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ABSTRACT
Fractal is a modern tool to model non-linear scientific and natural data effectively. Recent studies have developed the fractal
interpolation function (FIF) for modeling experimental and/or geometric data. The iterated function system (IFS) is used to
generate a FIF. The work deals with determination of IFS for approximating prescribed data using FIF. When the scaling
factors are restricted appropriately in an IFS, the resulting FIF is differentiable in nature. Shape preservation is significant
aspect for geometric modeling of curves and surfaces from data points. The shape preserving capabilities of polynomial
spline FIF are heavily limited. In the present paper, we introduce a new class of rational cubic FIF with shape preserving
properties. The developed rational IFS model uses cubic by cubic form with four shape parameters in each subinterval. This
scheme offers an additional freedom over the classical rational cubic interpolants due to the presence of scaling factors and
shape parameters. The classical rational cubic functions are obtained as a special case of the developed fractal interpolants.
The sufficiency conditions on the scaling factors and shape parameters are investigated and developed so that the resulting
rational cubic FIF is positive when the data set is positive. This approach offers a single specification for a large class of
positive fractal interpolants. The developed rational cubic spline FIF can be used for curve fitting if the data shows the trend
of a positive C 1 - smooth function, whereas its derivative is irregular. The study also shows that for appropriate values of the
scaling factors and shape parameters, the developed rational FIF converges uniformly to the data points coming from a C 3
continuous curve at least as rapidly as the third power of the mesh norm. A visual illustration of the shape preserving fractal
curves is provided to support our theoretical results.
Keywords: Fractal Interpolation Function, Iterated Function System, Rational Cubic Fractal functions, Shape Preservation,
Positivity, Convergence.
1. INTRODUCTION
Smooth curve representation of scientific data through
interpolation curve/surface has great significance in Computer
Aided Design, Computer Graphics, Information Sciences,
Geometric Modeling, Data visualization etc. However
applications of interpolation problem in CAGD, Cartography,
Image Analysis, etc., demand the interpolant to mimic
some geometric properties hidden in the data. The problem
of searching a sufficiently smooth function that preserves
the qualitative shape properties inherent in the data is
generally referred as shape preserving interpolation. The
shape properties are mathematically expressed in terms
of conditions such as positivity, monotony, and convexity.
Positivity is the most common and fundamental shape aspect.
For instance, positive data arise in resistance offered by an
electric circuit, progress of an irreversible process, monthly
rainfall amounts, level of gas discharge in certain chemical
reactions, volume, density etc. The negative graphical
representations of these physical quantities have no meaning.
The literature on classical shape preserving interpolation
chand@iitm.ac.in
Li (xn ) = xi+1 .
(1)
(3)
Li1 , g, Fi
(4)
(5)
Li (x1 ) = xi ,
(2)
(m)
fn
(m)
sn1 (xn )
m
an1 n1
(m)
i f +si (x)
,
am
i
(m)
, where si
(m)
f1
(m)
s1 (x1 )
,
am
1 1
(m)
(6)
(7)
xi+1 xi
xn x1
(8)
(9)
i (x) si (x)
+
, x I, i J.
ai
ai
(10)
|i |
ai
s (x1 )
i dn
s (xn )
i d1
+ i
, di+1 =
+ i
, i J. (11)
ai
ai
ai
ai
pi (x)
, x I, i J.
qi (x)
(12)
pi (x)
, x I, i J,
qi (x)
(13)
(14)
40
12
35
10
30
25
20
14
12
12
10
10
15
10
0
2
10
12
(a) i = i = 5 .
10
12
(b) i = i = 500 .
14
14
12
10
12
(a) i = i =
1 and i = i = 2.
10
12
(b) i = 100, i =
80 and i = i = 2.
16
80
14
70
12
60
10
12
50
8
10
10
40
6
30
4
20
2
6
10
0
4
0
0
10
(c) i = i = 5000.
Fig. 1.
12
2
4
10
12
(d) i = i = 5000.
10
(c) i = 100, i =
80 and i = i = 2 .
Fig. 2.
12
10
10
12
(d) i = 100, i =
1 and i = i = 2.
constant ci independent of hi .
Using both above results in kf k ksk +ksf k,
|i |
k f k 1|
(ksk + K) + 12 kf (3) k h3 c,
i |
we have obtained the desired bound for k f k . Since
h
|| xn x
, the above theorem establishes that k
1
f k = O(h). That is, converges to f uniformly as
mesh norm approaches zero. Further if we elect i such that
h3i
|i | < a3i = (xn x
i J, then converges to f
1)
with O(h3 ) which is similar to the convergence result of its
classical nonrecursive counterpart s.
J,
i max{0, i [1
ni
i [0, min{ai ,
where mi = fi i f1 , ni = fi+1 i fn , di = di ai di 1 ,
di+1 = di+1 iadi n , then we obtain a positivity preserving
C 1 -rational cubic FIF .
Pi ()
1
, = xxx
,
Proof: We have (Li (x)) = i (x) + Q
i ()
n x1
x I. If (x) 0 it is easy to verify that for i J, when
i 0, i J, the sufficient condition for (Li (x)) > 0 for
Pi ()
> 0 [0, 1].
all x I is Q
i ()
So the initial condition on the scaling factors are i 0, i J.
Since Qi () > 0 [0, 1], i > 0, i > 0, i > 0
Pi ()
and i > 0; i J, the positivity of rational function Q
i ()
depends on the positivity of Pi (). For our convenience, we
write Pi () as
Pi () = Ui (1 )3 + Vi (1 )2 + Wi (1 )2 + Zi 3 . Now
Pi () > 0 if Ui > 0, Vi > 0, Wi > 0, Zi > 0 (cf. Section 4).
Now Ui > 0, Zi > 0 if Eqn. (15) is true. Also Vi > 0, Wi > 0
when Eqn. (16) is valid. Since (x) is constructed iteratively
(Li (.)) 0 (.) 0 implies (x) 0; x I.
40
40
35
35
30
30
40
40
30
30
25
25
20
20
20
20
10
10
15
15
10
10
10
20
20
10
5
5
0
5
0
0
10
12
10
12
40
40
35
35
30
30
25
25
30
30
40
10
12
10
12
20
40
35
20
20
15
15
10
10
10
30
25
20
10
5
0
15
10
12
10
20
0
10
12
5
30
40
14
35
12
30
10
25
20
15
10
10
12
40
10
12
10
12
9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
0
10
12
8. CONCLUSION
We have developed a C 1 -rational cubic FIFs that contain four
families of shape parameters. With a zero scaling vector,
the developed rational cubic FIF reduces to the existing
classical rational cubic interpolant with four families of
shape parameters. A uniform error bound has been developed
between the rational cubic FIF and an original function, from
which it is deduced that the rational cubic FIF converges
uniformly to the original function. Data-dependent sufficient
constraints have been developed on the scaling factors. Two
of the free parameters are used to preserve the positivity of
the data, while the other two free parameters are used to refine
the shape of curve. The power of the proposed rational cubic
FIF have been demonstrated through suitable examples. The
present interpolation scheme may find applications in areas
such as tomography, computer graphics, CAGD, animation,
visual space simulation, VLSI and image processing.
The partial support of the Department of Science and Technology of Govt. of India (SERC DST Project No. SR/S4/MS:
694/10) is gratefully acknowledged.
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