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(b) Is 10 = 2 in Z5 ?
Solution: Note that 10 (2) = 8 which is not divisible by
5. Thus 10 2(mod 5). Therefore 10 = 2.
(c) Is 1 = 13 in Z6 ?
Solution: Note that 1 13 = 12 = 6 (2). Hence 6 divides
1 13. Thus 1 13(mod 6). Therefore 1 = 13 in Z6 .
(d) Is 2 = 52 in Z4 ?
Solution: Note that 2 52 = 50 which is not divisible by 4.
Therefore 2 = 52 in Z4 .
(e) Is 5 = 19 in Z4 ?
Solution: Note that 5 19 = 24 = 4 (6) is divisible by 4.
Therefore 5 = 19 in Z4 .
5. Answer the following questions where the elements are from Z8 .
(a) Is 0 = 12?
Solution: No, because 0 12 = 12 is not a multiple of 8.
(b) Is 2 = 14?
Solution: Yes, because 2 14 = 16 is a multiple of 8.
(c) Is 51 = 109?
Solution: No, because 51 (109) = 58 is not a multiple of 8.
(d) Is 3 = 43?
Solution: Yes, because 3 43 = 40 is a multiple of 8.
6. Consider Z7 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Calculate the following. For each
answer x that you calculate, reduce it so that 0 x 6.
(a) 2 + 6
Solution: 2 + 6 = 8 = 1.
(b) 3 + 4
Solution: 3 + 4 = 7 = 0.
(c) 1473
Solution: To reduce 1473 number modulo 7 we use the division
algorithm. Dividing 7 into 1473 we get that 1473 = 210 7 + 3.
Now we use the fact that 7 = 0 in Z7 to get that
1473 = 210 7 + 3 = 210 0 + 3 = 3
(d) 3 5
Solution: 3 5 = 15 = 1.
(e) 2 3 + 4 6
Solution: 2 3 + 4 6 = 30 = 2.
(f) 5 2 + 1 + 2 4 6
Solution: 5 2 + 1 + 2 4 6 = 10 + 1 + 48 = 3 + 1 + 6 = 10 = 3.
7. Consider Z4 = {0, 1, 2, 3}. Calculate the following. For each answer x
that you calculate, reduce it so that 0 x 3.
(a) 2 + 3
Solution: 2 + 3 = 5 = 1.
(b) 1 + 3
Solution: 1 + 3 = 4 = 0.
(c) 4630
Solution: To reduce 4630 number modulo 4 we use the division
algorithm. Dividing 4 into 4630 we get that 4630 = 1157 4 + 2.
Now we use the fact that 4 = 0 in Z4 to get that
4630 = 1157 4 + 2 = 1157 0 + 2 = 2
(d) 3 2
Solution: 3 2 = 6 = 2.
(e) 2 2 + 3 3
Solution: 2 2 + 3 3 = 4 + 9 = 0 + 1 = 1.
(f) 3 2 + 1 + 2 + 2 2 2
Solution: 3 2 + 1 + 2 + 2 2 2 = 6 + 3 + 8 = 17 = 1.
8. Suppose that x is an odd integer.
(a) Prove that x = 1 or x = 3 in Z4 .
Solution: Let x be an integer. Dividing x by 4 we have that
x = 4q + r where q and r are integers and 0 r < 4.
Any integer of the form 4q + 0 = 2(2q) or 4q + 2 = 2(2q + 1) is
an even integer. Since x is assumed to be odd we must have that
either x = 4q +1 or x = 4q +3. So, x1 = 4q or x3 = 4q. Thus,
either x 1(mod 4) or x 3(mod 4). Therefore either x = 1 or
x = 3.
(d) a (b c) = (a b) c.
Solution: Since a, b, c are integers we have that a(bc) = (ab)c.
Thus
a (b c) = a b c = a (b c) = (a b) c = a b c = (a b) c.
(e) a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c.
Solution: Since a, b, c are integers we have that a + (b + c) =
(a + b) + c. Thus
a+(b+c) = a+b + c = a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c = a + b+c = (a+b)+c.
12. Prove that 4 does not divide n2 + 2 for any integer n.
Solution: We prove this by contradiction. Suppose that there exists
an integer n where 4 divides n2 + 2. Then n2 + 2 = 4k for some integer
k. Therefore
n2 + 2 = 4k
in Z4 . Hence
n2 + 2 = 4 k
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
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1
0
1.
0 = 0
2
1 = 1
2
2 = 1.
14. Prove that x2 5y 2 = 2 has no integer solutions.
Solution: We prove this by contradiction. Suppose that x and y are
integers with x2 5y 2 = 2. Then in Z5 we have that
x2 + 5 y 2 = 2.
Since 5 = 0 in Z5 we have that
x2 = 2.
However, this equation has no solutions in Z5 since
2
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2
3
2
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