (12) Find the pone point of nfeson fo the Faction o a0) ap y= 1 sims forx>0, After that check whether the point isa point ofinlexion or not. So interpret these results by sketch the graph of the fiction (13) Find the possible point of inflexion forthe function 8 for 0, Afor that chook wheter the point is apoint of inflesion or not. So interpret these results by ketch the graph ofthe function, (14) Find all th posible points ofinflexion forthe fimetion 1. AMfler that cheek whether ‘these points are points of inflexion or not. So intempret these results by sketch the graph of the function, (15) Find all the posible points ofinflexion forthe funetion yo sins +008 for Qn <2 Aller that check yee lnGe +1) forx> ‘whether these points are points of inflexion or not, So interpret these results by sketch the graph ofthe Sanction. (16) Find all the possible points ofinflexion forthe funetion posing —oosx fir Qarex ©2a After that check ‘whether these points are points of inflexion or not. So imerpeet these results by sketch the graph ofthe function, (17) Find all the possible points oFinflesson for the function yee tin for 2x < Dax After that checle whether ‘these points are points ofinflesion or net. So intenpeet ‘these results by sketch the graph of the function (18) Find all the possible points ofinflexion forthe function > sin x for 2a x-< 2a After that check whether ‘thes points are points of nflexion or not, So inenpret is by sketch the grapt ofthe fmetion (19) Find all the possible points ofinflexion for the funetion yo sia x boat for 2c Oe After that check ‘whether these points are points of inllexson or ot, So interpret these results by sketch the gragh ofthe Simetion Relationships between the turning points and the concavity ‘We have leamed that the 1 derivative can be used to check ‘whether stationary point isa tuming point or not. ARer we have leamed the concavity of the graph of funetion, we can use the concavity of the graph to check whether a turing point or not‘Theorem 11: Ifa point (2, F(a) is astationary point of a function f(x) and f*"(a) > 0, then te point (a, £(a)) must be ‘ minimum turning point ofthe function f(s) ‘Theorem 12: If point (a, F\a)) isa stationary point ofa unetion f(s) and f"(a) <0, then the point (a, £(a) must be ‘1 maximum turning point ofthe fietion f(x). ‘Theorem 13: fa point (a f(a)) is astationary point of function f(x) and f*"(a) =O, then we can say nothing about the point (a, f(a), Exercise 6: (1) Find all the stationary points for each of the following | functions y= f(x). Aer that determine the natural of the stationary points by using its 2™ derivative. So ierpret these reals by sketch the graph for ech of the following functions, (@fe)-F 4043 (eyf)-3P +14 (fe )-12bde-k —— (dyf)—3-4 Se 2? (f@)-2P-3e+5 —— (Ofis) “Sar? (eh f(a) = 2? 32 (f= 128-2 (Wfe)- PtP —Se-5 YFG) 16 + 4-24 (yf) 48 Hae (fis)? 120 +21 (an) f(x) 24 20 26? 4 (my fs) 2)" (ofay= e+ 2¥e-3F (ple 2K 4? 3-37 (00s) =@— 57x41) (3x— 2F(2x-3)' (0 F(@)=(1-xie+ 2? Pose aes 6+ 9 (99 f() = 3x4 162 + 2408 111 (xfs) 9x" +26" 128 +6410 ae wey sal (2) Leefee) =? —3e (a) Find) andj“). (©) Find all the possible stationary points of f (6) Use f(a) to determine the natral of these stationary points, (4) Find the possible point of inflexion of f(s) and check whether the point is point of inflexion oe (6) Sketch the graph ofthe function and inioate al its important fetes. @) Let fi 2-62 -156+1 (@pFng f°) nd (9) (©) Find all tho posible stationary points off) (6) Use fs) to determine the natural ofthese stationary points. (@) Find the possible point of inflexion off) and check whether the point sa point of inflexion or not (6) Sketch the graph ofthe faneion and oot all its {axportant features () Lasey=s— 127 (Ping [4 and fe). (&) Find ll the posible statiary points off) (©) Use (*) to determine the natural of these Stationary points (6) Find all the possible points of inflexion off) and check wether the point isa point of inflexon oe (6) Find the gradioa of the curve at these points of inflexion (©) Sketch the graph of the function and indicts all its important fstaes () Latfia)=7 4 Sx? (Find fC) mdf) (©) Find all the possible stationary points off) (6) Use (9) to determine the natural ofthese stationary points (4) Find ll the posible points ofnflexion off) and check whether the pont isa point of inflexion or () Find the gradient ofthe curve at these points of inflesion. (6 Sketch the graph ofthe function and indicate al ite important features Laty= Te +3? 728414 (@) Find y* and y* ©(6) Show that the curve has a point of inflexion at 88), () Show thatthe gradient ofthe tangent atthe pont of inflesion is 75. (4) Hence find the equation of tangent atthe point of inflesion, (0) Let fa) =? and g (x) = 4 (@) Find (0), F), g(a) and gx) (6) Show that both (4) and g (havea stationary point a (0,0) (6) Can you determine the nature of the stationary point by using #0) and g "(09 Why? (6) Use table of values of (2) and g “(x to determine the nature ofthe stationary point (8) Acurve y= ae the? = er has atuming point at (0, 5), apointof in flexion when.x ~0 Sand crosses the seas at x=, Find the values of, axl (9) Lessa) ~xe™. (@) Find (9) and fa) (6) Find the possible stationary point of (6) Use “(xt determine the natural of the stationary point, (@) Find de possible pont of inflexion of f(s) and ‘heck whether the point is a point of inflexion or not, (6) Sketch the graph ofthe function and incat all tx important features COpLet fee) = ae" (@) Find 9) and fa) (6) Find the possible stationary point of (2) (6) Use f(s) to determine the natural of the stationary point, (4) Find he possible point of inflexion of (a) and ‘check whether the point is pont of inflexion or (6) Sketch the graph ofthe function and indicate all is important features (yet fla) = 432) (@) Find f(a) andf"), (6) Find the possible stationary point of f (©) Use f(a) to determine the natural of the stationary point (4 Find the possible point of inflexion of fe) and check whether the point isa point of inflexion o ot (6) Sketch the graph of the faneton and indicate all its important features caylee (Find 6) and“) (©) Find the possible stationary point off) (6) Use /°G) to determine the natural of the stationary point (@) Find all he possible points of intlexion of fx) and check whether these points are points of inflexion or () Sketch the graph ofthe fimetion and indicat all its important features spLeryie)= xe" (Find 49) and (©) Find all she posible stationary points off) (©) Use fx) to determine the nanal ofthese stationary points (@) Find the possible point of inflexion off) and check whether the point is point of inflexion or not (6) Sketch the graph of he function and indicate al its importa features, (Lat f(a) —xlas for > 0. (Png (7) nd (9) (©) Find the possible stationary point off) (6) Use f(a) to determine the natural of the stationary pont (@) Find the possible point of inflexion off) and check whether the point isa point of inflexion or not (©) Sketch the graph of the funtion an indicat all its important features (Sylar fia) = Ine +0), (Find (9) nd(©) Find de possible stationary point off) (6) Use /"(s) to determine the natural of the stationary point (a) Find the possible point of flexion of f(a) an ‘hock whether the point isa point of inflexion or not (6) Sketch the graph ofthe function and indieste all is smportantfestares (L6)Let 7) nx? fore > 0 (a) Find andj") (©) Find the possible stationary point of f (6) Use f(a) to determine the natural of the stationary point (4) Find he possible point of inflexion of fx) and ‘check whether the point sa point of inlexion or (€) Sketch the graph ofthe function and inate all iss important features, ante) = 1 stax oreo, () Find f(x) and "2. (6) Find the possible stationary point off) (6) Use f*(s) to determine the natural of the stationary point (4) Find the possible point of inflexion of f(a) and ‘chock whether the point isa point of inflexion or ot (¢) Sketch the graph of the fnetion and indicate all is important features. (spLetfiar= fore (9) Find f(x) and fi). (8) Find the possible stationary point off). (¢) Use f(a) to determine the natural of the stationary point. (4) Find the possible point of inflexion of f(x) and ‘chock whether the point is a point of inflexion or ot (@) Sketch the graph of the function and indicate all iss important features (19)Let fx) =a le +1) for 1 (a) Find 6) and f"@. () Find the possible stationary point off) (6) Use f(a) to determine the natural of the stationary point, (Find the possible point of inflexion off) and ‘check whether the point isa point of inflexion or () Sketch the graph ofthe meron and indicate all its important features, (20)Find ll the possible points of inflexion forthe fimetion yo sin. toon x for—2acx<2a After that chook ‘wher these points are points ofinflexion or not, So intempret these results by sketch the graph of the finetion, (21) Findall the possible points of inflexiom forthe fanetion| yr sin 2 00s x for-2acx <2 Ale thet chock ‘whether these points are points of inflexion or not, So ‘ntenpre: these reals by sketch the graph of the finetion, (22)Find atl the possibie points of inflexion forthe fimetion ston selor Qr0 (if @>Oandf*(@)<0 @s1@)<0ma f(a) <0 (@) Sketch «possible graph for each ofthe fallowing function y= f(s) with these properties: @FES)=FO)=FB)=0, (4B) =F°3)=0, F(a) 0 fore 0 OPAD-L2)=0,F 0) >and fo. (@) Given the greph they /G) draw below, on separate axes sketching the graphs of| wre) ore. > (4) Given the groph they -f2 drawn below, on separate axes sketching the graphs of wre ’ wre S|. (5) Given the graph the y= (2) drawn below, on separate axes sketching the graphs of are were©) Giver the graph they =f) drawn below, on separate axes sketching the graphs of ore wre. * (0) Give the wraps he» ~ fe) ean elo, on separate axes sbatcingthe grokwot fe) (bye), * (8) Given the graph the y~ f(a) drawn below, on separate ses sketching the graphs of wre were. x ” (9) Given the graph the y= /*) drawn below, on separate axes sketching the graphs of y ra) . x , (10) Given the graph the» =f") drew below, on separate axes stein the gupts of, ere wre, (1)Given the graph they =f") drawm bow, on separate axes shetching the guphs of wre “NX Fe. (12)Given the graph the y= /*s) drawn below, on separate ses sketching the graphs of ¥ wre) | ws e. (13) Given the graph they axes sketching the graphs of feo. ) drasin below, on separate hh. ) drasen below, on separate (14) Given the graph they axes sketching the graphs of se y SL .. (15) Given the graph they =/* (x) drawn below, on separate axes sketching the graphs of se y (16)Given the graph they —f* (x) dra below, om separate axes sketching the graphs of 2 seo. ( (17) Given the graph they ~f*(x) drawn below, on separate axes sketching the gnphs of| ’ se \ Carve sketching 16 (Curve sketching isa very important ski in mathematics, ‘We Ieam curve sketching from year 7. Inthe beginning we Use table to construct the graph ofa function. After that we tay to clasify fimotions into different category, to wo can describe the graph of each type more precisely. Now we have leamed Celoulus, By using the skills in Caleuls, 6 can sketch the graph ofa fietion accuratelyA. CURVE SKETCHING MENU: o @ @ wo 6 © o ®) 0 Simplifythe given feneon into en appropiate frm Find the doin ofthe fnetion Cheek wither the fneton i even or 084 Find the interapt and he y-interoep ofthe fincion Determine the postive or negative ofthe furtion Find he vertical asymp, the herizenialaymplctes athe oblige asymptote if ithas any Find the 1" derivative ofthe funtion, x al its possible stationary pont and determin its natural Find the 2 derivative ofthe fintion, so alts possible points of inlexion a detemmine is nara Ststch the gra of the fiction an how al posible feats Exercise a @ @ ‘Sketch the graph for each ofthe following polynomial functions. Indicate the coordinates of any stationary ‘point, point if'inflesion and the intercept with the axes if tis possible (@y2P ae 45 Wy 9-2 (oy=12P ax (@y=ax- 67. (Wyre 32-2445, (yest 16? +72 +10. Lat f(a) = tes (@ Find JG) and 00. (0) Find the coordinates of any stationary points and determine its natural. (6) Fin the coordinates of any points of inflexion. ( Find the equation ofthe horizontal asymptote (©) Sketch a graph of the function, indicate al sts important features 4e maya (@) Find f“G) and F"00. (b) Find the coordinates of any stationary points and determine its natal W o o © o (6) Find the coordinates of any points of iflexien, (4) Find the equation ofthe horizontal asymptote (6) Sketch a graph ofthe function, indicate all its ‘important flares Ler fee) = (a) Find FG, () Find the coordinates of any stationary points and etemnine its natural (6) Find the equation ofthe horizontal and vertical snymptotes (6) Sketch a graph ofthe fimetion, indicate all its important fatures os eyes) 22 O° ame Find 09) (©) Find the coordinates of any stationary points and sletenmine its natural (6) Find the oguation ofthe horizontal and vertical ‘axymptotes. (6) Sketcn a graph ofthe fnetion, indicat all its ‘important features Legis) Fe= Find fc) (©) Find the coordinates of any stationary points and Lee 106+ 50, (@)Fiad be derivative of & aad hee find the vale of sta makes Ao minimum (@) Find the least possible value ofthe combine areas (8). Arnmning trce of 400 metros in length is designed ting two sides ofa rectangle and two semi-circles as shown below. The rectangle has a length of x metres and the som es each have diameter y metres, <—sm—> yn} (eins 1 00-) () Show that che repion has an area A= = (800— 1). 4 {o) Hence find the maxim area that may be enclosed Abo as a square base ard no lid, Let the square base Innve a length of xem and the box have aight em, {@) Show that the wunface area ofthe box is given by So + ah (@) Ifthe box has a volume of 32 em?, show that o 2and hence S= 2 + 2S Find the derivative the $ and hen find the dimensions of he box that minimum its surface © ove Sketch the parabola y = 4~ and the tangent at P(a, 4— a?) im the first quadrant, (b) Find the equation ofthe tangent tothe parabola st P, () Find the value of tht makes the area ofthe ‘wiangle formed by the tangent andthe coordinate axes will be minimom, (11) Find the maximum possible area of rightangled ‘triangle that has a hypotenuse 16 em in length, (12)A point lies on the positive halfof the x-axis, another point sont pose alot ax a te interval AB vay pass hough he pon, 3). Find the oor of and Dt wl mae thee of timgle AOB minim, wher sth iin (13)A point P lies on the parabola y ~ x7. (Show ht the dance fom point Po thine ryt ois Bie ony (byes ind the eons ft iP ch hat the diane mini (14) pon ie onthe parol = (3 pit 3 wih he same x oot Ais on the praela yaa) (Show i emai om a agra (Find on expronsion rte eng of AB (oF he in length of AB CD cx <4 (15)A point A lies on the parabola y = (@~ 3)*+7, point B ‘withthe same # coordinate as A lies on the parabola yada) («) Show this infeemation om a diagram (b) Find an expression forthe length of AB. (©)Find the minimum length of AB. (16) wo sides ofa rectangle lie onthe positive half ofthe x axis and the y-axis, The vertex opposite the origin is in the frst quadrant and les on the kine 3x + 29 ~ 6. (@) Show this information on a diagram, (©) Find the maximum area ofthe rectangle (17) Two vertices ofa rectangle lic on the positive halfof Une sais und the yas and the other two vertices lie cathe line 3x +2y= 6 {@) Show this information on a diagram. (©) Find the maximum area ofthe rectangle. (18)A man in a rowing bost has a prpendiculardistanes of ‘kan from a point on the shore. He wants to reach as soon as possible a point B that i. Further 20 km down, the shore from point 4, If he ean row 8 fam and run 10 Jw, how far ftom A should he land? (19)A page of «book has 80 em? of printing aren, There is a 2 cm margin atthe top and the bottom and a} ema margin on each side ofthe page. Find the dimensions of ‘the page in order to use the least amount of paper (20) The sum of the height kof cylinder andthe circurnference ofits hase is 10 metres, (a) IF ris the radius ofthe eylinder, show thatthe volume is = 172(10 ~2a0) (©) Find the maximal possible volume ofthe eyliner. (21)A closed eylindrical can isto have a surface area of 60 (a) Ihe cylinder has height and rains 7, show that (©) Show that :he volume ofthe canis given by Ve (0-7), (6) Find the maximum possible volume ofthe can in terms of x (22) A rectangle has an area of 121 m# (a) Ifthe height ix metres and the perimeter is P etre, show that P= 262+ 124), (©) Hlenve show that the perimeter is @ minimam when tho rectangle isa square(23)A right cixculas cone is to have fixed slant height of 8 (@) Let the cone have height hand radius, explain why PoP (b) Show that the volume of the cone is given by 1 aie), 3 (©) Show that the volume of the cone is maximize wien 8 (4) Hence find the maximum volume of the cone 2B