DesigningMid RiseStructures PDF

Virginia Structural Engineers Council
July, 2010
Copyright Material
Stud Bracing and Lateral Load
Resisting Systems for
Mid-Rise Construction
with Cold-Formed Steel Framing
This presentation is protected by US and International

copyright laws.
Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the
presentation without written permission of the
speaker and the Steel Framing Alliance is prohibited.
Steel Framing Alliance

2010
VSEC AM-1
The Steel Framing Alliance is a Registered Provider with the

American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Program.
Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to
CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for
non-AIA members are available on request.
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing
professional education. As such, it does not include content
that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or
endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any
method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in
any material or product. Questions related to specific materials,
methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of
this presentation.
SFA2.0LU/HSW(morningsession)
VSEC AM-3
Designing Mid-Rise Structures using Cold-Formed Steel
VSEC AM-2
Learning Objectives
1. Understand Stud Bracing issues and Brace
Force Resolution Requirements and
Methodologies, for the high-demand axial load
systems common to mid-rise CFS construction.
2. Understand the most common lateral (wind and
seismic) load resisting systems for mid-rise
cold-formed steel (CFS) construction
Sheathed: wood, sheet steel, other

Strap bracing
Other
3. Learn what resources are available for design

and detailing of these and other CFS systems.
VSEC AM-4
July, 2010
Why is this important?
Learning Objective 1:
Understand Stud Bracing issues and
Brace Force Resolution
Requirements and Methodologies.
VSEC AM-5
Member Design Strengths
VSEC AM-6
Member Design Strengths
Bending Strength
Shear Strength
Web Crippling Strength
Moment of Inertia for Deflection
Often available in published design tables and
used in design offices.
www.ssma.com or manufacturers websites
Use software try the free downloads
VSEC AM-7
VSEC AM-8
July, 2010
Bracing Considerations
Bracing Concepts
Lateral buckling for bending moments

Weak axis buckling for axial loads
Torsion because loads not through shear
center
Through the punch-out bridging

Steel strap face bridging
Sheathing as brace
VSEC AM-9
Through the Punch-Out Bridging
VSEC AM-11
VSEC AM-10
Welded: no clip
VSEC AM-12
July, 2010
Welding
Welding
Table from September 2009 article in
Structural Engineering & Design Magazine
VSEC AM-13
Table notes from the article:

1. The minimums presented in Table 1 are merely
suggestions, based on experiences of some structural
engineers and field and shop welders.
2. Results may vary by market, training, and levels of
expertise.
3. Note that several of the prequalified joints in chapter 3 of
AWS D1.3 show a minimum of 18 gage (43 mil). The gage
thicknesses shown in the appendix of AWS D1.3 differ
slightly from the minimum thicknesses specified by AISI
and SSMA; make sure to use appropriate AISI design
thicknesses.
4. For corrosion protection of welds, the most common
method is application of a zinc-rich paint after the weld has
cooled to ambient temperature. Some specifications
include a reference to ASTM A780 Standard Practice for
Repair of Damaged and Uncoated Areas of Hot-Dip
VSEC AM-14
Galvanized Coatings.

Advantages:
Periodic anchorage of the bridging to the structure is not
as critical as with face bridging (anchorage is only
required to resist translation not rotation).
Bridging is easily installed from one side.
Provides support for batt type insulations.
Disadvantages:
Pre-punched web punchouts must align.
Each connection requires a clip angle and a minimum of
4 screws or welding.
Not as stiff as face bridging particularly in thinner
material.
Screw Attached: Clip Required
VSEC AM-15
VSEC AM-16
July, 2010
All-Steel Design
(Per AISI Specification)
Effective length, KL, is defined by Section C3.2
of the Wall Stud Standard.
Kx = Ky = Kt = 1.0
Special
consideration
for 8 and 9
studs
Lx = 9 ft
Punchouts start 1 from

end
Ly = Lt = 4 ft
Typically 2 on center
(If bridging channels are used through web

punch-outs, which are typically at 2 ft o.c., then
use 4 ft)
D110-07 page 4-10
VSEC AM-17
Special
consideration
for 8 and 9
studs
If this is the 9-0 stud that gets
delivered to the job, and you have
specified bracing 4 on center, how
will the contractor install the bracing?
Consider a 5 bracing spacing for
design.
5
3
May be unpunched area

near one end:
Minimum 1
Maximum 4
0
VSEC AM-18
Primary Seminar Texts

AISI D110-07
Excellent source of
worked design
examples for stud
and joist members:
for wall and floor
systems.
1
0
VSEC AM-19
VSEC AM-20
July, 2010

Disadvantages:
May compress batt type insulation, leading to voids or
cold spots in insulated walls
May interfere with plumbing risers and other vertical
piping.
Brace Design
The Wall Stud Standard (S211) stipulates that for
combined bending and axial loads, each brace shall
be designed for the combined brace force
determined by Section D3.2.2 of the Specification
(torsional behavior) and 2% of the stud axial load
(flexural buckling behavior).
AISI S100 provides requirements based on both
strength and stiffness of the brace.
VSEC AM-21
Brace Design
(Per AISI Specification)
D110-07 page 4-25
VSEC AM-22
Brace Design
(Per Wall Stud Standard)
The bridging channel will be subjected to axial

load and both major and minor axis bending
moment.
The capacity of the bridging channel must be
checked using the AISI Specification C5.2.1.
VSEC AM-23
Brace axial load

Required brace axial load = 0.02 x
required
stud axial load x number of studs braced
(n)
D110-07 page 4-25
VSEC AM-24
July, 2010
Brace Design
Bridging major axis moment, Mx
Bridging channel major axis moment is
calculated based on stud demand
(Figures 2-5, 2-6 and 2-7 given in D110)
D110-07 page 2-9, 2-10
VSEC AM-25
Steel Strap Face Bridging
D110-07 page 2-9
VSEC AM-26
VSEC AM-27
VSEC AM-28
July, 2010

Steel Strap
Face
Bridging
VSEC AM-29
VSEC AM-30
Advantages:
Stiffest form of bridging even if installed
with some initial slackness.
Requires only 2 screws per stud (i.e. 1
screw per flange) or welding.
Can be installed independently of web
punchouts.
VSEC AM-31
Disadvantages:
To install the bridging, access is required
to both sides of the wall assembly (unless
connections are welded).
Bridging forces accumulate over a number
of studs and periodic anchorage or
blocking-in is required.
Tension straps are prone to field abuse.
VSEC AM-32
July, 2010
Sheathing as Brace
Sheathing as
Brace
VSEC AM-33
Sheathing as Brace
VSEC AM-34
Sheathing as Brace
Disadvantages:
Sheathings must be installed on both sides of the
stud (or on one side supplemented by steel
bridging on the other).
Gypsum wallboard sheathings will restrain thinner
studs but may require supplementary steel
bridging to effectively restrain thicker studs.
When subjected to wetting, the bracing
performance of gypsum wallboard sheathings
deteriorates.
Since the sheathings transfers bracing forces to
the top and bottom tracks, the tracks must be
designed to accept these forces.
Advantages:
Sheathings provide near continuous
support to the studs.
The diaphragm strength of sheathings
transfers forces.
Sheathings are usually required and
available to act as bracing at little or no
additional cost.
VSEC AM-35
VSEC AM-36
July, 2010
Member Bracing Applications
Wall Stud Load Tables

(i) The studs are clad with perfect sheathings which
completely restrain the studs laterally and only allow
column buckling about the stud major axis.
When using a load table take care to

review the assumptions.
(ii) The studs are designed with an all steel approach

with no reliance on sheathings in accordance with the
North American Specification for the Design of ColdFormed Steel Structural Members (AISI S100).
(iii) The studs are clad with imperfect sheathings and
designed in accordance with the Standard for ColdFormed Steel Framing Wall Stud Design (AISI S211).
Sample note from SSMA Product

Technical Information Catalog (PTIC).
VSEC AM-37
Systems: Brace Force

Resolution
VSEC AM-38
Systems: Brace Force

Resolution
VSEC AM-39
VSEC AM-40
10
July, 2010
Brace Force
Resolution
Brace Force Resolution
VSEC AM-41
VSEC AM-42
Brace Design
Bridging Anchorage
Bridging must be anchored every n = 11 studs
to develop the maximum capacity of the bridging
channel.
See Figure 4-18 for a suggested anchorage detail
using flat strap X-bracing.
See detailed calculation on D110-07 pages 4-27 to 4-33 to calculate VSEC

n. AM-43
D110-07 page 4-34
VSEC AM-44
11
July, 2010
Learning Objective 2
Understand the most common lateral

(wind and seismic) load resisting systems
for mid-rise cold-formed steel (CFS)
construction:

Strap bracing
Other
VSEC AM-45
Primary Seminar Texts
VSEC AM-46
Scope:
Cold-Formed Steel
Engineers Institute
(CFSEI) Shear Wall
Design Guide
(SWDG)
VSEC AM-47
Wood & Steel

sheathing only
No gypsum
No fiberboard
No proprietary materials
No Diaphragms
No X bracing
VSEC AM-48
12
July, 2010
Scope:
Shear Wall Basics
All of those items are

in the codereferenced AISI
Standard for ColdFormed Steel
Framing Lateral
Design (S213-07)
VSEC AM-49
Seismic code requirements

Where must seismic loads be considered?
Code requires detailing requirements of a
specific seismic design category (SDC) to be
considered, even if wind governs.
What are the exceptions?

One- and two-family homes in SDC A, B, or C
VSEC AM-51
Diagrams courtesy Simpson Strong-Tie, Inc.
VSEC AM-50
Where is this requirement?

ASCE 7-05, Chapter 11, section 11.1.1
Commentary: The purpose of Section 11.1.1 is to
clarify that when the design load combinations
involving the wind forces of Chapter 6 produce
greater effects than the design load combinations
involving the earthquake forces of Chapters 11
through 23 such that the wind design governs the
basic strength of the lateral force resisting system,
the detailing requirements and limitations
prescribed in this section and referenced standards
are still required to be followed.
VSEC AM-52
13
July, 2010
2006 & 2009

Where
IBC
Where is this requirement?
is the Exception?
ASCE 7-05, Chapter 11, section 11.1.1

Commentary: The purpose of Section 11.1.1 is to
clarify that when the design load combinations
involving the wind forces of Chapter 6 produce
greater effects than the design load combinations
involving the earthquake forces of Chapters 11
through 23 such that the wind design governs the
basic strength of the lateral force resisting system,
the detailing requirements and limitations
prescribed in this section and referenced standards
are still required to be followed.
VSEC AM-53
VSEC AM-54
What is your seismic design

category (SDC)?
USGS for Seismic Design Category

SDS
SD1
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/hazmaps/design/
VSEC AM-55
VSEC AM-56
14
July, 2010
What is our design load?
What is our design load?

11.7.2 (Static) Lateral forces:
1% of dead load for that level.
11.7.3 Load Path Connections:

Smaller portions of structure tied to the rest of structure
with connection strength 5% of weight of that portion of
the building.
11.7.4 Connection to Supports:

Beams, girders: positive connection to supports.
Where also connected to diaphragm: support lateral
connection must have strength 5% D+L reaction.
VSEC AM-57
What are the Wind code

requirements?
VSEC AM-58
What are the Serviceability

Considerations?
International Building Code (IBC), Ch. 16,

section 1609, and ASCE 7-05, Ch. 6
C & C or MWFRS?
Deflection of Shear walls: C2.1.1 of S213
See design example 3.4 on pages 45 46

of SWDG.
Does NOT consider hold-down deflection,
anchor bolt deflection, etc.
VSEC AM-59
SWDG Page 45 46, Example 3.4; S213 page 7, C2.1.1
VSEC AM-60
15
July, 2010

Considerations?

Considerations?
Drift limits: 1604.3 of International Building

Code (IBC), which refers to 12.12.1 of
ASCE 7-05. Max = 2.5% wall height,
divided by Cd (12.8.6 of ASCE 7-05)
Cd = 4 for CFS shearwalls.
SWDG section 1.7: Pages 10 - 11
VSEC AM-61
Rigid vs. Flexible Diaphragms: Flexible if

MDD > 2 x average story drift (IBC 1602;
ASCE 7-05 12.3.1)
Figure from ASCE 7-05
General Code Requirements

IBC 1604.4: Analysis & Overturning
2006 & 2009 International Building Code (IBC)
General Code Requirements
Any system or method of construction to be used

shall be based on a rational analysis in accordance
with well-established principles of mechanics. Such
analysis shall result in a system that provides a
complete load path capable of transferring loads
from their point of origin to the load-resisting
elements.
Every structure shall be designed to resist the
overturning effects caused by the lateral forces
specified in this chapter.
VSEC AM-63
VSEC AM-62
1604.8.1: Anchorage
Anchorage of the roof to walls and columns,

and of walls and columns to foundations,
shall be provided to resist the uplift and
sliding forces that result from the application
of the prescribed loads.
2006 & 2009 International Building Code (IBC)
VSEC AM-64
16
July, 2010
Elements of CFS Shear Walls
References for this section
W
LATERAL LOAD
TOP TRACK
Figure 1
Typical Type I
CFS Framed
Shear Wall
END POSTS
SHEATHING
Page 5 of
SWDG
Lateral
HOLD-DOWN
BOTTOM TRACK ANCHORAGE
BOTTOM TRACK
SWDG Page 5
SWDG
Tension
Compression
VSEC AM-65
Type I Shear Wall: no FTAO
Shear Wall Types
Fully sheathed Resisting in-plane forces

Hold downs at each end of each wall segment
Type I: section C2 of AISI S213

Type II: section C3 of AISI S213
Type I with Force Transfer around
Openings (FTAO)
SWDG Pages 6 7; AISI S213 C2 (Type I) and C3 (Type II)
AISI S213
SWDG = CFSEI Shear Wall Design Guide; S213 = 2007 AISI Lateral Design StandardVSEC AM-66
VSEC AM-67
SWDG Pages 6-7; Figure P. 7. S213 figure: page 6 of commentary.
VSEC AM-68
17
July, 2010
Type I Shear Wall: Wood Sheathed
VSEC AM-69
Type I Shear Wall: With FTAO
Type I Shear Wall: FTAO

Force Transfer Around Openings
SWDG Pages 6-7; Figure P. 8. S213 figure: page 6 of commentary.
VSEC AM-70
Type I Shear Wall: With FTAO

Where is force
transfer around
openings (FTAO)
Design Guidance?
SEAOC 2006 IBC
Design Manual, Vol.
2, Example 1A, item
6b.
CFSEI proposed tech
note on FTAO. (not
yet available)
SWDG Page 7
VSEC AM-71
SWDG Page 7
VSEC AM-72
18
July, 2010
Type II Shear Walls
Type II Shear Walls

No hold
down at
intermediate
jambs.
Is this type II,
or type I with
FTAO?
SWDG Page 7, figure, page 8. S213, figure page 6 of commentary.
VSEC AM-73
Type I Shear Wall Requirements

Fully sheathed
Hold-down anchors at each end of wall
segment.
Openings permitted only with wood and
sheet-steel sheathing, and only with force
transfer around openings (FTAO).
SWDG Page 7, 8; S213 section C2
VSEC AM-75
SWDG Page 7 - 8.
VSEC AM-74

Wall Segment
Wall Segment
SWDG Page 7, 8; S213 section C2; Figure on page 6 of S213 commentary
VSEC AM-76
19
July, 2010
Type I with Opening Requirements
Type I with Opening Requirements
Maximum aspect ratio (height:width, or

h/w) of a wall pier is 2:1
h = height of the opening adjacent to the
sheathed wall.
w = sheathed width of the pier adjacent to
the opening
w minimum = 24
SWDG Page 7, 8; S213 section C2
VSEC AM-77
Wall
Pier
Maximum 4x web depth, when designed for

additional loads
Up to 1x web depth without additional load
design (must still design load path at joist)
Various locations in SWDG; S213 section C2, pages 6 - 7
VSEC AM-79
Wall Pier
SWDG Page 7, 8; S213 section C2; Figure on page 6 of S213 commentary
VSEC AM-78
Shear Wall Example 1:

h / w aspect ratios shall not exceed values
in tables C2.1-1 through C2.1-5.
Overall shear wall minimum width: 24
Setback limitations: based on web depth
of floor joists.
Wall
Pier
Given: Type I Shear Wall

Wood structural sheathing
Aspect ratio no more than 2:1
Check using allowable strength design (ASD).
Check against high seismic load
Determine:
Required sheathing
Connection, and connection spacing.
SWDG Page 14
VSEC AM-80
20
July, 2010
Structure for all Examples: at Roof
Structure for all Examples
SWDG Page 14: Figure 4
VSEC AM-81
Structure for all Examples: at 2nd Floor
SWDG Page 15: Figure 5, top half (ROOF)

VSEC AM-82
Calculation of Force on Walls

Diaphragm assumed flexible.
Can assume flexibility from section 12.3.1 of
ASCE 7.
12.3.1.1 Flexible Diaphragm Condition.

Diaphragms constructed of untopped steel
decking or wood structural panels are
permitted to be idealized as flexible in
structures in which the vertical elements are
steel or composite shear walls.
SWDG Page 15: Fig. 5, 2nd Floor
VSEC AM-83
VSEC AM-84
21
July, 2010
Calculation of Force on Walls

Having a flexible diaphragm allows:
Load distribution based on tributary area
Reduction of System Overstrength Factor (0)
by 0.5, based on ASCE 7-05
For light-framed walls, 0 = 3.0

With flexible diaphragm:
Stop example here.

For more information on this and other
examples, see the Design Guide.
NOW: other types of lateral systems
with CFS.
0 = 3.0 0.5 = 2.5
VSEC AM-85
Mid-Rise with Structural Steel

Transfer Beams
VSEC AM-86
Specifying
Systems: MidRise with
Structural Steel
1st Level Podium
VSEC AM-87
VSEC AM-88
22
July, 2010
Lateral Systems: Sheathing Braced
Lateral Systems: Sheathing Braced

Note that Lateral
Standard table C2.1-3
limits screw-fastening
directly to thick steel
boundary elements in
high-seismic areas
with wood sheathing.
Connection is
permitted for resisting
wind or low seismic.
VSEC AM-89
Lateral Systems: Tension Only
VSEC AM-91
VSEC AM-90
Lateral Systems: Tension Only
VSEC AM-92
23
July, 2010
Lateral Systems: Tension

Straps
Lateral Systems: Tension

Straps
VSEC AM-93
Load Transfer at Floors
VSEC AM-94
ASCE 7-05: Chapter 12
VSEC AM-95
VSEC AM-96
24
July, 2010
Lateral Systems: Reinforced

Concrete or Masonry
Lateral Systems: Reinforced

Concrete or Masonry
Stair or elevator
towers often
poured first
Diaphragms must
tie in at each floor
Drag forces must
be calculated and
used in connection
design
VSEC AM-97
Lateral Systems: Structural

Steel
VSEC AM-99
VSEC AM-98
Lateral Systems: Mixed
Use extreme caution with

mixed systems! (Load goes
to stiffness.)
VSEC AM-100
25
July, 2010
Lateral Systems
Lateral Systems
Ensure shear is transferred from roof diaphragm.
Ensure shear is transferred from roof diaphragm.
NO!
Yes.
VSEC AM-101
VSEC AM-102
S213: part of suite of AISI Framing

Standards, referenced in IBC
Learning Objective 3:
Learn what resources are available for
design and detailing of these and
other CFS systems.
VSEC AM-103
General Provisions (S100)
VSEC AM-104
26
July, 2010

Product Data (S201) (not code referenced yet)

VSEC AM-105

Wall Stud Design (S211)
VSEC AM-106


Header Design (S212)
Lateral Design (S213)
VSEC AM-107
VSEC AM-108
27
July, 2010

All of these
standards
reference AISI
S100 for Member
Design
S100 also referenced
in code for
Truss Design (S214)
VSEC AM-109
Metal roofing
Metal buildings
Serviceability
requirements
VSEC AM-110
Other code-referenced standards

for CFS Framing
S100 support:
Commentary &
Manual
ASTM
Contains 19
standards, referenced
by IBC or AISI
Handy reference for
specifiers
Not referenced in
code
Similar to AISC
manual
www.astm.org:
search FRAMING07
VSEC AM-111
VSEC AM-112
28
July, 2010
Resources from AISI:

NOT Code-Referenced Standards
Design Guides from
AISI:

Design Guides from
AISI:
CFS Framing (D110)

Todays Design
Examples
CFS Framing (D110)

Steel Stud Brick
Veneer
VSEC AM-113

Design Guides from
AISI:
VSEC AM-114

Design Guides from
AISI:
CFS Framing (D110)

Steel Stud Brick
Veneer
Direct Strength
Method Design
Guide
CFS Framing (D110)

Steel Stud Brick
Veneer
Direct Strength
Method Design Guide
Purlin Design Guide
VSEC AM-115
VSEC AM-116
29
July, 2010
Other Design Guides:

Design Guide
from Steel
Framing Alliance
(SFA):
Other Design Guides:

Design Manual
from Structural
Engineers
Association of
California
(SEAOC): 2006
IBC Structural
Seismic Design
Manual (vol. 2)
Thermal for CFS

Walls
Free download from www.steelframing.org

Also with your electronic handouts
VSEC AM-117
Other Design Aids:

Technical Notes
Available from ICC at www.iccsafe.org
VSEC AM-118
SSMA Tech Notes & Details
Cold-Formed
Steel
Engineers
Institute
(CFSEI)
Available from
www.cfsei.org
VSEC AM-119
VSEC AM-120
30
July, 2010
SSMA Tech Notes & Details
SFA Issue Papers & How-To Guides
VSEC AM-121
Learning Objectives
1. Understand Stud Bracing issues and Brace
Force Resolution Requirements and
Methodologies.
2. Understand the most common lateral (wind and
seismic) load resisting systems for mid-rise
cold-formed steel (CFS) construction

Strap bracing
Other
3. Learn what resources are available for design

and detailing of these and other CFS systems.
VSEC AM-123
VSEC AM-122
Steel Industry Contact Information

SSMA Headquarters, Chicago Area 630-942-6592
SSMA Technical Office: Washington, DC area
Don Allen, P.E. dallen@steelframing.org 706-597-8076
www.ssma.com: resources for all users of steel studs
Cold-Formed Steel Engineers Institute (CFSEI)
www.cfsei.org: Resources for Engineers and Designers
Steel Framing Alliance (SFA) 202-785-2022
www.steelframing.org: Resources for Owners & Builders
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) www.steel.org
Steel Recycling Institute www.recycle-steel.org
Wei-Wen Yu Center for Cold-Formed Steel Structures
laboube@mst.edu; www.ccfssonline.org
VSEC AM-124
31
Virginia Structural Engineers Council Summer Seminar
Cold-Formed Steel in Mid-Rise

Construction with Other Materials
2nd Session: VSEC
July, 2010
The Steel Framing Alliance is a Registered Provider with the

American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Program.
Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to
CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for
non-AIA members are available on request.
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing
professional education. As such, it does not include content that
may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by
the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of
handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.
Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will
be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
SFA 1.5 LU/ HSW (afternoon session)
VSEC P.M. - 1
Copyright Material
This presentation is protected by US and
International copyright laws.
Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the
presentation without written permission of the
speaker and the Steel Framing Alliance is
prohibited.
Steel Framing Alliance

2010
Learning Objectives
1. Examine framing systems that use cold-formed
steel (CFS) in conjunction with other structural
components.
Various floor systems on CFS walls: composite,

precast (hollowcore), wood, and composite deck
Hot-rolled structural steel
Reinforced masonry, Poured or precast concrete
shearwalls
2. Review details and construction methods for

each system.
3. Learn about industry efforts for quality and
growth in CFS design and construction.
VSEC P.M. - 4
July, 2010
Composite Steel deck & Concrete

Deck bears
continuously on top
track
Deck acts as
permanent form
and bottom steel
Shoring required
during pour
Top track must be
designed to carry
wet concrete loads
VSEC P.M. - 5
Non-Composite Reinforced Concrete
VSEC P.M. - 7
Composite Steel deck & Concrete
VSEC P.M. - 6
Hollowcore Plank
VSEC P.M. - 8
July, 2010
Heritage Walk
Baltimore, Maryland
5-story loadbearing CFS with
Hollowcore Planks
Hollowcore at Shearwall
VSEC P.M. - 9
Bearing &
Nonbearing walls
Insulated jambs
Grouted &
foamed plank
joints
VSEC P.M. - 11
VSEC P.M. - 10
Grouting joint
VSEC P.M. - 12
Grouting joint
July, 2010
Details courtesy of The Steel Network, Raleigh, NC.
Hollowcore: Exterior Bearing Wall
VSEC P.M. - 13
Hollowcore: Interior Bearing Wall
VSEC P.M. - 15
VSEC P.M. - 14
Hollowcore: Interior Bearing Wall
VSEC P.M. - 16
July, 2010
Reinforcement
extending from
joint
VSEC P.M. - 17
Bearing Wall Overhang?
VSEC P.M. - 18
n
irectio
pan d
s
k
n
Pla
Bearing Wall with Full Bearing

of Plank
VSEC P.M. - 19
Bearing Wall: Grouted
VSEC P.M. - 20
July, 2010
Temporary Construction
Bracing
X Brace: Missing
something?
VSEC P.M. - 21
VSEC P.M. - 22
Hollowcore: Through-bolt
Connection
Loadbearing
Joints
VSEC P.M. - 23
VSEC P.M. - 24
July, 2010
Loadbearing
tube steel
header: Before
Grouting
Loadbearing
tube steel
header: after
Grouting
VSEC P.M. - 25
VSEC P.M. - 26
Grouting at
Bearing Walls
Formwork for
Grouting: at
Bearing Wall
with X Bracing
VSEC P.M. - 27
VSEC P.M. - 28
July, 2010
Nonbearing Wall: Jamb Slip

Nonbearing Wall:
Overhang okay?
Nonbearing Wall:
Header okay?
Plan
k spa
n dir
ectio
n
Nonbearing Wall:
Jamb Slip
VSEC P.M. - 29
Slab Direction
Change
ALWAYS account for camber in precast!
VSEC P.M. - 30
Tube Steel
Header
Consider reduced stud

bearing capacity
VSEC P.M. - 31
VSEC P.M. - 32
Old LGSEA Newsletter
July, 2010

it was found that the studs failed prematurely
when compared to the AISI Specification, with
the average tested load achieving only 44% of
the predicted value.
(Note that this is ultimate value for short, stubby
studs; typical values for full height stud walls
with discreet bracing are much less, and would
therefore be much closer to test result values.)
February, 2003
page 4
VSEC P.M. - 33
VSEC P.M. - 34

Wood with Steel?
VSEC P.M. - 35
July, 2010
Composite deep deck: Apartments

on Mercer Island, Washington
Photos courtesy Atlanta JournalConstitution
Highlands on Ponce fire,
Atlanta, April 31, 2001
Podium: 1-story concrete

Walls: 5-story loadbearing CFS
(approximately 200,000 square feet of
floor space)
Floors: Concrete & 3 Composite deck
Roof: CFS trusses
Lateral: All reinforced concrete shearwalls
VSEC P.M. - 37
VSEC P.M. - 38
VSEC P.M. - 39
VSEC P.M. - 40
10
July, 2010
Poured concrete
shearwalls and
stair/elevator towers
Combination CFS and

structural steel where
required
VSEC P.M. - 41
VSEC P.M. - 42
Caps on end of deck

flutes at span direction
change and at slabbeams
Reinforcement tied into
shearwalls for lateral load
transfer
VSEC P.M. - 43
VSEC P.M. - 44
11
July, 2010
Deck span direction

change and header/beam
support from below
Where shear not

required, stair walls
framed with loadbearing
CFS framing
VSEC P.M. - 45
VSEC P.M. - 46
Loadbearing Walls: Bracing

Beware of Plumbers and Electricians!
Brace Force Resolution:
at ceiling and at brace
VSEC P.M. - 47
VSEC P.M. - 48
12
July, 2010
Use structural steel where

it makes sense, rather
than building up multiple
CFS members.
Use structural steel for
brace force resolution.
VSEC P.M. - 49
VSEC P.M. - 50
Panels:
Lifting wires on top
Track at bottom of
opening
Panels marked and
numbered
VSEC P.M. - 51
Structural steel also

marked with proper
orientation
VSEC P.M. - 52
13
July, 2010
Dormitories at Cal Poly

San Luis Obispo, California
All loadbearing CFS floors, walls, and roof
trusses
9 buildings, 5 stories each, housing 2670
students
http://polycanyonvillage.calpoly.edu/ for
web cam and project information
VSEC P.M. - 53
VSEC P.M. - 54
VSEC P.M. - 55
VSEC P.M. - 56
Dormitories at Cal Poly

San Luis Obispo, California
14
VSEC P.M. - 57
July, 2010
VSEC P.M. - 58
Tracking Lateral Loads

How these 5-story dormitories are
designed to resist Californias
earthquakes
VSEC P.M. - 60
15
July, 2010
Multiple trusses above

corridor
VSEC P.M. - 61
VSEC P.M. - 62
VSEC P.M. - 63
VSEC P.M. - 64
16
July, 2010
VSEC P.M. - 65
VSEC P.M. - 66
VSEC P.M. - 67
VSEC P.M. - 68
17
July, 2010
Detail at
Rated
Wall
VSEC P.M. - 69
VSEC P.M. - 70
Hotel in Central Ohio

Steel Deck Floors (non-composite)
Ohio Hotel
Podium: All structural steel

Walls: CFS
Floors: CFS joists
Roof: CFS trusses
Lateral Mixed: Tilt-up concrete stair and
elevator towers; CFS shearwalls sheathed
with sheet steel
February 23, 2007
VSEC P.M. - 71
VSEC P.M. - 72
18
July, 2010
Ohio Hotel
May 11, 2007
Ohio Hotel
VSEC P.M. - 73
Ohio Hotel
September 12, 2007
VSEC P.M. - 74
Ohio Hotel
VSEC P.M. - 75
VSEC P.M. - 76
19
July, 2010
Ohio Hotel
Ohio Hotel
VSEC P.M. - 77
VSEC P.M. - 78
Ohio Hotel
Ohio Hotel
VSEC P.M. - 79
May 11, 2007
VSEC P.M. - 80
20
Cladding: combined Brick & EIFS
July, 2010
Design Guides from AISI:

Steel Stud Brick Veneer (CF03-1)
Historical perspective
Technical background
Load distribution
Veneer cracking
Moisture, vapor and air
infiltration
Design
recommendations
VSEC P.M. - 81
Design Guides from AISI:

Steel Stud Brick Veneer (CF03-1)
Historical perspective
Technical background
Load distribution
Veneer cracking
Moisture, vapor and air
infiltration
Design
recommendations
VSEC P.M. - 83
VSEC P.M. - 82
Brick Industry Association TN 28b:

Brick Veneer/Steel Stud Walls
Formerly Brick Institute

of America
Series of Tech Notes
28b: exterior systems
Revised December
2005
Properties of steel stud
brick veneer systems
Free download:
www.gobrick.com
VSEC P.M. - 84
21
SSBV System
From BIA Tech Note
July, 2010
Shelf Angle
Shelf angle
lay-in lintel
Lintels support
brickwork over
openings
Steel angles, stone,
preacast concrete,
reinforced masonry
Bear 4 on brick
More information in BIA

Tech Note 31B:
Structural Steel Lintels
Figure 1, Page 3
VSEC P.M. - 85
Shelf Angles
VSEC P.M. - 86
Shelf Angles
VSEC P.M. - 87
VSEC P.M. - 88
22
July, 2010
Finished Structure
Angles NOT
welded to studs
Angles hot-dip
galvanized
Shelf Angles
Special
embeds/anchors
in slab for kicker
attachment
VSEC P.M. - 89
Barracks at Fort Benning, Georgia
VSEC P.M. - 90
3-level structural steel stairwell

2nd level panels in place
3rd level floor deck mostly complete
VSEC P.M. - 91
VSEC P.M. - 92
23
July, 2010
Pouring 3rd level slab on building 2

VSEC P.M. - 93
VSEC P.M. - 95
VSEC P.M. - 94
All floors:
Composite Deck
VSEC P.M. - 96
24
July, 2010
Lateral System:
Diagonal X-bracing Straps
Firewall along Corridor
VSEC P.M. - 97
VSEC P.M. - 98
Pour stop screwed to track
Straps welded to U
plate
Straps on both sides of wall

VSEC P.M. - 99
VSEC P.M. - 100
25
July, 2010
With lighter load at upper floors,

straps screwed rather than welded
With deck in place, and

Furring channel below pour stop
Strap connection at top of 3rd Floor

VSEC P.M. - 101
VSEC P.M. - 102
Alignment between
floors is essential at
shearwall studs
Interior Shearwall
VSEC P.M. - 103
VSEC P.M. - 104
26
July, 2010
Temporary bracing is essential

Alignment at regular
bearing studs can be
no more than
unless slab designed
as load distribution
member.
VSEC P.M. - 105
Non-loadbearing Infill
VSEC P.M. - 106
Consider how other

trades will affect
structural elements
At stairs
Structural steel can be used

for brace force resolution
VSEC P.M. - 107
VSEC P.M. - 108
27
Plumbers in Action
July, 2010
Sheathing Installation
VSEC P.M. - 109
VSEC P.M. - 110
Double angles used

as load distribution members
at truss support
VSEC P.M. - 111
VSEC P.M. - 112
28
Proper Materials: SSMA Code

Compliance Certification Program
Checks the following:
Marking
Steel thickness
Coating weight
Coating type
Yield strength
Tensile strength
Elongation (ductility)
Dimensions
July, 2010
Where to find more information
Dimensions:
Bow & Camber

Twist
Flare & Overbend
Length
Web depth
Hole location
VSEC P.M. - 113
www.steelframing.org
VSEC P.M. - 114
CFSEI Technical Note:

Fire & Acoustic Assemblies for Mid-Rise
VSEC P.M. - 115
VSEC P.M. - 116
29
July, 2010
CFSEI Technical Note:

VSEC P.M. - 117
VSEC P.M. - 118
References for
VSEC P.M. - 119
VSEC P.M. - 120
30
July, 2010
Cold-Formed Steel
Industry Contacts
Learning Objectives
1. Examine framing systems that use cold-formed
steel (CFS) in conjunction with other structural
components.
Various floor systems on CFS walls: composite,

precast (hollowcore), wood, and composite deck
Hot-rolled structural steel
Reinforced masonry, Poured or precast concrete
shearwalls
2. Review details and construction methods for

each system.
3. Learn about industry efforts for quality and
growth in CFS design and construction.
VSEC P.M. - 121
800-79STEEL / 202-785-2022
1140 Connecticut Ave NW # 705
Washington, DC 20036-4011
www.steelframing.org
(Formerly Light Gauge Steel Engineers

Association-LGSEA) www.cfsei.org
dallen@cfsei.org 866-465-4732
706-597-8076 technical line
1140 Connecticut Ave NW # 705

Washington, DC 20036-4011
www.steel.org / (202) 452-7000
Wei-Wen Yu Center for Cold-Formed Steel

Structures
Missouri University of Science & Technology
301 Butler-Carlton Hall
Rolla, MO 65409-0030
(573) 341-4471 (573) 341-4481
www.ccfssonline.org laboube@mst.edu
Steel Stud Manufacturers
Association
www.ssma.com
630-942-6592
headquarters
VSEC
P.M. - 122
706-597-8076
technical
31

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Virginia Structural Engineers Council

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Steel Framing Alliance

The Steel Framing Alliance is a Registered Provider with the

Designing Mid-Rise Structures using Cold-Formed Steel

Sheathed: wood, sheet steel, other

3. Learn what resources are available for design

Virginia Structural Engineers Council

Why is this important?

Member Design Strengths

Member Design Strengths

Designing Mid-Rise Structures using Cold-Formed Steel

Virginia Structural Engineers Council

Lateral buckling for bending moments

Through the punch-out bridging

Through the Punch-Out Bridging

Designing Mid-Rise Structures using Cold-Formed Steel

Through the Punch-Out Bridging

Virginia Structural Engineers Council

Through the Punch-Out Bridging

Table notes from the article:

Through the Punch-Out Bridging

Screw Attached: Clip Required

Designing Mid-Rise Structures using Cold-Formed Steel

Virginia Structural Engineers Council

Punchouts start 1 from

(If bridging channels are used through web

May be unpunched area

Primary Seminar Texts

Designing Mid-Rise Structures using Cold-Formed Steel

Virginia Structural Engineers Council

Through the Punch-Out Bridging

D110-07 page 4-25

The bridging channel will be subjected to axial

Designing Mid-Rise Structures using Cold-Formed Steel

Brace axial load

D110-07 page 4-25

Virginia Structural Engineers Council

D110-07 page 2-9, 2-10

Steel Strap Face Bridging

D110-07 page 2-9

Steel Strap Face Bridging

Designing Mid-Rise Structures using Cold-Formed Steel

Virginia Structural Engineers Council

Steel Strap Face Bridging

Steel Strap Face Bridging

Steel Strap Face Bridging

Designing Mid-Rise Structures using Cold-Formed Steel

Virginia Structural Engineers Council

Designing Mid-Rise Structures using Cold-Formed Steel

Virginia Structural Engineers Council

Member Bracing Applications

Wall Stud Load Tables

When using a load table take care to

(ii) The studs are designed with an all steel approach

Sample note from SSMA Product

Systems: Brace Force

Systems: Brace Force

Designing Mid-Rise Structures using Cold-Formed Steel

Virginia Structural Engineers Council

Brace Force Resolution

See detailed calculation on D110-07 pages 4-27 to 4-33 to calculate VSEC