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the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or wires, bundles of bars, or
prestressing tendons or ducts
DEFORMED REINFORCEMENTS
PRESTRESSING TENDONS
CURING
concrete (other than high-early strength) shall be maintained above 10C and in a moist
condition for at least the first 7 days after placement
high-early strength concrete shall be maintained above 10C and in a moist condition for at
least the first 3 days
they (including their fittings) shall not displace more than 4% of the area of cross section when
embedded within a column
they shall not be larger in outside dimension than 1/3 the overall thickness of slab, wall or
beam in which they are embedded
conduits, pipes and sleeves may be considered as replacing structurally in compression the
displaced concrete, provided:
o
they are of uncoated or galvanized iron or steel not thinner than standard Schedule 40
steel pipe
they have a nominal inside diameter not over 50mm and are spaced not less than 3
diameters on centers
concrete cover shall not be less than 40mm for concrete exposed to earth or weather, or less
than 20mm for concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground
reinforcement with an area not less than 0.002 times the area of concrete section shall be
provided normal to the piping
CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
construction joints in floors shall be located within the middle third of spans of slabs, beams
and girders
joints in girders shall be offset a minimum distance of 2 times the width of intersecting beams
STANDARD HOOKS
180-degree bend plus 4db extension, but not less than 60mm at free end of bar
16mm diameter bar and smaller 90-degree bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar,
or
20 and 25mm diameter bar 90-degree bend plus 12db extension at free end of bar, or
25mm diameter bar and smaller 135-degree bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar
bar size of 16mm and smaller (for stirrups and ties) 4db (inside diameter)
the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer shall be db but not less than
25mm
the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in 2 or more layers shall not be less than
25mm between layers
in walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural reinforcement shall
not be spaced farther apart than 3 times the wall or slab thickness, nor farther than 450mm
BUNDLED BARS
individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall terminate
at different points with at least 40db stagger
where spacing limitations and minimum concrete cover are based on bar diameter db, a unit
of bundled bars shall be treated as a single bar of a diameter derived from the equivalent total
area
minimum concrete cover shall be equal to the equivalent diameter of the bundle, but need not
be greater than 50mm
center-to-center spacing of pretensioning tendons at each end of a member shall not be less
than 5db for wire, nor 4db for strands
beams, columns:
wall panels:
other members:
beams, columns:
primary reinforcement db but not less than 15mm and need not exceed 40mm
beams, columns:
OFFSET BARS
slope of inclined portion of an offset bar with axis of column shall not exceed 1 in 6
portions of bar above and below an offset shall be parallel to axis of column
lateral ties or spirals, if used, shall be placed not more than 150mm from points of bend
where a column face is offset 75mm or greater, longitudinal bars shall not be offset bent.
Separate dowels, lap sliced with the longitudinal bars adjacent to the offset column faces,
shall be provided
SPIRALS
for cast-in-place construction, size of spirals shall not be less than 10mm diameter
clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75mm or be less than 25mm
anchorage of spiral reinforcement shall be provided by 1 extra turns of spiral bar or wire at
each end of a spiral unit
spiral reinforcement shall be lap spliced by 48db but not less than 300mm or welded
in columns with capitals, spirals shall extend to a level at which the diameter or width of capital
is 2 times that of the column
ASTM A 615M
ASTM A 616M
ASTM A 617M
TIES
10mm diameter lateral ties for longitudinal bars 32mm diameter or smaller
12mm diameter lateral ties for longitudinal bars 36 diameter and bundled bars
ties shall be arranged that no bar shall be farther than 150mm clear on each side along the tie
ties shall be located vertically not more than a tie spacing above the top of footing or slab
in any story
where beams or brackets frame from 4 directions into a column, termination of ties not more
than 75mm below reinforcement in shallowest of such beams or brackets shall be permitted
shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than 5 times the
slab thickness, or 450mm
T-BEAM CONSTRUCTION
the flange and web shall be built integrally or otherwise effectively bonded together
width of slab effective as a T-beam flange on each side of the web shall not exceed:
for beams with a slab on one side only, the effective overhanging flange width shall not
exceed:
o
transverse reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than 5 times the slab thickness, nor
450mm
JOIST CONSTRUCTION
ribs shall not be less than 100mm in width and shall have a depth of not more than 3 times
the minimum width of rib
slab thickness over permanent fillers shall not be less than 1/12 the clear distance between
ribs nor less than 40mm
when removable forms or fillers are used, slab thickness shall not be les than 1/12 the clear
distance between ribs, or less than 50mm
where conduits or pipes are embedded within the slab, slab thickness shall be at least 25mm
greater than the total overall depth of the conduits or pipes at any point
REQUIRED STRENGTH
U = 1.4D + 1.7L
U = 0.9D + 1.3W
U = 0.99D + 1.1E
STRENGTH-REDUCTION FACTOR
cantilever, L/10
cantilever, L/8
for Fy other than 415Mpa, the values shall be multiplied by (0.4 + Fy/700)
spacing of lateral supports for a beam shall not exceed 50 times the least width b of
compression flange or face
minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression members shall be 3 for bars within
triangular ties, 4 for bars within rectangular or circular ties, and 6 for bars enclosed by spirals
shall not exceed d/2 in non-prestressed members and 3/4h in prestressed members or
600mm
SPLICES
lap splices shall not be used for bars larger than 36mm diameter
lap splices of bars in a bundle shall be based on the lap splice length required for individual
bars within the bundle
bars spliced by non-contact lap splices in flexural members shall not be spaced transversely
farther apart than 1/5 the required lap splice length, or 150mm
WALLS
minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be:
o
0.0012 deformed bars not larger than 16mm diameter with a specified yield strength not
less than 420Mpa, or
minimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be:
o
0.0020 deformed bars not larger than 16mm diameter with a specified yield strength not
less than 420 Mpa, or
in addition to the minimum reinforcement required, not less than 2-16mm diameter bars shall
be provided around all window and door openings. Such bars shall be extended to develop
the bar beyond the corners of the openings but not less than 600mm
NON-BEARING WALLS
thickness shall not be less than 100mm, or not less than 1/30 the least distance between
members that provide lateral support
depth of footing above bottom reinforcement shall not be less than 150mm for footings on soil,
or not less than 300mm for footings on piles
the first hoop shall be located not more than 50mm from the face of a supporting member
d/4
300mm
where hoops are not required, stirrups shall be placed at no more than d/2 throughout the
length of the member
STRUCTURAL STEEL
for members whose design is based on compressive force, the slenderness ratio preferably
should not exceed 200
for members whose designed is based on tensile force, the slenderness ratio preferably
should not exceed 300
ALLOWABLE STRESSES
PIN-CONNECTED MEMBERS
minimum net area beyond the pinhole, parallel to the axis of the member, shall not be less
than 2/3 of the net area across the pinhole
width of the body of an eyebar shall not exceed 8 times its thickness
pin diameter shall not be less than 7/8 times the eyebar width
pinhole diameter shall be no more than 0.8mm greater than the pin diameter
SHEAR CONNECTORS
diameter of studs shall not be greater than 2 times the thickness of the flange to which they
are welded
WELDS
weld access holes shall have a length from the toe of the weld preparation not less than 1
times the thickness of the material in which the hole is made
groove welds:
o
flare V-groove, R
fillet welds:
o
effective throat thickness of a fillet weld = shortest distance from the root of the joint to the
face of the diagrammatic weld
not greater than the thickness of the material (material less than 6mm thick)
not greater than the thickness of the material minus 1.6mm (material 6mm or
more in thickness)
minimum effective length of a fillet weld designed on the basis of strength shall not be
less than 4 times its nominal size
if greater than 4 times its nominal size, the size of the weld should not exceed its
effective length
effective length of any segment of intermittent fillet welding shall not be less than 4 times
the weld size, with a minimum of 38mm
in lap joints, minimum lap shall be 5 times the thickness of the thinner part joined, but not
less than 25mm
slide or end fillet welds terminating at ends or sides, respectively, of parts or members
shall, wherever practicable, be returned continuously around the corners for a distance
not less than 2 times the nominal size of the weld
diameter of the hole for a plug weld shall not be less than the thickness of the part
containing it plus 8mm, nor greater than the minimum diameter plus 3mm or 2 times the
thickness of the weld
minimum spacing of lines of slot welds in a direction transverse to their length shall be 4
times the width of the slot
length of the slot shall not exceed 10 times the thickness of the weld
width of the slot shall not be less than the thickness of the part containing it plus 8mm, nor
shall it be larger than 2 times the thickness of the weld
thickness of plug or slot welds in material 16mm or less thick = thickness of the material
thickness of plug or slot welds in material over 16mm thick = the thickness of the
material but not less than 16mm
FASTENERS
distance between centers of standard, oversized or slotted fastener holes shall not be less
than 2 2/3 times the nominal diameter of the fastener
maximum distance from the center of any rivet or bolt to the nearest edge of parts in contact
shall be 12 times the thickness of the connected part, but shall not exceed 150mm
CAMBER
trusses of 24.4m or greater span generally shall be cambered for approximately the dead-load
deflection
crane girders of 22.9m or greater span generally shall be cambered for approximately the
dead-load deflection plus the live-load deflection