ChemicalHazards

ChemicalHazardsandControls

Waysinwhichthehazardisintroducedintothe
facility.
IncomingRawIngredients
EmployeePractices
Batching
Mixing
Warehousing
Loadout

Chapter 5
HACCP A Systematic Approach to Food Safety
OFFICE OF THE TEXAS STATE CHEMIST
Texas Feed and Fertilizer Control Service

Agriculture Analytical Service

OFFICE OF THE TEXAS STATE CHEMIST

LawsandRegulations

FederalFood,DrugandCosmeticAct
Afoodisadulterated:
Ifitbearsorcontainsanypoisonousor
deleterioussubstancewhichmayrenderit
injurioustohealth,or
Ifitbearsorcontainsanyaddedpoisonous
ordeleterioussubstance.

Requirethatfoodsaresafeandfreeofadulterants.
TheFDA,EPAandUSDAenforceprovisionsof
pertinentlawsandregulations

OFFICE OF THE TEXAS STATE CHEMIST

Mytocoxins developedinthe
fieldorstorage

OFFICE OF THE TEXAS STATE CHEMIST

OFFICE OF THE TEXAS STATE CHEMIST

PesticideContamination

OFFICE OF THE TEXAS STATE CHEMIST

CrossContaminationduring
StorageorProcessing

ContaminationfromEquipmentCarryover

OFFICE OF THE TEXAS STATE CHEMIST

TypesofChemicalHazards

FungalToxins

Mycotoxins
Producedinfeedsasbyproductsfromthegrowth
ofspecifictypesofmolds
Drugresidues
Unapproved
ExceedingTolerancelevels
ToxicElements/Compounds
DioxinandPCBs
PesticideResidues
9

OFFICE OF THE TEXAS STATE CHEMIST

Fungus

Toxin

Aspergillus flavus &

A. parasiticus
Fusarium species
F. Verticillioides
F. Graminearum
Penicillium verrucosum
Claviceps

aflatoxin

10

HeavyMetals

Incomingingredients
DDGS
CrossContamination
Mixer
Conveyors
Holdingbins
Weighingoutwrongingredient
Handadds
Chargingmicrobinwithwrongingredient
Formulationerror

OFFICE OF THE TEXAS STATE CHEMIST

tricothecenes
fumonisins
zearalenone
ochratoxins
ergot

OFFICE OF THE TEXAS STATE CHEMIST

DrugResidues

OFFICE OF THE TEXAS STATE CHEMIST

Lead(Pb)Leadisanaturallyoccurringneurotoxin.Leadtoxicityprimarily
targetsthenervoussystem,kidneys,bones,heartandblood,andposes
greatestrisktoinfants,youngchildrenandpregnantwomen.

Mercury(Hg)Mercurytoxicitycanaffectthecentralnervoussystem,
kidneysandliver.

Arsenic(As)Arsenictoxicityseemstopredominantlyaffecttheskin,lungs
andgastrointestinalsystem,andmaycausenervousdisorders,deteriorated
motorcoordination,respiratorydiseases,andkidneydamageaswellas
cancersoftheskin,liver,bladderandlungs.

Cadmium(Cd)primarilyaffectthelungs,kidneys,bones,andimmune
system.

Others:
http://otscweb.tamu.edu/OTSCPresent/2011/Heavy%20Metal%20Analysis10212011wei.pdf

11

OFFICE OF THE TEXAS STATE CHEMIST

12

PesticideResidues

DioxinandPCBs

DyfonateCaseStudy:FoundinmeatandbonemealinTexas
at0.86ppm

EPA tolerances for this organophosphate insecticide that were located in

40 CFR 180.221. These tolerances were established for O-Ethyl Sphenyl ethylphosphonodithioate, which is the chemical name for fonofos,
and ranged from 0.5 ppm on asparagus to 0.1 ppm on several raw
agricultural commodities including corn grain and peanuts. All these
tolerances were revoked as of December 31, 2002 so today any
quantifiable level of fonofos on a feed ingredient is a technical violation.

OFFICE OF THE TEXAS STATE CHEMIST

13

PolycyclicAromaticHydrocarbons

DeepWaterHorizonOilSpill

Due to the oil spill currently plaguing the Gulf of Mexico, the FERN SE
Region labs have been notified that they are on standby activation.
Subsequently, several gulf coast states have requested support for the
analysis of seafood from their jurisdictions. Although the FDA and the
FERN are not currently performing testing on seafood related to the
spill, Alabama, Florida Mississippi, and Louisiana are requesting help
in performing baseline/monitor testing on samples collected in response
to the Deepwater Horizon Event in the Gulf of Mexico.
15

Allergens(tendnottobeaconcerninlivestock
feeds)
Proteinsthatinduceanallergicreaction.
Symptomsrangefrommildrashestoanaphylaxis
and,rarely,death.
12%ofadultshavefoodallergy.
6%ofchildrenhaveafoodallergy.

16

OFFICE OF THE TEXAS STATE CHEMIST

ControlofChemicalHazards

Summary

Productsreceivedintothefacility
ApprovedSuppliers
PreRequisitePrograms
VisualInspection
Samplingandanalysis

Chemicalhazardsexistineveryfacility.
HACCPTeamsmustaskthemselves
Whatisthelikelihoodofthehazard?
Dowealreadyhavesomethinginplacetocontrol
thathazard?

DuringProcessing
EmployeePractices
PrerequisitePrograms

OFFICE OF THE TEXAS STATE CHEMIST

14

OFFICE OF THE TEXAS STATE CHEMIST

TypesofChemicalHazards

An estimated 4.9 million barrels of South Louisiana sweet crude

(LSC) oil was released into the northern Gulf of Mexico between April
20 and July 15, 2010 caused by the explosion and collapse of the
Deepwater Horizon oil exploration platform.

OFFICE OF THE TEXAS STATE CHEMIST

Sources:clay,citruspulp,fishmealandoil,othersourcesoffatandoil,
tracemetalingredientsmanufacturedthroughthesmelteringprocess
Testing:HighresolutionGC,highresolutionmassspectrometry,bioassay
technologyforscreening
RecentIncidents:GermanAgricultureMinisterIlseAigneronTuesday
urgedstateofficialstoimplementafederalactionplanthataimsto
preventfuturefoodcontaminationaheadofspecialgovernmentsummit
onthedioxinanimalfeedscandal.(Jan21,2011).
TheEUpigmarketisincrisisduetohighcerealpricesandthedioxine
problemsinGermany.
Hazard:wasting,skindisorders,immunesuppression,enlargedliver,
endocrinedisruption

17

OFFICE OF THE TEXAS STATE CHEMIST

18

END

Dr. Tim Herrman

State Chemist & Director, Office of the State Chemist
Professor of Grain Science, Soil and Crop Science Dept
College of Agriculture & Life Sciences
Texas A&M University
(979) 845-1121
tjh@otsc.tamu.edu

OFFICE OF THE TEXAS STATE CHEMIST

Texas Feed and Fertilizer Control Service

Agriculture Analytical Service