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National Conference on Recent Trends in Mechanical Engineering (March 20-21, 2015)

UTILIZATION OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL INSIDE SOLAR


THERMAL COLLECTOR FOR WATER HEATING APPLICATIONS:
REVIEW
Rajesh Kumar*, Brij Bhushan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, BCET, Gurdaspur, Punjab, India
* corresponding author e-mail: er.sharmarajesh@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Solar energy is always been a alluring option to meet the domestic hot water demands worldwide. Though there are
plenty of advantages associated with the use of solar energy as source to fetch domestic hot water supplies, the
intermittent nature of solar energy is a major obstacle on the way. Thus a lot of ways have been developed over the
past decades to store this energy and efficiently utilize it according to demand throughout the day. Use of phase
change material (PCM) is a promising way to store solar thermal energy available. Literature on the use of PCM
inside the storage tank on domestic solar water heating system (DSWHS) is available in abundance. But there is
comparatively few literature is available on the use of PCM inside the solar thermal collectors. This review paper
sheds some light on the researches which are previously been carried out while using PCM inside the solar thermal
collectors and summarizes the performance analysis of these significantly distinguished solar thermal collector
developed by various researchers.
Keywords: Phase change material (PCM), Solar thermal collector, Solar water heating.

1. Introduction
Energy is life blood of the global economy, an
indispensible input to nearly all of the goods and
services of the modern world. Without heat, light and
power it is impossible to build or run the factories and
cities that provide jobs and homes, nor enjoy the
amenities that make life more comfortable and
enjoyable. Thus it is legitimate to say that energy is
oxygen for economy [1]. At present nearly 80% of
worlds energy demand is fulfilled by fossil fuel based
sources. But there are several risks associated with their
use. Energy infrastructures, power plants, transmission
lines, substations, and gas and oil pipelines are all
potentially vulnerable to adverse weather conditions or
human acts. The demand of fossil fuels around the globe
is expected to exceed annual production, possibly within
next two decades. Shortage of fossil fuels can initiate
global economic and political crises and conflicts.
Furthermore, burning of fossil fuels releases emissions
such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, aerosols, etc.
which have adverse affects on the local, regional and
global environment [2]. Thus in future pressure will be
on world scientific community to research and develop
new ways to extract, store and efficiently utilize energy
from renewable resources. According to a study 30-40%
of a familys electricity bill is devoted to hot water
usage. Solar heating systems can save the individual
family from 70 to 90% of the total amount spent on the

electricity used for heating water [3]. Solar energy is one


of the most reliable renewable energy resources and it is
inexhaustible. It is free and available in adequate
quantities in almost all parts of the world where people
live. Approximately 1.8x1011 MW of power from the
sun is intercepted by earth [4]. History of solar water
heaters (SWH) starts from back date 1760 when HoraceBenedict de Saussure, a Swiss naturalist, observed that
solar radiations causes more heat in a space confined by
glass than an open space. Based upon this observation in
1767 he built a prototype, insulated box black painted at
bottom and with two glass cover at top. Upon exposure
to the solar radiations he found that the temperature
inside the setup is much higher than that of boiling
temperature of water. The first commercially available
solar water heater is built by Clarence Kemp in 1891. He
named it climax. It was based upon the similar design
that of Horace-Benedict de Saussure, a black painted
water tank inside a glass covered box. William J. bailey
in 1909 built a solar water heater by separating collector
from the storage. A glass covered box containing water
pipes attached to the black painted metal plate
constitutes the collector. A well insulated tank, placed
sufficiently above the collector height works as storage
tank. This SWH works on thermosyphon principle.
Although some countries had started manufacturing and
using SWH but their global acceptance and popularity
comes along with the 1973 oil embargo. A lot of
research is been carried out afterwards that global oil

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National Conference on Recent Trends in Mechanical Engineering (March 20-21, 2015)

crises to make SWH more efficient, adaptive to


different environment and cheaper [5]. A solar water
heating system (SWHS) consists of a collector to collect
solar energy and an insulated storage tank to store hot
water. The solar energy incident on the absorber plate
coated with selected coating transfers the heat to the
riser pipes underneath the absorber panel. The water
contained inside the riser tubes get heated up and is
delivered to the storage tank.
The total system
comprising of solar collector, storage tank and pipelines
is called SWHS [6]. Based upon method of water
circulation SWHS are broadly classified as active and
passive systems. Active SWHS are those in which a
water circulation pump is installed to pump the
water/HTF in the circuit piping. Active SWHS are
further sub classified as direct circulation systems and
indirect circulation systems. A direct circulation system
is one in which directly water is pumped through
collector to absorb heat rather than any other HTF. An
indirect circulation systems is one in which some HTF is
pumped through the collector to absorb heat. After
carrying heat from the collector HTF goes to heat
exchanger where it releases its heat to water. The HTF
circulates in a closed loop contrary to water which is in
open loop. Passive SWH systems are those in which
circulation of water occurs without any external power
i.e. without any pump. Passive SWHS are further sub
classified as integrated collector storage systems (ICS)
and thermosyphon systems. An ICS system is one in
which collector and storage systems are built in as a
single unit. Both the purposes of collection and storage
of heat are achieved by single unit. A thermosyphon
system is one in which the water flows from collector to
storage tank due to density differences of water. The
water present inside the collector absorbs heat and
become hot. As the water absorbs more and more heat
its density decreases and it become lighter. The hotlighter water moves towards the storage tank which is
placed above the height of collector. In response to this
the more denser and cold water from storage tank rushes
into the collector. This is how circulation of water
occurs in thermosyphon system.
It is a well known fact that solar energy is available only
in day time, but the usage of hot water is not limited to
day time only. Thus efficient thermal energy storage
TES is always required with SWH system to bridge the
gap between supply and demand of energy [7]. There
are two types of heat storage systems which are used,
one is sensible heat storage system in which there is no
phase change of storage medium occurs and another is
latent heat storage systems in which the heat storage

media undergoes the phase change. Sensible heat


storage is most commonly used for solar thermal
applications but it has some drawbacks like larger
volumes are required for particular amount energy
storage. Latent heat storage overcomes this drawback by
providing high storage density i.e. lesser volume of
storage material is required to store large amount of
energy [8, 9]. Materials used for the purpose of latent
heat storage are called as Phase change materials
(PCM). PCM absorbs 5-14 times more heat per unit
volume than sensible heat storage materials [10]. A
broad literature on the phase change materials and their
applications can be easily found [10-14]. A lot of
research is been done by various researchers by using
phase change material (PCM) inside the storage tank of
the solar water heating system [15-27] But there is
limited literature available on the use of phase change
material (PCM) inside the solar thermal collector. In this
review paper an effort is made to bunch up such
previous researches of using PCM inside the solar
thermal collector.

2. Literature review
Krkl et al. [28] developed a solar collector which
consists of two adjoining sections one filled with water
and other filled with phase change material as shown in
Fig.1, Paraffin wax was used as PCM with
melting/freezing temperature about 50C. Results of the
experiment revealed that the temperature difference
between water and ambient air never reached less than
22C at night times.

`
Fig.1 Schematic of solar collector developed by Krkl et al.

Further by covering the collector surface with 5cm thick


glass wool blanket, when the water temperature was at
its maximum, leads to the water temperature never
below than 36C until next morning. The upper and
lower limits of instantaneous efficiency of collector

Beant College of Engineering and Technology, Gurdaspur, Punjab-143521((India)

National Conference on Recent Trends in Mechanical Engineering (March 20-21, 2015)

were 80% and 20% respectively. And most of times the


instantaneous efficiency remains around 60%.

process shows that the PCM starts melting from the


upper layers firstly and then the solid liquid interface
travels sequentially to the lower layers of PCM.

Rabin et al. [29] proposed a concept of integrated


collector storage for solar water heating systems. The
system combines collection and storage of thermal
energy in single unit as depicted in Fig.2. A heat
exchanger was located in the layer of stationary heat
transfer liquid (SHTL) which was floating over the layer
of PCM.

Fig.3 Schematic of experimental apparatus (collector)


developed by Mettawee et al.

Fig.2 Schematic of solar collector developed by Rabin et al.

The density of SHTL was lower than that of molten


PCM thats why the SHTL floats over PCM when PCM
was in molten state. A theoretical model for charging
process of PCM was proposed for this integrated
collector. The model was solved numerically and
validated against experimental data. Result revealed that
there was very good agreement between the numerical
results and experimental data in PCM layers, but the
numerical solution for SHTL layer was less accurate
than experimental data. The results showed that on
typical winter day the overall daily solar absorption
efficiency was about 70%.
Mettawee et al. [30] introduced a compact solar
collector using PCM in it. In this collector the absorber
plate container unit performs the function of both
absorbing the solar energy and storing that energy in
PCM. Paraffin wax was used as PCM. The collectors
total volume was divided into 5 sectors; the actual
experimental apparatus was designed to simulate one of
these sectors of collector out of five. The collectors
effective area of this sector was 0.2 m2. An experimental
model of one sector of compact PCM solar collector was
built as shown in Fig.3. During charging and
discharging process study of the temperature distribution
throughout the PCM, solid liquid interface of PCM and
heat transfer coefficient was carried out. Results
obtained as temperature distribution during charging

The shape (contour) of this solid liquid interface remains


same during whole charging process. Further
temperature distributions obtained during discharging
process revealed that heat loss from PCM to water can
divided into three stages. In 1st stage PCM temperature
rapidly decreases up to the solidification temperature of
PCM this was considered as sensible heat loss from
PCM in liquid state. In 2nd stage phase of PCM changes
from liquid to solid at approximately constant
temperature this was latent heat loss. In the 3rd stage
after solidification of PCM the temperature of PCM
decreases gradually this was sensible heat loss from
solid PCM. Furthermore the solid liquid interface during
discharging process was elliptical during start of
discharging and then become more like circular with
time.
Lin et al. [31] experimentally investigated the working
of solar flat plate collector system one was conventional
type and another was new type of collector system in
which PCM (Paraffin wax) was used for latent heat
storage inside the flat plate collector. The absorber plate
was modified by installing extended surfaces into PCM
reservoir to increase the heat transfer rate. The paraffin
wax was in direct contact with the lower surface of
absorber plate. Paraffin wax stores heat during day time
and discharges this heat to fresh water at night time. The
system performance was tested at flow rate of 5Kg/min
and at different angle of inclinations. The result showed
that the day time efficiency of with PCM system was
lower than the efficiency of without PCM system. The
night time efficiency of with PCM system was
considerably more than the efficiency of without PCM
system. It was found that the duration of availability of
hot water was increased by 3 hours at night by using

Beant College of Engineering and Technology, Gurdaspur, Punjab-143521((India)

National Conference on Recent Trends in Mechanical Engineering (March 20-21, 2015)

PCM in the system. It was also found that with better


surface contact between PCM and absorber plate which
leads to better heat transfer between two, the better
performance of the system can be achieved.
Thaib et al. [32] conducted the performance analysis of
a newly designed and fabricated flat plate collector as
shown in Fig. 4 using PCM inside the collector. The
results showed that maximum temperature of water
achieved was 70C and the maximum efficiency
achieved was 36.6%. The availability of hot water can
be maintained up to 08:00 p.m. Authors has concluded
that the use of heat storage material i.e. PCM has
improved the performance of system.

35C in the outlet water temperature of both systems on


the 1st day and of 30C on the next day.

Fig.5 Schematic of collector developed by Gond et al.

Tewari et al. [35] predicted the performance of a


collector cum storage solar water heater by
mathematical model. During off sun periods the system
was covered with movable insulation to reduce heat
losses from top side. Water collects heat from PCM
during off sun period by flowing through the parallel
plates arranged at liquid solid interface of PCM. The
results revealed that the fluctuation in outlet water
temperature decreases as more and more PCM gets melt
by absorbing energy. Moreover it was observed that
throughout the day and night it was possible to get water
temperature 15 to 20C higher than the ambient air
temperature with use of PCM inside the collector.

Fig.4 Schematic of solar collector developed by Thaib et al.

Heat collection and retention capabilities of a


rectangular box type solar thermal collector called as
store filled with water and PCM slurries with different
concentrations was studied by Eames and Griffiths [33].
The predictions were made with mathematical finite
volume model. The results revealed that the system
filled with water only was capable of collecting heat
more effectively then the systems filled with PCM
slurries. Further it was concluded that with the use of
PCM in the system it was possible to retain the heat for
longer period of time.
Gond et al. [34] compared the performance of a solar
collector which uses phase change material as short term
heat storage media with conventional solar flat plate
collector. The schematic of PCM filled flat plate
collector is shown in Fig.5. The results of experiment
revealed that the maximum temperature of outlet water
has considerably higher for system with PCM filled in
flat plate collector than the conventional flat plate
collector system. There was a temperature difference of

Bhargwa [36] conducted the study of a solar collector


using three different PCMs i.e. Na2SO4.10H2O,
Na2HPO4.12H2O and P116 Wax. Mathematical model
was used for the study which purposes to replace the
liquid-solid phase of PCM with a fictitious solid to
simplify the analysis. The effect of various design
parameters like size of PCM block, position of water
pipe and flow rate of water was studied. Results
revealed that the efficiency of the solar collector using
PCM depends on thermal conductivity of PCM in solid
and liquid phase. The system with PCM of higher
thermal conductive will be more efficient. Further
results showed that the outlet-inlet temperature
difference will be more if depth of water pipe was
increased.
Performance of three trapezoidal built in storage solar
water heaters (BSSWHs) is compared by Tarhan et al.
[37]. The first water heater was used as reference. It has
a baffle plate beneath the absorber plate at 5mm
distance, this was to create water channel. In second
water heater the PCM (myristic acid) was stored in
10mm thick unit which act as absorber plate. In third
water heater the PCM (lauric acid) was stored in 40mm

Beant College of Engineering and Technology, Gurdaspur, Punjab-143521((India)

National Conference on Recent Trends in Mechanical Engineering (March 20-21, 2015)

thick unit which act as baffle plate. Results showed that


the use of lauric acid as PCM combined with baffle plate
has reduced the peak temperature value as compare to
reference system. And it was not quite effective to retain
the temperature of water at night time. Use of myristic
acid stored in absorber plate was quite effective to retain
the temperature of water at night. Thus it was concluded
that the properties of PCM and configuration of PCM
storage unit has effects on the temperature distribution
in water heating system.
Khalifa et al. [38] incorporated a backing layer PCM
(Paraffin wax) under the black painted copper absorber
plate of a solar collector. The experiments were
conducted in the month of January, February and March.
The results showed that the instantaneous efficiency of
the system remains in the range of 40-54% on any day in
these three months which was in contrast to the
instantaneous efficiency of the conventional (without
PCM) system which fluctuates more rapidly with
fluctuation in climate conditions. Hence concluded that
there was nearly steady variation in the efficiency of
with PCM system which means incorporation of PCM
inside the solar collector was useful.
The performance of a built in storage type solar water
heater which contains PCM (Paraffin wax) in capsules at
the bottom of collector was predicted analytically and
was compared with the performance of conventional
SWH (without PCM) by Parkash et al. [39]. The results
showed that during day time when sunshine is available
the temperature of water in conventional SWH was
considerably more than the with PCM SWH system.
During off sun period the system with PCM was covered
with insulation cover at top. Further results showed that
during off sun period the temperature of water for with
PCM SWH system remains higher than the conventional
SWH system. Thus it was concluded that SWH system
with PCM stored at bottom are suitable for off sun
periods but are not efficient for day time water
requirements.
An experimental research was conducted to investigate
the possibility of enhancing thermal performance of
solar flat plate collector by incorporating PCM/PCM- cu
nanocomposites into the collector as thermal energy
storage TES medium by Kayiem and Lin [40]. The
experiment was carried out at three different inclination
angles 10, 20 and 30 at a flow rate of 0.5 Kg/min.
The results showed that with 10 inclination angle, best
efficiencies were recorded. The efficiency of three
systems i.e. without PCM, with PCM and with cu-PCM

nanocomposite was 47.6%, 51.1% and 52.0%


respectively. From this it was concluded that
performance of solar flat plate collector can be enhanced
by adding PCM into the collector to store thermal
energy. In an another experimental research by Lin and
Kayiem [41] they examined the effect of water flow rate
and tilt angle on the enhancement of heat transfer rate
and efficiency of integrated collector storage solar water
heater (ICSSWH). Results of the investigation of
without PCM system revealed that 0 and 10
inclinations are the optimum angles. At 0 inclination
with 4 Kg/min flow rate highest temperature of water at
outlet was 66C.
A mathematical model was presented and its analysis
was done for solar integrated collector storage (ICS)
water heating system with PCM by Reddy [42]. The
performance predictions for the system without any heat
transfer enhancement tool inside the PCM layer was
compared with the systems containing fins (Nos- 4, 9
and 19 at a pitch of 20cm, 10cm and 5cm respectively)
to enhance the melting rate of PCM. Results revealed
that the maximum temperature of water for the system
without fins was higher than the maximum temperature
of any other system containing fins. Further the system
with 9 fins was found to be most efficient in melting the
PCM (about 95% of PCM is melted) while other
systems are less efficient in this regard. The
configuration with 9 fins has showed maximum heat
retention capacity at night in comparison to other
configurations. The average temperature of water for the
system with 9 fins was found maximum in comparison
to the other systems at 600 hrs next morning. Hence it
was concluded that the system with 9 fins is optimum
for making hot water available at night with thermal
storage. The author has also validated this mathematical
model with experimental data given by Krkl et al.
[28] and found that simulation data was in reasonable
agreement with experimental data.
Three different soft computing techniques i.e. Artificial
Neural Networks (ANN), Adaptive Network Based
Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Support Vector
Machines (SVM) were used with MATLAB software to
predict the performance of solar collector system using
sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na2CO3.10H2O) as PCM
for thermal storage by Varol et al. [43]. The predicted
results are compared with experimentally investigated
performance data which shows that soft computing
techniques can be used for modelling these kinds of
SWH systems. Out of three computing techniques SVM
technique has given best results. Further it was observed

Beant College of Engineering and Technology, Gurdaspur, Punjab-143521((India)

National Conference on Recent Trends in Mechanical Engineering (March 20-21, 2015)

that the use of PCM in SWH system enhances the


performance of system by making hot water available
even after sunset.

collector to enhance the performance and utility of solar


water heating systems while taking consideration of
previous research work done in this field.

The performance of two thermal flat plate collectors was


compared by simulating the working of collectors in
MATLAB by Serale et al. [44]. One was conventional
thermal FPC using (40% Glycol and 60% Water) as heat
carrier fluid. Another was PCM slurry based thermal
FPC using 50% PCM concentration by mass. Results
revealed that PCM slurry based thermal FPC shows
considerable (about 5-10%) improvements in
instantaneous efficiency over conventional system. The
heat conversion efficiency of PCM slurry based system
was found 20 to 40% more than that of conventional
system. On the other hand the outlet temperature of heat
carrier fluid was higher in the conventional FPC in
comparison to the PCM slurry based FPC system.

REFRENCES

To enhance the rate of heat transfer within the PCM


layer inside the solar thermal FPC the physical domain
of pure PCM (paraffin wax) was replaced with
aluminium foam matrix saturated with paraffin wax by
Chen et al. [45]. Collector setup consists of porous
aluminium foam structure filled with paraffin wax was
used to store energy at day time by melting PCM. This
latent heat which was stored in PCM is transferred to
water at night time which flows in capillary tubes
embedded in paraffin. The simulation was conducted for
two systems on with pure PCM layer as TES media and
second with porous aluminium foam structure filled with
PCM for TES. The results revealed that the system with
porous aluminium foam structure filled with PCM
shows enhanced heat transfer performance.

3. Conclusion
This paper reviews the utilization of phase change
material inside the solar thermal collector. It is been
observed that several researchers have improved the
performance and utility of solar water heating systems
by incorporating phase change material PCM inside the
solar thermal collector of different designs and
configurations. The use of phase change material PCM
inside the solar thermal collector as latent heat storage
material has showed significant improvement in results
by maintaining the hot water availability during off sun
periods. Further research should be carried out to
optimize this technique of using PCM inside solar
thermal collector and to make it more reliable, cost
effective and commercially available. This review paper
will assist many of the solar enthusiasts in realizing their
conceptual ideas of using PCM inside the solar thermal

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National Conference on Recent Trends in Mechanical Engineering (March 20-21, 2015)

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Beant College of Engineering and Technology, Gurdaspur, Punjab-143521((India)

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