RADAR BULLET

ABSTRACT:
Radar bullet is a special type of bullet the main use of radar bullet is to find
landmines without setting foot into the ground .This consists of firing a special bullet
into ground from a helicopter which could pinpoint buried landmines. Anti -personal
mines claims seventy new victims every day. This weapon is particularly cruel on
children whose bodies being smaller and closer to the blast are more likely to sustain
serious injury. The severe disabilities and psychological trauma that follow the blast
mean these children will have to be looked after for many years.
INTRODUCTION
Radar bullet is a relatively new discovery that was invented in mid 99 in the US. It is
used for detecting land mines. And this discovery finds a very important prospect as
about 139 countries singed a treaty in favor of banning anti-personal mines. This
treaty was signed during the second week of March 1999 in Ottawa Canada.
Anti -personal mines claims seventy new victims every day. This weapon is
particularly cruel on children whose bodies being smaller and closer to the blast. Are
more likely to sustain serious injury. The severe disabilities and psychological trauma
that follow the blast mean these children will have to be looked after for many year.
A child injured at the age of ten will need about 25 artificial limbs during their life
time. The cost is @3000, a huge sum to pay in countries where people earn as little
as $10 a month between 1979 and 19960, the red cross fitted over 70,000 amputees
with artificial limbs. And the landmines problem is still growing. Therefore
considering these factors the discovery of radar bullet is really a big boost to our
world as we launches into the 21't century.
Technologies are used for landmine detection are:
Metal detectors--- capable of finding even low-metal content mines in mineralized
soils.
Nuclear magnetic resonance, fast neutron activation and thermal neutron
activation.
Thermal imaging and electro-optical sensors--- detect evidence of buried objects.
Biological sensors such as dogs, pigs, bees and birds.
Chemical sensors such as thermal fluorescence--- detect airborne and waterborne
presence of explosive vapors.
In this discussion, we will concentrate on Radar This ultra wide band radar provides
centimeter resolution to locate even small targets. There are two distinct types of
Radar, time-domain and frequency domain. Time domain or impulse Radar transmits
discrete pulses of nanosecond duration and digitizes the returns at GHz sample
rates. Frequency domain radar systems transmit single frequencies either uniquely,
as a series of frequency steps, or as a chirp. The amplitude and phase of the return
signal is measured. The resulting data is converted to the time domain. Radar
operates by detecting the dielectric contrasts in the soils, which allows it to locate
even non metallic mines.
ABOUT RADAR BULLET
Radar bullet is a special type of bullet the main use of radar bullet is to find
landmines without setting foot into the ground .This consists of firing a special bullet
into ground from a helicopter which could pinpoint buried landmines
The bullet emits a radar pulse as it grinds to halt .This pulse strikes the mine and its
image gets available on the computer in the helicopter, offering a safe and efficient

way of finding land mines In this discussion we deal with buried anti-tank (AT) and
anti-personnel (AP) landmines which require close approach or contact to activate.
AT mines range from about 15 to 35 cm in size. They are typically buried up to 40cm
deep, but they can also be deployed on the surface of a road to block a column of
machinery. AP mines range from about 5 to 15cm in size. AT mines which are
designed to impede the progress of destroy vehicles and AP mines which are
designed to kill and maim people.
In this discussion, we will concentrate on Radar This ultra wide band radar provides
centimeter resolution to locate even small targets. There are two distinct types of
radar bullet time-domain and frequency domain. Time domain or impulse radar
bullet transmits discrete pulses of nanosecond duration and digitizes the returns at
GHz sample rates. Frequency domain radar systems transmit single frequencies
either uniquely, as a series of frequency steps, or as a chirp. The amplitude and
phase of the return signal is measured. The resulting data is converted to the time
domain. Radar operates by detecting the dielectric contrasts in the soils, which
allows it to locate even non metallic mines.
In this discussion we deal with buried anti-tank (AT) and anti-personnel (AP)
landmines which require close approach or contact to activate. AT mines range from
about 15 to 35 cm in size. They are typically buried up to 40cm deep, but they can
also be deployed on the surface of a road to block a column of machinery. AP mines
range from about 5 to 15cm in size. AT mines which are designed to impede the
progress of destroy vehicles and AP mines which are designed to kill and maim
people.
In this discussion, we will concentrate on Radar bullet This ultra wide band radar
provides centimeter resolution to locate even small targets. There are two distinct
types of Radar bullet time-domain and frequency domain. Time domain or impulse
Radar bullet transmits discrete pulses of nanosecond duration and digitizes the
returns at GHz sample rates. Frequency domain
Radar bullet systems transmit single frequencies either uniquely, as a series of
frequency steps, or as a chirp. The amplitude and phase of the return signal is
measured. The resulting data is converted to the time domain
In this discussion we deal with buried anti-tank (AT) and anti-personnel (AP)
landmines which require close approach or contact to activate. AT mines range from
about 15 to 35 cm in size. They are typically buried up to 40cm deep, but they can
also be deployed on the surface of a road to block a column of machinery. AP mines
range from about 5 to 15cm in size. AT mines which are designed to impede the
progress of destroy vehicles and AP mines which are designed to kill and maim
people.
PRINCIPLES
Radar is radio detection and ranging. Radar makes use of radio waves to detect and
locate objects. Radar is a sensor, its purpose is to provide estimates of certain
characteristic if its surroundings, most commonly the presence and motion of
aircrafts, ships or vehicles.
Radar operates by transmitting electromagnetic energy into the surroundings and
detecting energy reflected by objects. If a narrow beam of this energy is transmitted
by the directive antenna, the direction from which reflections come and hence the
bearing of the object may be estimated. The distance to the reflecting object is
estimated by measuring the period between the transmission of the radar pulse and
reception of the echo. In radar bullet principle, the change of medium by the waves
must be taken into consideration.
Radar is basically a means of gathering information about distant objects, or targets,

by sending electromagnetic waves at them and analyzing the echoes. It was evolved
during the years just before World War II, independently and more or less
simultaneously in Great Britain, the United States, Germany and France. At first, it
was used as an all-weather method of detecting approaching aircraft, and later for
many other purpose. The word itself is an acronym, coined in 1942 by the U.S. Navy,
from the words radio detection and ranging.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
In essence, a radar consists of a transmitter and a receiver, each connected to a
directional antenna. The transmitter is capable of sending out a large UHF or
microwave power through the antenna. The receiver collects as much energy as
possible from the echoes reflected in its direction by the target and then treats and
displays this information in a suitable way. The receiving antenna is very often the
same as the transmitting antenna. This is accomplished through a kind of timedivision multiplexing arrangement, since the radio energy is very often sent out in
the form of pulses
FUNDAMENTALS Basic radar system: The block diagram of an elementary pulsed
radar set is shown in Fig. For each transmitted pulse, the cycle of events is as
follows. Figure 1 Block diagram of an elementary pulse radar set
Figure 1 Block diagram of an elementary pulse radar set
In response to an internally generated trigger signal, the transmitter generates a
short, rectangular pulse. As soon as a small fraction of the pulse power is fed to the
duplexer, this device disconnects the receiver from the antenna and connects the
transmitter to it. In most radars, though by no means in all, the antenna moves in a
predetermined pattern, i.e., it scans. Either way, it is normally directional and sends
out the generated pulse in the direction in which it is pointing at the time. The
scanning speed may be mechanically high, but it is small compared with the time
taken by pulses to return from a normal range of targets. Thus, when such echoes
are received, the antenna still points in the right direction to collect them.
As soon as the transmitted pulse terminates, the duplexer disconnects the
transmitter from the antenna. The duplexer also reconnects the receiver to the
antenna, allowing the returning echoes to be correctly processed. The received
pulses are amplified and demodulated by the receiver (which is almost invariably
super heterodyne, as had been discussed in detail in Chap. 6). The pulses from the
returning echoes (and noise, of course) are then fed to the device on which they are
to be displayed, as will be described. The cycle is complete, and the set is once again
ready for the transmission of the next pulse and the succeeding ones, while the
antenna scans along its predetermined path.
The radar set is able to show the position of the target, because information about
the azimuth (horizontal direction) and the elevation (vertical direction) of the
antenna is available. In addition, the distance to the target may transmitter output
tubes, and the first stage of the receiver is often a diode mixer. The antenna
generally uses a parabolic reflector of some form, as will be mentioned in Sec.
Development of radar From its inception, radar has used a system of sending short,
powerful pulses of radio energy and then analyzing the returned echoes to
determine the position, distance and possibly velocity of the target. However, the
methods of doing so have evolved and become far more refined and sophisticated as
time has gone by. The primary incentive as in so many other things was the
imminence of war. Radar was made possible by a technology, which, at the time war
broke out, was just beginning to show promise. This technology itself took great
strides forward to meet the new challenges imposed by war.
The first radars worked at much lower frequencies than present systems (as loq as

60MHz for the original British coastal air-warning radar because of a lack of
sufficiently powerful transmitting tubes at higher frequencies. This was changed in
1940 with the appearance of the cavity magnetron, and the stage was then set for
the development of modern radar. As can be appreciated, one of the prime
requirements of a radar system is that it should have a fair degree of accuracy in its
indication of target direction. This is possible only if the antennas used are narrow
beam ones, i.e., have dimensions of several wavelengths. That requirement cannot
be fulfilled satisfactorily unless the wavelengths themselves are fairly short,
corresponding to the upper UHF or microwave frequencies.
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
The impulse radar bullet system developed in the International Research Centre for
Telecommunications-transmission and Radar (IRCTR). Impulse radar bullet system
comprises Impulse generator, Transmitter, Receiver, Pulse extender, A/D converter,
Processor and Visual display.
Block diagram
IMPULSE GENERATOR
The pulse generator delivered by SATIS Co. produces 0.8 ns monocycle pulses. The
unique feature of this generator is its small trailing oscillations, which are below
2.4% of maximum amplitude during the first 2 ns and below 0.5% afterwards. The
advantage of a monocycle in comparison with a mono pulse is that the frequency
spectrum of the first one decreases to zero at low frequencies, which cannot be
efficiently transmitted via the antenna system, while the frequency spectrum of the
second one has a global maximum there. As a result, the magnitude of the field
radiated by an antenna system fed by a monocycle is considerably larger than the
magnitude of the field radiated by the antenna system fed by a monopoles with the
same magnitude.
output signal from the 0.8ns generator
The generator spectrum covers a wide frequency band from 500MHz till 2GHz on 3dB
level. At frequencies below 1GHz, attenuation losses in the ground are small and
considerable penetration depth can be achieved. However, landmines detection
requires down-range resolution of the order of several centimeters, which can be
achieved using frequencies above 1GHz. It was found experimentally that the 0.8ns
monocycle satisfies penetration and resolution requirements. This output signal from
0.8ns generator is shown in figure. The spectrum of this pulse has a maximum at
frequencies where the attenuation losses in the ground start to increase. So the
spectral content of the monocycle below this maximum penetrates deep into the
ground and the spectral content above this maximum provides sufficient down-range
resolution.
ANTENNA SYSTEM
The antenna system is one of the most critical parts of radar bullet system, because
its performance depends strongly on the antenna system. The antenna system
should satisfy a number of demands. The antenna system contains transmitter and
receiver. The transmit antenna should:
Radiate short ultra-wide band (UWB) pulse with small ringing.
Radiate electro magnetic energy within a narrow cone in order to filter out
undesirable back scattering from surrounding objects.
Produce an optimal footprint on the ground surface and below it.
The waveform of the radiated field on the surface and in the ground should be the
same.

 The waveform of the radiated field in the ground should not depend on type of
the ground.
The receiver antenna should:
Allow time windowing to isolate the direct air wave from the ground reflection.
Provide sufficient sensitivity in order to receive very weak fields.
Receive the field in a local point; effective aperture should not be larger than
1cm2.
Be elevated at least 10cm above the ground surface.
Additionally a possibility to measure simultaneously backscattered field in two
orthogonal polarizations is desirable.
PULSE EXTENDER
Pulse extender will amplify the ground reflection signal up to the maximum level
acquired by A/D converter.
A/D CONVERTER
The transmitter sends out a series of electromagnetic pulses then listens with the
receiver connected to high speed sampler which in turn feeds A/D Converter. A
dielectric anomaly in the soil may cause the signal to be reflected back to a separate
receiver antenna. This information is converted from nanoseconds to milliseconds so
that it may be digitized by a conventional A/D converter for processing and display.
The center frequency and band width of the transmitted pulse can be varied by
changing the antenna and are chosen with respect to the required depth of
penetration, soil type and size of the object to be detected. In this experiment, we
used antennas with a center frequency 1.4GHz and 80% band width. The precision of
sampling converter is sufficiently high to do accurate measurements of scattered
transient field. This A/D converter 12 bit accuracy. This provides 66 dB linear
dynamic ranges. A/D converter converts the signal into digital signal which passes to
the processor.
PROCESSOR
A/D converter converts the signal into digital signal which passes to the processor.
Processor filters the signal. This signal shows presence or absence of surrogate mine
in the soil. Processor allows passing the presence of mine detecting signal. Processor
selects the mine detecting signal and passes to the visual display.
VISUAL DISPLAY
Visual display helps to see the range of targets. It displays the exact position of
landmine. The advent of the magnetron also made possible the next steps in the
evolution of radar, namely, airborne radar for the detection of surface vessels and
then airborne aircraft interception radar. In each of these, particularly the former,
tight beams are necessary to prevent the receiver from begin swamped by ground
reflections, which would happen if insufficient discrimination between adjacent
targets existed.
Microwave radar for antiaircraft fire control was quickly developed, of which the most
successful ground - based version was the U.S. Army's SCR-58. It was capable of
measuring the position of enemy aircraft to within 0.1, and the distance, or
range to within 25m. such radars were eventually capable of tracking targets by
locking onto them, with the aid of servomechanisms controlling the orientation of the
antennas. Anti-surface vessel (ASV) radars became very common and quite accurate
toward the end of the war. So aid airborne radar for navigation, bombing or bomber
protection electronic navigation systems were also developed. Radar
countermeasures were instituted, consisting mainly of jamming (transmission of
confusing signals at enemy radar) or the some what more effective dropping of
aluminum foil, in strips of about a half - wavelength, to cover approaching aircraft by

producing false echoes. This "chaff"(American) or "window"(British) proved very

effective, but its use in the war was considerably delayed. Each side thought that the
other did not know about it and so it was kept secret; however, it eventually came to
be used on a very larges scale. One of the indications of the enormous growth in the
importance of radar in World War 11 is the increase in the staff of the U.S Armys
Radiation Laboratory. It started with about 40 people in 1941, and number multiplied
tenfold by 1945.
The advent of the magnetron also made possible the next steps in the evolution of
radar, namely, airborne radar for the detection of surface vessels and then airborne
aircraft interception radar. In each of these, particularly the former, tight beams are
necessary to prevent the receiver from begin swamped by ground reflections, which
would happen if insufficient discrimination between adjacent targets existed.
Microwave radar for antiaircraft fire control was quickly developed, of which the most
successful ground - based version was the U.S. Army's SCR-58. It was capable of
measuring the position of enemy aircraft to within 0.1, and the distance, or
range to within 25m. Such radars were eventually capable of tracking targets by
locking onto them, with the aid of servomechanisms controlling the orientation of the
antennas. Anti-surface vessel (ASV) radars became very common and quite accurate
toward the end of the war. So aid airborne radar for navigation, bombing or bomber
protection electronic navigation systems were also developed. Radar
countermeasures were instituted, consisting mainly of jamming (transmission of
confusing signals at enemy radar) or the some what more effective dropping of
aluminum foil, in strips of about a half - wavelength, to cover approaching aircraft by
producing false echoes. This "chaff"(American) or "window"(British) proved very
effective, but its use in the war was considerably delayed. Each side thought that the
other did not know about it and so it was kept secret; however, it eventually came to
be used on a very larges scale. One of the indications of the enormous growth in the
importance of radar in World War 11 is the increase in the staff of the U.S. Army's
Radiation Laboratory. It started with about 40 people in 1941, and number multiplied
tenfold by 1945.
The radar receiver is an ordinary radio receiver having the lowest possible noise
figure, high sensitivity, and a bandwidth appropriate for handling the pulses
involved. The receiver video output is usually displayed on a cathode-ray tube
indicator in such a manner as to show the time difference between the outgoing
pulses and the returning echoes. To achieve this result, the sweep voltage of the
cathode-ray-tube display is synchronized with the transmitted pulses.
EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
Radar pulse spreads to a radius of 15 m.

First of all, a special bullet is fired downward into the ground from a gun mounted on
a helicopter flying about 100m above the ground. The bullet is designed in such a
way that it gives out powerful bust of radio waves from under the ground. The bullet
will produce a pulse of radio waves as it pierces the ground, and the signal reflected
from any landmines within about a 15m radius will be detected by an antenna on the
helicopter.
Once the mines are located, they can be destroyed at once or their exact position
noted so they can be destroyed at once or their exact position noted so they can be
dealt with later. And if the bullet hits it, it would explodeThe radar pulse is generated
from the bullets hit by a process known as magnetic flux compression.

MAGNETIC FLUX COMPRESSION

Inside the bullet is a solid metal cylinder, surrounded by a tightly wound coil of wire.
As the bullet leaves the gun, there is a battery generating a magnetic field in the
cylinder. When the bullet smashes into the ground, the sudden deceleration forces
the cylinder out from inside the coil. The sudden movement of the metal cylinder
through the magnetic field induces a large pulse of current in the coil. The coil then
acts like an antenna, converting the pulse into a short burst of high frequency
radiation.
FIELD TEST
After the laboratory tests, testes were conducted at the Arizona desert using the
same experimental setup , the radar bullet was able to detect 35 antitank
mines and Val Mara 69 antipersonnel mines, which are a particular problem in
northern Iraq, where the mines have been laid by saddaam husseins force in their
confrontation with the KURBS.
ADVANTAGES
The light weight system can be fitted to any helicopter. i.e. the gun antenna
computer controllers etc.
Extremely small bullets can be used for detection. A 30 mm bullet gives out a 4 KW
radar pulse - almost 10 times more power than a standard ground penetrating radarfrom 20 centimeters down.
Also since the bullet is beneath the surface of the ground, it transmits more radio
wave into the ground. For ordinary ground, penetrating radar little radiation
penetrates the soil, most is reflected by the ground because of the sudden change in
density between the air and the soil.
It has accurate measurements.
It locates even small targets.
It has been well founded by the defense.
It operates by detecting the dielectric soils which allows it to locate even no metallic
mines.
Biological sensors can only operate for limited periods, but in GPR has no such limits.
It has been tested in different environmental conditions.
DISADVANTAGES
Plastic landmines cannot be detected.
It is highly expensive.
It is more power hungry.
It can suffer falls alarm rates as high as metal detectors.
APPLICATIONS
1. It can be used for detecting landmines
2. It could help geologists SURVEYING FOR oil, minerals and other buried natural
resources.
3. It can be used for detecting buried pipes. For e.g. recently an illegal pipeline
carrying drugs between Afghanistan and Turkmenistan have been discovered. Such
type of illegal pipeline can be found out using radar bullets.
FUTURE PROSPECTS
1. As the UN has already implemented a world wide ban on antipersonnel mines, the
invention of radar bullet helps to speed up the destruction of the mines.
2. Ten thousands of antipersonnel mines lied buried in the hilly regions of Cambodia,
n. Korea, Afghanistan etc. and according to UN it would take more than 100 years to
detect and destroy these if worked out manually. Mines clearance or defining is

normally broken into these stages. Detection removal and disposal. Current
detection methods range from high-tech electronic (ground penetrating radar),
infrared, magnetic resonance imaging) to biological detection schemes(Dog Sniff or)
and insects or bacteria to simple brute force detonation methods (Flails, Rollers and
plows) and the use of the hand held mechanical prodders. Most of these methods are
very slow and or expensive and suffer from a hi8gh false alarm rate .So with
helicopters and radar bullets, the mines can be cleared easily.
3. Mass graveyards which results from internal civil wars as in Cambodia, Kosovo and
in some African nations can be detected using radar bullets.
MINE EFFECTED COUNTRIES
The countries known to have severe landmine problems are;
Afghanistan, Bosnia, Eritrea, Croatia, china. Unfortunately India Pakistan, Sri Lanka,
Myanmar are also in the list of less-mine affected countries b-sides other 100
countries.
CONCLUSION
The research on radar bullet were headed by the electrical engineers. Themes Engel
of William Nunnally at the university of Missouri at Columbia, with $5million in
funding from the US army. This can be used not only for detecting antipersonnel
mines, but also for detecting anti- tank mines as well as for the mines used in sea for
targeting the ship and submarines. . Since it can also be used for exploring oil,
minerals and other buried natural resources, the discovery of radar bullet is a big
boost for the modern world as we are in 21St century. Currently, very little
technology is used in real-world defining activities. Active programs by the U.S Army
in both land mine detection sensor development and systems integration are
evaluating new technologies, incrementally improving existing technologies,
increasing the probability of detection, reducing the false alarm rate, and planning
out useable deployment scenarios. Through iterative design, build test cycles, and
blind and scored testing at Army mine lanes, steady progress is being made.
REFERENCE
1. Radar and radio detection- Fredrick Emmons Terman 2. Landmines and radio
detecting- Andrew Deerorow 3. Armed forces - nic.in