CHAPTER SIX

(PARTICULAR ASSIGNMENT DURING

INTERNSHIP)
EARLY CHILDHOOD TRAINING
PROGRAM FOR WOMEN & ITS IMPACT
ON EMPLOYMENT & INCOME
GENERATION

Women empowerment is the empowerment of the

generation.
(Unknown)

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CHAPTER SIX
CHAPTER SIX
Creating Livelihoods through ECD Development in Gilgit
Baltistan

6.1 INTRODUCTION
Women empowerment is a critical issue specially in developing economies.
Women who are the major proportion of the society are usually underserved due
to male dominant rural environment. In such environments women are limited
only to household activities and are considered traditionally inappropriate to
participate in income generation trades. Hashoo Foundation is playing a vital role
in empowering women. This project aims to develop the concept of ECD projects
and other socio economic projects of the foundation for empowering women in
area.
Education is regarded as the key factor in overcoming the barriers that women
face and the basic tool for empowering women and bringing them into the main
stream of development. Education not only provides knowledge and skills to
improve health and livelihoods, but it empowers women to take their right place
in society and the development process. Education gives status and confidence in
decision making. Educating women is the key to reducing poverty. The need for
women education is emphasized all over the world. This fact is presented by
Sharma.U and Sharma, M.B (2004) as:
One of our greatest needs is to spread education among our women. As a matter
of fact there is room for the extension of education even among men. The
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condition of womens education is, however, such that any attempt as its spread
deserves help and encouragement from all quarters.
Women status in the society and education are interrelated. All over the world
movements have been carried on to reduce illiteracy as stated by Bhatt,D.B and
Sharma, R.S (1992) The movement for improving womens status all over the
world has always emphasized education as the most significant instrument for
changing womens subjugated position in society.
Womens education has an important role in the development of nations. The
literacy rate of women also has impact on the economic condition and reduction
of poverty of the country.
6.1.1 Background
Hashoo Foundation (HF) is a progressive and dynamic non-profit organization,
leading the way in human development and poverty alleviation by implementing
viable economic development, educational and capacity building programs and
donor supported projects in Pakistan since 1988. Whilst the foundation has a
particular focus on women and the youth it does, however, also provide care and
support services to the less privileged and vulnerable members of the society.
Creating livelihood through ECD development in Gilgit Baltistan (GB) is a
project of foreign donor Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur International Zusammenarbit
(GIZ). Project is started in December 01, 2013 and will be end on February 28,
2015. Goal of the project is to contribute to the livelihood of young females by

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providing them with a training opportunity in Early Childhood Development
(ECD).
6.1.2 Objectives

To find out how much this ECD training project has contributed to

empower women
To investigate how many skilled women have been produced so far by

project and how they are utilizing their expertise

To find how this project assisted young women in building their
confidence & decision making power

6.1.3 Research Questions

To what extent have ECD Training in GB been successful in strengthening

women in this region?

Have the HF been helpful in empowering women in the region?

6.1.4 Statement of the Problem

The World Education Forum emphasized the importance of ECD. Throughout the
world, numerous researchers have demonstrated the powerful impact of early
childhood education on school enrollment, completion of education, healthy life,
economic productivity & social responsibility. Moreover, Early Childhood
Education (ECE) has been considered a fundamental pillar for later on lifelong
learning in different educational policy, discussions and dialogues in Pakistan, and
elsewhere. It has been recognized that attention to young childrens education is

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critical to work on Education for All (EFA) and Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) and to a sustainable development of education at the national level.
6.1.5 Significance of the Study
This research has helped me at a personal and professional level by strengthening
my understanding of Early Childhood Education and conducting this in depth
study, in the quantitative and qualitative paradigm, has facilitate me to understand
the process of research methods and enhanced my skills in doing research. Along
this I am also enable to understand the practical tasks of project and its practical
implementations in given organization. This finding will also be useful in
informing educational leaders, teacher educators and policy makers about the
practices, possible challenges recommendations. It will also provide some
guidelines to the ECD teachers and other stakeholders in the best possible
implementation of learning, gained from the programme. This study provide the
post project effects of women empowerment and projects impact on employment,
income generation and decision making process in their daily life.
6.1.6 Limitation of the Research
Limitations of our study are as follow:

Time of this research work is specific and short, so time is one of

the main limitations of our study.

For computing secondary data, access to online journals and
article is control from university server, so data collection from
main sources of social science is restricted.

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Computing of primary data through questioners was difficult

task because the participants/ respondents were outside of the
organization.

6.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In this study I have investigate the methodology used for my research. Silverman
(1993) defined methodology as General approaches to studying a research topic
to establish how one can will go about studying any phenomenon. These studies
start with a discussion of rational for considering both qualitative and quantitative
research methodology. Within the many methodologies in this chapter, I have
used interviews and developed questionnaires for data collection. It includes a
discussion of basic research design, sample selection, data collection methods,
data analysis strategy and ethical consideration that were taken into account
during the study.
This study mainly investigates ECD Trainings for women and impact of their
Training on empowerment and income generation. The project is implemented by
Hashoo Foundation with coordination with foreign donor GIZ, for the
improvement of women empowerment & for socio economic development in the
five districts of GB. These trainings provide the concept of women
entrepreneurship and created different ways for employment and entrepreneurship
opportunities. Many of successful stories developed after training and they got the
ways and sources for income generation along with the educational skill
development.
6.2.1 Data Collection
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The data was collected from trained participants of the first batch who are
working in different ECD sectors. Questioner was designed to collect required
data. As the role of research is to investigate the role of ECD in women
empowerment and income contribution of households, there for sample of 20
trainers were also selected to know about their views regarding the income earned
by them and to assess the change in their life style and their involvement in
decision making process. A special questioner format was also developed to
collect the data from parents.
6.2.1.1 Primary Data
Primary sources of data collection are participants of training, project
coordinators and team. Several interviews are conducted to gather the data and
questioners are also used in primary data collection.
6.2.1.2 Secondary Data
Secondary sources of data collections are books, journals, on line article and from
other internet sources.

6.3 SAMPLING METHOD

6.3.1 Sampling Distribution
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Area

Targeted Population Size

Participants

GB

60

Trainers

Selected Sample Size

Management

12

Participants

30

Trainers

6.4 DATA ANALYSIS

Data was first gathered from relevant source like a sample of 30 Participants,
project team and persons including coordinator project from the management.
Data was analyzed by using statistical and inferential tools like graphs and tables
using SPSS Software. The data obtained through questioner and checklists was
initially fed into SPSS analysis and finally put into MS Word.
6.4.1 Descriptive Statistic
Descriptive statistics refers to the transformation of raw data into a form that will
make them easy to understand and interpret (Zikmund, 1991 cited in Karim &
Batra, 2009). Descriptive statistics helps to simplify a large amount of data, as this
research has a lot of data and measures, so descriptive statistics were used to
simplify the data measures and interpretation. Frequency distribution, percentage,
mean and standard deviation were used for measurement.
Descriptive research method is used in this study. Descriptive research is to describe
characteristics of a population or phenomenon. Descriptive research seeks to
determine the answers to who, what, when, where, and how questions (Zikmund,
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Management

CHAPTER SIX
1991 cited in Karim & Batra, 2009). Inferential statistical tools were used in this
research for testing of hypothesis and making inferences.

6.4.2 Inferential Statistic

Inferential statistics were used to create inferences concerning a population from a
sample in order to take a broad view and /or make predictions about the future
(http://statistics.laerd.com). Chi-Square test was done in SPSS software for testing
of hypothesis based on goodness of fit for all individual indicators separately.
Goodness of fit tells us about how well the statistical model fits a set of
observation (http://cnx.org).

INCOME UTILIZATION

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Source: Authors own calculations

The above graph depicts that how participants of training are utilizing their
income. The detailed breakdown of income utilization shows that mostly the
earned income is used to meet family educational expenses of siblings and very
low portion of income is utilized in personal expenses and savings, whereas a
portion of income is also used for domestic expenses by participants.
The breakdown shows that this project is mainly contributing to fulfill the
educational needs and domestic needs of women. Spending on educational
purpose also help the society to be educated.
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COMPARISON OF WOMENS STATUS BEFORE & AFTER PROJECT

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The above graphs show the involvement of these women in their family matters
before and after being employed. The study also finds that the interviewed women
are in favor of the view that this project has helped in building their confidence
and their decisions are hounerd by family after the joining of this project. They
feel that due to being able to earn a significant amount of money to bear at least
their household expenses and educational expenses of their siblings, they are now
considered as an important member of family, therefore they are involve or

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consulted while taking decision at family level. This shows that this project is
contributed in the women empowerment.
CONFIDENCE BUILDING

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DISCUSSION

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