Triple Play Services including Mobile TV, VoIP, and

Internet over Mobile WiMAX Networks

Kemal Ozdemir, Francis Retnasothie, Logus Broadband Wireless
Raj Jain, Chakchai So-In, Washington University in St. Louis
Shyam Parekh, Alcatel-Lucent
Alan Moskowitz, MobiTV
Krishna Ramadas, Venturi Wireless
Mano Vafai, Wichorus

Abstract
Mobile TV, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), and Internet access services are important for mobile
users and network service providers. Mobile WiMAX devices can support all three services also known
as triple play. In this paper we analyze user capacity of Mobile WiMAX systems for each of these three
services. We consider various link characteristics, interference scenarios, modulations, QoS classes,
and quality of experience (QoE) requirements. We also analyze the impact of header compression and
suppression techniques and their effect on capacity. Our studies show that triple play over WiMAX is
very well suited for the last mile or green-field applications in terms of user capacity. Furthermore, we
show that triple play services can be expanded by increasing the spectrum

1 Introduction
Triple play consisting of mobile TV, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), and Internet access is of
interest to both network service providers and users. Using triple-play devices, customers can receive a
variety of content and customize their preference of entertainment, education, and information. They can
also realize unique experiences at a low cost without compromising quality with single billing. Network
service providers can build and maintain a single network with common OA&M (Operations,
Administration, and Maintenance), thereby, realizing cost savings. Additionally, new revenue streams
can be generated. An IP based network is ideally suited for triple play services and offers bandwidth
management and optimization.
WiMAX is a serious contender for delivery of triple play services. With advanced antenna techniques, it
offers data rates up to 70 Mbps and ranges up to 50 km, ensures secure delivery of content, and supports
mobile users at vehicular speeds of up to approximately 100 km/hr.
In this paper, we evaluate methods for optimally allocating channel resources among triple play services
including Mobile TV in WiMAX deployments. We consider: a) Triple play services over WiMAX to
under-serviced areas as a cost effective alternative for cable or Digital Subscriber Line (DSL). We
develop and present capacity planning models supported by analytical data.
We analyze WiMAX overheads and study the effect of header suppression/compression while
maintaining satisfactory user-experience. Analytical models for Mobile TV traffic were used to quantify
percentage increase of available channel resources. This is translated to an increased number of users in
the capacity planning model. Key parameters include the available spectrum, traffic characteristics, and
desired quality of service. This study is based on WiBro profile, which uses 8.75 MHz channels and then
expanded to WiMAX profiles with 10 MHz channels.
1

The objective of this paper is to offer service providers analytical data for planning network capacity. It
also provides justification for bidding for new spectrum.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we describe our system model, list
system parameters and assumptions used in computing the capacity results presented in the paper.
Section 3 discusses the factors that affect the capacity. The three workloads and their corresponding
capacity are presented in Section 4. Section 5 describes how these three workloads can be combined for
a triple play service. Finally, conclusions are presented in Section 6.

2 System Model, Parameters, and Assumptions

In this section, we briefly describe assumptions of our analysis and also list the parameter values used in
this study.
2.1 System Model
Figure 1 shows the system model of a WiMAX deployment for triple play services over an all IP
backbone network. Triple play content can either be classified at the IP layer and enter the WiMAX
system as Ethernet payload or each of the three types of content be individually provided for further
classification and optimization, e.g., through Access Service Network (ASN) gateway as shown on the
left part of Figure 1 [1, 2].

Figure 1: Triple Play Services over WiMAX - System Model

2.2 System Parameters

WiMAX technology has been designed to be very flexible in terms of spectrum width and channel
frequency, and duplexing methods. A number of channel frequencies and a number of spectrum widths
are supported to suit almost any available spectrum, which varies from country to country. Sometimes
the spectrum allocation requires frequency division duplexing (FDD) in which uplink (mobile to base)
and downlink (base to mobile) use separate frequency channels. The alternative is time division
duplexing (TDD), in which both uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) use the same channel but alternate in
time.
2

The first mass commercial deployment of WiMAX was in Korea and is called WiBro. It uses 8.75
MHz channels. A commonly used channel width in other WiMAX systems is 10 MHz. We, therefore,
analyze systems with both of these channel widths. In this study, unless stated otherwise, we use the
parameters as specified in Mobile WiMAX Wave 2 certification profiles. The key parameters of the
WiMAX system are listed in Table 1.

Table 1: System Parameters

Parameters

Value

OFDMA Frame Size

5 ms

Channel Bandwidth

8.75 MHz (WiBro)

10 MHz, and 20 MHz

WiMAX
Profile

Certification Wave 2

Duplexing

TDD

DL:UL Ratio

2:1

Subchannelization

PUSC

Ethernet MTU Size

1500 bytes

Antenna configuration

Single Antenna and

22 MIMO

Header compression

RoHC

WiMAX Systems use orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), which divides the
channel into multiple subcarriers. These subcarriers are then grouped in to channels. The time is
allocated in slots which is a multiple of OFDMA symbol times. There are number of subchannels
depends upon the subchannelization modes. A commonly used subchannelization modes is PUSC
(Partial Usage of Subchannels). For example, a 10 MHz WiMAX system has 1024 subcarriers, which
are grouped in to 30 subchannels in DL and 35 subchannels in UL. Users are then allocated certain
number of slots. Each slot consists of one subchannel for a certain number of OFDMA symbol times.
Antenna configuration has a significant impact on system capacity. MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple
Output) systems with multiple antennas at the base station and either multiple antennas at the base
station or multiple systems using virtual MIMO can increase the capacity or range or both. The data
presented here is for single antenna systems.
We present the results for each of the modulation schemes separately. In actual practice, the percentage
of users who can use each of these modulations will depend upon the terrain and the environment which
affect the noise and interference.

2.3 Desired Quality of Experience (QoE)

Quality of experience is more important than quality of service (QoS). QoS is measured by throughput,
delay, and error rates of packets. QoE is measured by users perception of the service. QoE for voice and
video has traditionally been measured by Mean Opinion Score (MOS). MOS is based on the perception
of the quality of conversation and picture by a sample population. It can be influenced by a number of
factors including noise level, speech level, acoustic echo, hybrid echo, and other impairments.
Service providers must ensure acceptable and consistent end user experiences. Video and voice quality
measurement equipment are employed in networks to measure MOS, diagnose problems, and remedy
them. This not only prevents churn and truck rolls but aids in maintaining revenue.
The quality of real-time services for voice has been benchmarked against the Mean Opinion Score
(MOS) mandated by International Telecommunication Union, Telecommunication Standardization
Sector (ITU-T) for circuit switched networks. A MOS of 4 and above means Toll Quality. Anything
below MOS of 4 would then be Below Toll Quality. Generally, a MOS of less than 3 is considered to
be unsuitable. The same metric will apply to VoIP services.
One of the most common picture problems associated with Mobile TV applications is pixel-artifacts that
occur during a broadcast. An excessive amount of artifacts during important events can frustrate viewers
enough to switch to the competition. These artifacts are caused by packet loss, transmission delay,
latency, and data corruption. MOS rating of video stream ranges from 1 (bad) to 5 (good) and can report
individual metrics such as blockiness, jerkiness, blur etc.
2.4 Degraded Service Behavior
VoIP data rate over WiMAX with Payload Header Suppression (PHS) ranges from 11.2 kbps to 81.6
kbps based on the codecs used. For example, if G.723.1 codec is used, the resultant data rate over
WiMAX is 12.3 (~13) kbps. If the link quality degrades below this data rate, lowering the modulation
and coding schemes to ensure communication will be implemented.
Mobile TV on a cell phone uses data rates of 350 kbps, it is possible to lower the data rate and yet view
a satisfactory picture. Frame refresh rates and selective dropping of B and P frames are some
techniques that can be used to deliver acceptable video with lower data rates. In any case temporal
consistency must be preserved.
For Internet applications we have used HTTP user model from the 3rd Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP). This model requires an average data rate of 14 kbps. A drop in data rate will not greatly affect
the user but downloads may be slower. In any case, for this application, service level agreement (SLA)
requirements are only best effort.

3 Factors Affecting Capacity

The number of users supported and the QoS available to them can vary greatly due to a number of
factors that very significantly in wireless networks. Some of these factors are explained in this section.
3.1 Service Level Agreement (SLA)
SLAs are negotiated between service providers and users and are classified into as an example; silver,
gold, platinum subscription to ensure QoS. SLAs carry parameters such as committed information rate,
service availability, latency etc. At power-up, the SLA details are mapped to QoS requirements and are
used by the MAC scheduler for the required prioritization and guaranteed delivery.

3.2 Location
QoS will greatly depend on the location of the mobile station. Terrain, foliage, buildings affect the noise
and interference. The signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) determines what modulations can and
cannot be used for a user.
3.3 Urban/Sub-urban/Rural Regions
The desired QoS depends on the type of the region the user is in. In urban regions, users require higher
capacity and higher data rates; whereas in rural areas, reach is more important. Rural populations may be
satisfied with minimum quality VoIP, internet data, and some video services. Sub-urban areas will fall in
between these two categories.
3.4 Frequency Band
WiMAX systems can work at many different frequency bands and WiMAX Forum has developed
profiles for several commonly used bands. The reach and capacity of each frequency band is different.
For example, compared to the 2.5 GHz band, the 700 MHz band has a larger coverage area and good
characteristics for mobile propagation, allowing converging access features (Fixed, Nomadic, and
Mobile) [8]. The large coverage area makes 700 MHz suitable for rural and remote areas providing an
excellent solution for emerging countries that may lack telecommunication infrastructure. The 700 MHz
band has a coverage area of approximately four times that of a 2.5 GHz band. The US allocation in 700
MHz band is shown in Figure 2. Notice that the channel widths are very limited. Additionally, the
antenna size is generally proportional to the wavelength. The 700 MHz antenna sizes are large and pose
challenges for the hand-held devices. Therefore, in this study, the 2.5 GHz band is chosen as the
communication band.

Figure 2: 700 MHz Spectrum Allocation

3.5 Mobile Speed
RF links will experience noise and frequency selective fading with speed. Received packets will not be
decoded correctly and will be discarded. As a result schedule will assign lower modulations to a moving
user.
5

3.6 Scheduling Policies

In WiMAX, scheduler plays a key role in enabling QoS and meeting service guarantees. A good
scheduler will take into account the bandwidth and QoS requirements for all connections and schedule
the traffic to best meet those requirements. Since both the traffic and the link are constantly varying, this
is not always possible to meet these requirements. In case of resource shortage, deciding whose QoS
should be degraded or which connections should be dropped requires clear specification and
implementation of service provider's policies. For example, in case of reduced bandwidth, whether a
VoIP call quality is degraded or whether the call is disconnected are both possible policies. The
equipment vendors should design flexibility so that the service providers can decide and implement any
reasonable policy.
The number of users supported on WiMAX depends highly on how the users are scheduled. Many
studies in literature have assumed that every user is scheduled in every WiMAX frame. This results in
very few bytes of payload per user and excessive overhead. A better way to schedule VOIP users is to
divide the users in k groups and then schedule the first group of n/k users in one WiMAX frame. The
second group of n/k users is scheduled in the next WiMAX frame and so on. This way, each user is
scheduled after k WiMAX frames and accumulates enough payload to justify the overhead. This simple
enhancement to scheduling can make an order of magnitude difference in capacity [5]. We use this
scheduler in the analysis presented in this paper.
This study excludes the effect of OAM&P (Operations, Administration, Maintenance, and Provisioning)
and related traffic.
3.7 QoE, QoS, Bandwidth Relationship
Figure 3 shows the dependency between QoE, QoS, and bandwidth. Bandwidth limitations and network
stability amongst others cause loss or corruption of packets. As an example, in Mobile TV, the loss of
Predictive coded (P) or Bi-directional coded (B) frames is less serious than Intra coded (I) frames (as
they can be re-generated from I-frames).

Figure 3: Dependencies: QoS, QoE, and BW

3.8 Hand offs
It is desirable to seamlessly and automatically switch to higher data rate whenever it is available. This is
especially important for triple play users who want to download large amount of data. Optimization of
6

hand-off triggering instant can significantly improve the hand-off performance. For seamless hand-off
procedures, the delay must be kept within allowable boundaries.
For real-time users a delay of, say., 50 ms could be acceptable whereas a non-real-time user can tolerate
3 to 10 seconds delay. In instances where the end device operates both real-time and non-real-time
applications, the delay bounds are dictated by the real-time traffic. Packet loss, latency will reduce the
capacity. In such instances a lower modulation rate may need to be used. For Mobile TV services this
will translate to poor picture is better than no picture

4 Capacity Estimation
In this section, we present details of capacity estimation procedure.
Table 2 lists key parameters of the WiBro and 10 MHz WiMAX configuration with partially used
subchannelization (PUSC). The total number of slots available is also indicated in the table.
Table 2: WiMAX Profile for this Study
Parameters
Value (WiBro)
Bandwidth used
8.75 MHz
Frame duration
5 ms
DL and UL bursts modulation
QPSK (2 bits/symbol)
Coding rate

Subchannelization
PUSC
Subcarriers
1024
Data + pilot subcarriers
840
Symbols/ WiMAX frame
42
DL symbols
27
UL symbols
15
Preamble
1 symbol
Repetition Factor for FCH, DL-MAPs, UL4
MAPs
Total DL slots w/o preamble
390
Total UL slots excluding Ranging + CQI +
140
Ack

Value (WiMAX)
10 MHz
5 ms
QPSK(2 bits/symbol)

PUSC
1024
840
47
29
18
1 symbol
4
420
175

The key fixed overheads are frame control header (FCH), one DL-MAP entries, and three UL-MAP
entries. Each of these is coded using QPSK coding and is repeated 4 times. In addition we assume
that all UL bursts have a one-slot preamble. We allow one slot column for ranging, contention, and
channel quality indication channel (CQI/CH). Polling and acknowledgement overhead is not considered.
The effect of channel noise is modeled as a reduced modulation and coding scheme (MCS) and so we
present results for several different MCS.
4.1 Voice over IP (VoIP)
VoIP is suited to broadband networks. The main architectural difference between VoIP and Public
Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) voice is the use of packet switching instead of circuit switching.
Packet switched networks can be more efficient than circuit switched as the information can be routed in
packets over any number of possible paths. By contrast, with a circuit switched network the entire circuit
must be open for the stream of content for the duration of the transmission.

4.1.1 Types of VoIP

Phone to Phone: A traditional telephone can be connected to an IP network via routers that change the
telephone signals into IP packets at the sender and back to telephone signal at the receiver.
PC to PC: The users are online for the duration of the call, which lends itself to broadband connections,
e.g., Skype.
Phone to PC: A traditional phone at one end of the transmission and a PC at the other. Gateways
transform voice traffic from the PSTN and place it onto the IP network. The PC user must be online with
an active connection to an IP network.
Mobile VoIP: IP calls over mobile networks e.g., Evolution-Data Only (EV-DO)
Push to Talk (PTT): Instantaneous walkie-talkie style communications
Wireless VoIP: Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) access systems, e.g., WiFi or WiMAX allow
real-time communication. There are a variety of encoding schemes for voice such as Enhanced Variable
Rate CODEC (EVRC), G.711, Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) 6.10, G.723.1,
G729A, and Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR), resulting in variable protocol overheads and bandwidth
requirements. A typical voice call requires between 5 kbps and 64 kbps bi-directional bandwidth.
4.1.2 MAC Overheads
In order to compute the number of VOIP users that can be supported over WiMAX, we need to account
for all the header overheads. At the MAC layer, the smallest unit is MAC protocol data unit (PDU). As
shown in Figure 4, each MAC PDU has at least 6-bytes of MAC header and a variable length payload
consisting of a number of optional subheaders, data, and an optional 4-byte CRC. The optional
subheaders include fragmentation, packing, mesh and general subheaders. Each of these is 2 bytes long.
In addition to generic MAC PDUs, there are bandwidth-request PDUs. These are 6 bytes in length.
Bandwidth requests can also be piggybacked on data PDUs as a 2-byte subheader. There are two ways
to reduce the header overhead: header compression and header suppression. Header compression using
ROHC [5] can reduce the overhead per frame to 1 byte. In this paper, we use this compression in the
analysis of VOIP.
UL preamble

MAC/BW-REQ
Header

Other
Subheaders

Data

CRC
(optional)

Figure 4: UL burst preamble and MAC frame (MPDU)

4.1.3 VOIP Capacity

Figure 5 shows the number of VOIP users that can be supported on WiBro and WiMAX configurations
using the header compression and the enhanced scheduler.

Figure 5: VoIP Capacity

Our analysis shows that the VOIP is limited by the UL capacity. We have used a 5ms WiMAX frame
with DL:UL subframe ratio of 2:1, while VOIP workload has a DL:UL data rate ratio of 1:1. So higher
capacity can be obtained by using a DL: UL subframe ratio of 1:1. However, that ratio is not appropriate
for Internet traffic which has higher downlink traffic than uplink traffic or for Mobile TV which is
mostly DL traffic.
4.2 Mobile TV
MPEG-4 (H.264) formatted video is used in the analysis. MPEG-4 is carried as RTP (Real Time
Transport Protocol) payload over Ethernet. Table 3 lists the overhead of various protocol layers. Since
the Ethernet MTU size of 1500 bytes is used, the net video payload is 1442 bytes.
Table 3: Upper Layer Overheads
Protocol
Header Size
RTP
12 Bytes
UDP
8 Bytes
IP
20 Bytes
Ethernet MAC + PHY
14 Bytes
4.2.1 MPEG-4 Coding
MPEG-4 video sequence is coded using a group of 12 to 15 successive pictures. Each picture is coded as
a frame containing all color and brightness information needed to display the picture on the screen [3].
The group of pictures (GOP) is coded as I, P, or B frames. Intra coded frames (I-frames) carry the most
amount of information and can be translated by the decoder without prior knowledge of the any other
frames in that video sequence. Therefore, the 1st frame is always an I-frame and provides bootstrap
information for following pictures.
Predictive coded frames (P-frames) are decoded using information from previous I or P frames.
Information that can be used from the previous frame is determined by subtracted out the estimate
9

motion. Information that cannot be borrowed from a previous frame is coded. P frames are 30-50%
smaller in size than I frames.
Bi-directional coded frames (B-frames) use information from previous as well as following P or I
frames. Note that the I frame and all P frames in a GOP are transmitted before the B frames in that GOP.
Thus, the decoder already has the frames required to decode a B frames before it receives the B frame.
The use of statistical methods for optimal distribution of I and non-I frames can result in the efficient use
of bandwidth without compromising QoE.
4.2.2 Types of Video Displays
We have chosen four different types of video display end devices as a fair representation of quality of
experience. For home devices, we selected a 42 flat screen, Standard Definition TV (SDTV) with
aspect ratio of 169. The average data rate for satisfactory QoE is estimated at 1 Mbps. We selected a
26 SDTV with aspect ratio of 43. The average data rate to support full motion video is approximately
850 kbps. For portable, nomadic applications we chose video tablets and laptop screens with data rates
of 700 - 800 kbps. Video phones require approximately 324 kbps for full-motion video. Various video
media types, format and data rates are listed in Table 4. Empirical data validates these rates [3].
Table 4: Mobile WiMAX Entertainment Data Rate Targets

Media type
Format
Data rate
Notes
1
Streaming Audio iPod/Auto
AAC + v2
48 kbps
44,100 sample rate
Streaming Audio, CD Replacement
AAC+ v2
64 kbps
48,000 sample rate
Mobile Phone Video
H.264 ASP
176 kbps
176 144 20 FPS2
Mobile Phone Audio
AAC+ v2
24 kbps
32,000 sample rate
Smartphone Video
H.264 ASP3
324 kbps
320 240 24 FPS
Smartphone Audio
AAC+ v2
24 kbps
32,000 sample rate
IPTV Video
H.264 Baseline
850 kbps
480 480 30 FPS
IPTV Audio
AAC+ v2
64 kbps
48,000 sample rate
1
Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), 2Frame Per Second (FPS), 3Advanced Simple Profile (ASP)
4.2.3 Empirical Data Collection
While transmitting mobile TV, RTP payload was captured as Ethernet frames in a real network traffic
using Ethereal capture tool. These were then analyzed and used as input for our capacity analysis.
4.2.4 Mobile TV Capacity
Figure 6 shows the number of Mobile TV streams for smart phones that can be supported on WiBro and
WiMAX configuration using various modulation schemes. Again, we use ROHC header compression
and enhanced scheduler. However, since the payload frames for Mobile TV are large, both of these
have smaller impact on capacity as compared to VOIP. Assuming unicast transmission, the number of
users is equal to the number of streams. With multicast, the number of users will increase accordingly.
Mobile TV capacity is limited by DL capacity. We assumed a DL:UL ratio of 2:1. A ratio of 3:1 or
higher will provide higher capacity.

10

Figure 6: Mobile TV Capacity

4.3 Internet Data
A multitude of data services is offered over the Internet: gaming, video clips, email, web browsing,
instant messaging, file transfer, and so on. These services and their workload characteristics are
described in WiMAX System Evaluation Methodology [4, 7].
4.3.1 Internet Usage Model and Capacity
For Internet application, we selected the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) workload model
standardized by 3GPP [6].

Figure 7: Internet Data Capacity

11

Figure 7 shows the capacity for the HTTP workload. The capacity is limited by the DL capacity.
Increasing the DL:UL ratio will help this workload.

5 Triple Play Capacity Planning Strategies

The delivery of video services to fixed and mobile devices is often considered the most challenging
hurdle in the pursuit of triple play of voice, data, and video. Achieving this is crucial to maintain a
competitive position in current markets. The successful deployment of video as part of triple play
requires a well-planned approach that is both economically viable and addresses the full scope of the
market opportunity. In some areas where cable has not yet been deployed, such as rural environments,
the delivery of advanced digital video services offers an opportunity.
Figure 8 shows a capacity model for triple play user potential. Vertices represent maximum number of
individual voice, video, and Internet data users. For the WiBro bandwidth of 8.75 MHz (plane A), the
vertices represent VOIP, Internet, and Mobile TV users corresponding to QAM64 5/6. Several scenarios
of triple play user mix can be modeled using this graph. Plane B shows the increase in user population
resulting from increasing the bandwidth to 10 MHz.

A
B

Figure 8: Triple Play Capacity Planning

Figure 9 shows another use of these analytical models. The triple play user population plane can be
increased by techniques such as Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), Space Time Coding (STC),
12

and Adaptive Antenna System (AAS). It is estimated that a factor of 1.5 ~ 2.0 increase in data rate can
be realized that can be translated to increase of users.

Figure 9: Mobile TV Users w, w/o MIMO

6 Conclusion
Flexibility and scalability are two key factors in delivering wireless services in the 21st century. Some
service providers only cater voice services as a remedy to ailing wire-line services. Other service
providers may focus on multimedia services as an add-on to an existing 3G wireless network. Further,
still, some service providers may provide dumb wireless data pipes and let users choose their value
added services directly.
The flexibility of the IEEE 802.16e standard will provide a solution to any of the above scenarios.
However, to maximize revenue, provide an encompassing solution, and build customer allegiance, it is
envisioned that mobile broadband providers will offer all three services, in a bundle known as the
wireless triple play (mobile voice, video, and data). Studies have shown that through the bundling of
services Average Revenue per Unit (ARPU) goes up and churn goes down. Thus, the future industry
practice is expected to provide as many service options as possible.
As described in this paper, Mobile WiMAX 802.16e is an ideal platform for providing wireless triple
play services. Using a foundation based on spectral and data overhead efficiency and five QoS service

13

classes, Mobile WiMAX 802.16e enables mobile broadband operators to build services with tight SLAs
and high margins.
Through the path of theories and calculations previously explored, it has been proved that in a given
sector, 802.16e Mobile WiMAX can support several hundred voice or data sessions or 60 unicast
Smartphone video sessions. Obviously, in real-world usage a combination of these services will be in
use. Such a scale should allow for cost effective deployments in even the densest metropolitan regions.
In conclusion, Mobile WiMAX 802.16e offers the mobile broadband operator an ideal mix of efficiency
and robustness to allow for the successful and profitable deployment of mobile triple play services.

7 References
[1] IEEE 802.16-2004, IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks, Part 16: Air
Interface for Broadband Wireless Access Systems, 895 pp, October 2004.
[2] IEEE 802.16e-2005, IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks, Part 16: Air
Interface for Broadband Wireless Access Systems, Amendment 2: Physical and medium Access
Control Layers for Combined Fixed and Mobile Operation in Licensed bands and Corrigendum 1,
894 pp, February 2006.
[3] ATIS-0800002, IPTV architecture Requirements, 118 pp, May 2006.
[4] WiMAX FORUM, WiMAX System Evaluation Methodology V2.0, 230 pp, December 2007.
[5] So-In, C., Jain, R., and Al-Tamimi A., Capacity Estimation of IEEE 802.16e Mobile WiMAX
networks, submitted to IEEE Wireless communication magazine, April 2008.
[6] 3GPP2-TSGC5, HTTP and FTP Traffic Model for 1xEV-DV Simulations, 3GPP2-C50-EVAL2001022-0xx, 2001.
[7] Jain, R., So-In, C. and A. Tamimi, System Level Modeling of IEEE 802.16e Mobile WiMAX
Networks: Key Issues, Submitted to IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine, 2008.
[8] Francis E. Retnasothie, M. Kemal Ozdemir, Raj Jain, Yuefeng Zhou, Nader Zein, Shyam Parekh,
Doug Gray, Hassan Yaghoobi, and Mostafa (Tom) Tofigh, "A Comparison of IEEE 802.16e Mobile
WiMAX Deployments in 700 MHz and 2500 MHz Bands," submitted to IEEE Communications
Magazine, April 2008.

14