Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Legal Medicine
- Is that branch of medicine that
applies, medical and surgical
concepts, scientific knowledge and
skills to medico legal issues, in
order to assist the trier of facts in
the proper dispensation of justice.
Medical Jurisprudence
- is the study of the Medical Law and
its applicable Jurisprudence that
governs, regulates and defines the
practice of medicine.
2. Criminal Law
- Felonies and circumstances which
affect criminal liability
- Civil liability ex delictu
- Crimes relative to opium and
prohibited drugs
- Crimes against persons
- Crimes against chastity
- Crimes against civil status of
persons
- Quasi offenses
3. Remedial Law
- Physical and Mental Examination of
a person
- Hospitalization of insane persons
- Rules of Evidence
4. Special Laws
- Dangerous Drug Act
- Youth and Child Welfare Code
- Sanitation Code
- Insurance law
- Labor Code
- Employees Compensation Law
5. CORPUS DELICTI
- Is the body or substance of the
crime and is defined as the fact that a
crime actually has been committed. In
all criminal prosecutions, the burden is
on the prosecution to prove the corpus
delicti.
QUANTUM OF PROOF
1. In Civil Cases the quantum of proof
necessary to prove a civil complaint is a
PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE. The
party filing or bringing a civil complaint
has the burden of proof and must
establish the truth and righteousness of
his allegations by a preponderance of
the evidence admitted by a competent
court.
2. In Criminal Cases
the quantum is proof beyond
reasonable doubt.
- In a criminal case the accused is
entitled to an acquittal, unless his
guilt is shown beyond reasonable
doubt
- Presumption of INNOCENCE is a
conclusion drawn by the
constitution and the law in favor of
the accused , while REASONABLE
DOUBT, is a condition of mind
produced by proof resulting from
evidence in the case.
Death maybe
A. Brain Death occurs when there is a deeply
irreversible coma, and absence of electrical
brain activity.
B. Cardio Respiratory Death occurs when
there is continuous and persistent cessation of
heart action and respiration.
4 Kinds of Death:
1. Clinical or Somatic Death
2. Brain Death
3. Biological Death
4. Cellular Death
Clinical or Somatic Death
- This particular kind of death occurs
when in the judgment of the
physician with the use of his clinical
eye the bodys vital signs of life
cease to exist continuously and
permanently.
- The clinical death is verifiable only
by a physician after he observes
that the patient no longer has a
heart beat no pulse rate, no
spontaneous breathing and
movement, with the pupils of the
eye widely dilated and not reactive
to light and accommodation.
- When a clinically dead person is
brought to the morgue the
generalized contraction of the
muscles or Rigor Mortis of the body
within 3 to 6 hours, may simulate a
return to life, because of the motion
or movement of the body.
BRAIN DEATH
- This kind of death follows clinical
death almost immediately unless
resuscitative procedures are started
promptly, because the human brain
under normal conditions cannot
survive loss of oxygen for more
than 6 to 10 minutes.
- Brain Death may occur in the
Stage 1 Cerebral Cortex- the
highest center of the brain that is
most sensitive to changes in the
supply of oxygen and blood to the
brain. When the cerebral cortex
dies, the patient is in cortical death.
CHAPTER 3 DEATH
Legal Presumption of Death:
- If absent without explanation from
his or her usual or last place of
residence for a long continuous
period.
- Circumstantial proof of death
Ex. a passenger on an airplane that
crashed is considered to have died
even if no remains can be
recovered.
CELLULAR DEATH:
- The death of the different parts of
the body occurs at different times
and stages.
- This is the reason why such organs
as the corneas and the kidneys can
be removed immediately after
biological death and transplanted
successfully.
SIGNS OF DEATH:
1. Cessation of heart action and
circulation
2. Cessation of respiration
3. Cooling of the body ( Algor Mortis )
- The temperature of 15 20
degrees Fahrenheit is considered as a
certain sign of death.
4. Loss of motor power
5. Loss of sensory power
6. Changes in the skin
7. Changes in and about the eye
- There is loss of corneal reflex
BIOLOGICAL DEATH
- All the components of the brain are
dead
- There is also permanent extinction
of bodily life.
Lazarus Syndrome
- Is also called Lazarus Phenomenon
is the spontaneous return of
circulation after failed attempts at
resuscitation.
Lazarus Sign
- Lazarus sign or Lazarus reflex is a
reflex movement in brain dead
patients, which causes them to
briefly raise their arms and drop
them crossed on their chests.
- The phenomenon has been
observed to occur several minutes
after the removal of medical
ventilators used to pump air in and
out of brain dead patients to keep
their bodies alive.
Hemothorax
Flail chest as in multiple rib
fractures Cardiac tamponade
due to penetrating injuries
b. Potentially Lethal Injuries
b.1. Pulmonary Contussion with
or without flail chest
b.2. Thoracic Aortic Tear or
Rupture the most common
cause of sudden death after a
vehicular accident or fall ( major
decelaration injury )
c. Serious Chest Injuries
4. Abdomen
Types of Injuries:
a. Penetrating
- Gunshot wounds of the
abdomen carry 95% probability
of significant visceral injury
- A bullet when it hits the
abdomen will penetrate the
abdominal wall, enter the
abdominal cavity and most
likely injure more than one
organ.
- The incidence of abdominal
injury is strikingly higher in
gunshot wounds than in stab
wounds.
- The major cause of death is
hemorrhage and this occurs
within the first 24 hours
- In stab wounds of the
abdomen , only 2/3 penetrate
the peritoneal cavity; of these
only cause significant visceral
injury that requires surgical
repair.
b. Blunt
- The spleen and liver are the
most commonly injured organs
due to blunt trauma.
- Their frequent incidence also
explains why the mortality rate
following blunt trauma is higher
than that of penetrating injury.
EUTHANASIA
- Meaning good death ( well or good )
- Refers to the practice of ending life
in a painless manner.
- Deliberate intervention undertaken
with the express intention of ending
life, to relieve intractable suffering
Classification of Euthanasia:
1. Voluntary euthanasia is euthanasia
conducted with consent
2. Involuntary euthanasia
is euthanasia conducted without consent.
-is conducted where an individual makes a
decision for another person incapable of doing
so.
- also known as physician assisted death,
physician assisted suicide or mercy killing.
3. Passive euthanasia entails withholding of
common treatments
4. Active euthanasia entails the use of lethal
substances or forces to end life and is the most
controversial means.
CHAPTER 4 REGIONAL TRAUMA
Trauma
is the leading cause of death in the first four
decades of life and the 3rd leading cause of
death in all age groups today.
-Penetrating trauma particularly handguns is
becoming common in nearly all areas of the
country.
Trimodal Distribution of Death from Trauma:
1. Seconds to minutes of injury due to the
injury to the brain, high spinal cord, heart,
aorta and other large vessels. These patients
can rarely be salvaged.
2. Minutes to Few hours from injury ( The
Golden Hour )
- It is in this period that Advanced Trauma Life
Support9 ( ATLS ) techniques are important.
3. Several days to weeks of Injury these are
due to sepsis or organ failure.
SPECIFIC INJURIES
1. Head
a. Types of Head Injuries:
a.1 Hematoma
a.2 Contusions
a.3 Skull fractures
a.4 Hemorrhage
2. Spine and Spinal Cord Injuries
The most common causes of severe
spinal trauma are motor vehicular accidents,
falls, diving accidents, and gunshot wounds.
3. Chest
a. Life Threatening Injuries
Pnumothorax
6. Urologic
- Hematuria following trauma
- Blunt kidney injury is usually
due to motor vehicular
accidents which account for 70
90 % of kidney trauma.
- Penile injury:
The erect penis is usually 6 8
inches long and 1 -2 inches in
diameter.
7. Arterial trauma
8. Burns
CLASSIFICATION OF WOUNDS
1.
AS TO LEGAL CLASSIFICATION
Chapter 1
DESTRUCTION OF LIFE
a. Article 246. Parricide
b. Article 247. Death or Physical Injuries
Inflicted Under Exceptional Circumstances
c. Article 248. MURDER
- Any person who, not falling within the
provisions of Article 246 shall kill another,
shall be guilty of murder and shall be punished
by Reclusion Perpetua, to death if committed
with any of the following attendant
circumstances;
1. With treachery
2. In consideration of a price , reward or
promise
3. By means of inundation etc.
4. On occasion of any of the calamities etc.
5. With evident premeditation
6. With cruelty etc
CHAPTER
2 PHYSICAL
INJURIES
a. Article 262. Mutilation Any person who
shall intentionally mutilate another by
depriving him, either totally or partially , of
some essential organ of reproduction.
b. Article 263. Serious Physical Injuries Any
person who shall wound, beat, or assault
Classification of Wounds:
5. AS TO THE CONSEQUENTIAL INJURY AFTER
THE APPLOCATION OF FORCE
a. Coup Injury b. Coup Centre Coup Injury
c. Contre Coup Injury
d. Locus Minoris resistancia
e. Extensive injury
Classification of Wounds:
6. AS TO THE INTEGRITY OF THE SKIN
A. CLOSED WOUNDS Presents no break in the
integrity or continuity of the skin. There maybe
only outward manifestations of injury
internally.
Ex. of closed wounds:
1. petechiae a circumscribe extravasation of
blood in the subcutaneous tissue.
2. contusion effusion of blood into the tissues
underneath the skin as a result of a blunt
force. Ex. black eye
3. Hematoma
4. Blunt injury
5. Musculoskeletal injuries
Ex. Sprain, Dislocation, Fracture, Strain
B. REGULATED DRUGS
1. Self inducing sedatives such as
secobarbital,
phenobarbital,
pentobarbital, barbital and any drug
which contains salt or derivative of a
salt of barbituric acid.
2. Any salt of amphetamine such as
Benzedrine or any drug which produces
a physiological action similar to
amphetamine.
3.
Hypnotic
drugs,
such
as
methaqualone
producing
similar
physiologic effects.
IMPORTANT TERMS in the DANGEROUS
DRUG ACT OF 2002
1. Drug Syndicate
2. Illegal Trafficking
3. Chemical Diversion
4. Planting Evidence
5. Drug Dependence
Two Classes of Drug Dependence:
a. Drug Addiction is a state of periodic
or chronic intoxication produced by the
repeated consumption of a drug,
whether synthetic or natural and found
to be detrimental to the individual and
to the society.
Characteristics of Drug Addiction:
A. An overpowering desire or
need to continue taking the drug or to
obtained it by any means.
dose.
PHARMACOLOGIC CLASIFICATION OF
DANGEROUS DRUGS
1.Hypnotics
2. Sedatives and Tranquilizers
3. Hallucinogens and Psychomimetics
4. Stimulants
5. Depressants
6. Deliriants and Intoxicants
A.Hypnotics:
Opiates and Their Derivatives Opium
is obtained from the milky exudates of
the unripe seed capsules of the poppy
plant, Papaver Sornoiferum.
of
Opium
B. SEDATIVES:
Barbiturates: - are the products of
malonic acid and urea, synthesized on
St. Barbara day.
- Used to treat anxiety and to induce
sleep can cause both psychologic
and physical dependence.
C.
HALLUCINOGENS
OR
PSYCHOMIMETIC DRUGS:
Marijuana ( Cannabis Sativa ) is a
Mexican term for pleasurable feeling.
Marijuana is not addictive. Physical
dependence and dose tolerance do not
develop
with
its
use.
Psychic
dependence may occur.
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D.STIMULANTS:
Amphetamines methamphetamines
(
Shabu,
speed
);
methylenedioxymethamphetamine
( MDMA, ecstasy or Adam )
- Acts on the cerebral cortex causing
alertness, excessive self confidence
and feeling of well being. Physical
performance may to some degree
temporarily improve.
Untoward Effects:
- They increase the blood pressure
and heart rate. Fatal heart attacks
have occurred even in healthy,
young athletes. The blood pressure
maybe so high that a blood vessel
in the brain ruptures causing a
stroke.
2. Sado masochism
a. Sadism
b. Masochism
3. Fetishism
a. Anatomic
b. Clothing
c. Necrophilic
d. Odor ( ospresiophilia )
Kinds of Ospresiophilia
1. Urolagnia
2. Coprolagnia
3. Mysophilia
a. Narcissism
b. Saboteur Fetish
c. Vampirism
D. As to the part of the body
1. Sodomy
2. Uranism
3. Frottage
4. Partialism
E. As to visual stimulus
1. Voyeurism
2. Scoptophilia
F. As to number
1. Troilism
2. Pluralism
G. Other sexual deviates.
1. Don Juanism
2. Indecent exposure
3. Coprolalia
H. Disorders of sexual function:
1. Premature ejaculation
2. Retarded ejaculation
Untoward Effects:
- Same as amphetamine
E. DEPRESSANTS:
- Angel dust
- Depresses the brain and abusers
usually become confused and
disoriented shortly after taking the
drug.
- Can be combative and because they
dont feel the pain they may
continue fighting even when hit
hard.
CHAPTER 6 SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS AND
SEXUAL CRIMES
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SEXUAL CRIMES:
Chaste An unmarried woman who has had no
carnal knowledge with men or that she never
voluntarily had unlawful sexual intercourse.
These also denotes purity of mind and
innocence of heart.
C. Seduction
- is the art of a man enticing
women to have unlawful intercourse
with him by means of persuasion,
solicitation, promises, bribes or
other means without employment of
force
D. Acts of Lasciviosness
E. Acts of Lasciviousness with
Consent of the Offended Party
F. Abduction
1. Forcible Abduction
2. Consensual Abduction
G. Adultery
H. Concubinage
I. Bigamy
J. Marriage Contracted Against the
Provisions of Law
K. Premature Marriage
L. Performance of Illegal Marriage
Ceremony
M. Prostitution
N. Corruption of Minors
O. White Slave Trade
P. Abuse Against Chastity
Kinds of virginity
1. Moral virginity the state of not knowing the
nature of sexual life and not having experience
sexual relation.
2. Physical virginity A condition whereby a
woman is conscious of the nature of sexual life
but has not experienced sexual intercourse.
3. Demi virginity This term refers to a
condition of a woman who permits any form of
sexual liberties as long as they abstain from
rupturing the hymen by sexual act. The woman
allows sexual intercourse, but only inter
femora or even inter labia, but not to the
extent of rupturing the hymen.
4. Virgo intacta A truly virgin woman. There
is no structural change in her organ,
notwithstanding the fact of a previous sexual
intercourse.
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a. Illusion
b. Hallucination
2. Disorders of Memory
a. Dementia
3. Disorders in the Content of Thought
A. Delusion
a. Delusion of grandeur
b. Delusion of persecution
c. Delusion of reference
d. Delusion of Self Accusation
e. Delusion of infidelity
f. Nihilistic delusion
g. Delusion of poverty
h. Delusion of control
i. Delusion of depression
B. Obsession
4. Disorders in the trend of thought
Types:
a. Mania
b. Melancholia
5. Phobic Disorders
a. Agoraphobia
b. Specific phobias
c. Social phobia
6. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
7. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
8. Depression and Mania
9. Bipolar Disorder
10. Suicidal Behavior
11. Eating Disorders
a. Anorexia nervosa
b. Bulimia nervosa
c. Binge eating disorder
12. Personality Disorders
a. Paranoid
b. Schizoid
c. Histrionic
d. Narcissistic
e. Antisocial
f. Borderline
g. Avoidant
h. Dependent
Types of Compulsion:
a. Pyromania
b. Kleptomania
c. Dipsomania
d. Homicidal impulse
e. Sex impulse
f. Suicidal impulse
DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN TRUE AND
FALSE INSANITY:
1. True insanity develops insidiously
usually with the existence of some
predisposition to an exciting cause if
careful history is taken, while false
insanity develops suddenly with no
existing predisposition.
i. Obsessive Compulsive
j. Passive Aggressive
k. Dissociative
Types of Schizophrenia:
a. Paranoid
b. Hebephrenic
c. Catatonic
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2. As a mitigating Circumstance
Article 13, of the Revised Penal
Code provides, the following are
mitigationg circumstances:
a. That the offender is deaf and
dumb, blind or otherwise suffering from
physical defect which thus restricts his
means of action, defense or
communication with his fellow beings
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