Given the initial condition,

analysis to be

,
. Hence,

can be determined using transient

.

Both
and
can also be determined using Laplace transform. Using
KVL, we can write

Taking the Laplace transform yields

Taking the inverse Laplace transform yields

Since

giving rise to
to be

.
, we can rewrite
. Taking the Laplace

transform yields

Taking the inverse Laplace transform yields

Note that partial fraction is required and used in order for the inverse
Laplace transform of
to be performed to obtain
.
2

Partial Fraction
In general, we need to find the inverse Laplace transform of a function
which is of the form

where and are real constants, and and are positive integers.
is
called a proper rational function if
, an improper rational function if
. Note that only proper rational function can be expanded as a sum of
partial fractions.

Distinct Real Roots

Consider the proper rational function,

, where the roots

of the denominator are all real and distinct, we can expand the function
using partial fraction as follows:

Using the cover-up method, we can find

Hence,

and

to be

and taking the inverse transform yields

Distinct Complex Roots

Given

, we can expand the function using partial

fraction as follows:

Using the cover-up method, we can find

and

to be

Note that the coefficients associated with complex conjugate roots,

and
, are themselves complex conjugates. Thus, we only need to find one of
the two coefficients, either
or .
5

After finding the values for

way is to use the polar form,
formula

and

, we can proceed in two ways. One

along with the general transform

to obtain
The other way is to proceed using the rectangular form as follows:

We can also determine the inverse transform without using complex

numbers as follows:

After finding
using the cover-up method, we multiply both side of
the equation by the denominator and obtain

Hence,

Finally,

Repeated Real Roots

Given

, we can expand the function as follows:

Using the cover-up method, we can find

and

To find , we need to multiply both sides of

determine
to be

to be

by

and then

To find

, we multiply both sides of

by

Generally, given that

After finding the values for

transform to be

and then find

to be

, we can determine

and

, we determine the inverse

Repeated Complex Roots

Given

, we can expand the function as follows:

Using the previously presented methods, we can find

and

to be

Hence,

The general formula for repeated complex roots is

10

Improper Rational Functions

For an improper rational function,
, we must
first rewrite it as a proper rational function using long division and then
perform partial fraction as follows:

Finally, taking the inverse transform yields

11

Initial and Final Value Theorems

Without having to find the inverse Laplace transform of
, we can
evaluate
and
to see if they conform with known circuit
behavior using the initial and final value theorems as follows:
(initial value theorem)
(final value theorem)
For instance, in the example presented in the first slide, the known circuit
response are
and
. We can verify them as follows:

The initial and final value theorems are useful for verifying if the known
circuit response at
and
are described by
.

12