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1. INTRODUCTION:-
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1.1 INTRODUCTION:-
In market many types of robot are available that are controlled by remote or
cellphone or by direct wired connection. But limitations of this robot are that they
can only perform those activities which are present in their program. They dont
have ability to sense the situation and react as per that and more over their cost are
high even for low application activities. So we decided to design a robot that doesnt
require any type of remote or any communication module. It should be self-activated
robot which will be driving itself according to position of user which stands in front
of it. It does what user desires to do. It makes copy of its all movement of the user
standing in front of it. Hardware required is very small, and hence low cost and
small in size
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2.BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
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2.1.1 TRANSMITER:-
TX
antenna
Power Supply
Accelerometer LM 324
HT12E RF Transmitter
2.1.2 RECEIVER:-
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The encoder is encoding the signal for the purpose of transmiting the same signal.
Tx-module is using for transmitting modulated signal through antenna.
The power supply is used to give a dc supply to all the circuits of transmitter
The RF receiver module will receive the data which is transfered by the gesture
device. It is also working as similar to the transmitter module
- In a very simple way we can say that an HT12D converts that serial data into
parallel which is received by the rf receiver module.The input data is decoded when
no error or unmatched codes are found. A valid transmission in indicated by a high
signal at VT pin that is pin no 17.
The processing is the most important part of the robot. Till now we get the data from
the decoder now based on that data we have to make some decision so here the role
of microcontroller is coming up. We use an 8051 microcontroller for our circuit to
give them a decision capability. Our microcontroller is made up by nxp the product
name is P89V51RD2
The Actuator's are those devices which actually gives the movement or to do a task
like motor's. In the real world their are various types of motor's available which
works on different voltages. So we need motor driver for running them through the
SWAMI SACHCHIDANAND POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE(2ND SHIFT),VISNAGAR
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3. Transmitter Section
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Ciruit Diagram
c
Fig 4.1 Transmitter
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comparator which compare that analog voltage to a reference voltage and give a
particular high or low voltage.
MAIN PARTS OF THE SYSTEM:TRANSMITTER:1.Accelerometer
2.Comparator
3.Encoder(HT12E)
4.RF Transmitter
4.2 ACCELEROMETER:-
Accelerometer ADXL335
Small,
Low Power,
3-Axis 3 g Accelerometer
What is an accelerometer?
An accelerometer is an electromechanical device that will measure
acceleration forces. These forces may be static, like the constant force of gravity
SWAMI SACHCHIDANAND POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE(2ND SHIFT),VISNAGAR
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pulling at your feet, or they could be dynamic - caused by moving or vibrating the
accelerometer.
Types of Accelerometer:There are several different principles upon which an analog accelerometer
can be built. Two very common types utilize capacitive sensing and the piezoelectric
effect to sense the displacement of the proof mass proportional to the applied
acceleration.
Capacitive
Accelerometers that implement capacitive sensing output a voltage
dependent on the distance between two planar surfaces. One or both of these
SWAMI SACHCHIDANAND POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE(2ND SHIFT),VISNAGAR
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plates are charged with an electrical current. Changing the gap between the plates
changes the electrical capacity of the system, which can be measured as a voltage
output. This method of sensing is known for its high accuracy and stability.
Capacitive accelerometers are also less prone to noise and variation with
temperature, typically dissipates less power, and can have larger bandwidths due to
internal feedback circuitry. (Elwenspoek 1993)
Other:There are many other types of accelerometer that are less important to
musical applications, including:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Piezoresistive
Thermal
Null-balance
Servo force balance
Strain gauge
Resonance
Magnetic induction
Optical
Surface acoustic wave (SAW)
Specifications
A typical accelerometer has the following basic specifications:
SWAMI SACHCHIDANAND POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE(2ND SHIFT),VISNAGAR
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a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Analog/digital
Number of axes
Output range (maximum swing)
Sensitivity (voltage output per g)
Bandwidth
Amplitude stability
The user selects the bandwidth of the accelerometer using the C X, CY, and
CZ capacitors at the XOUT, YOUT, and ZOUT pins. Bandwidths can be selected to
suit the application, with a range of 0.5 Hz to 1600 Hz for the X and Y axes, and a
range of 0.5 Hz to 550 Hz for the Z axis.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION:The ADXL335 is a small, thin, low power, complete 3-axis accelerometer with
signal conditioned voltage outputs. The product measures acceleration with a
minimum full-scale range of 3 g. It can measure the static acceleration of gravity in
tilt-sensing applications, as well as dynamic Acceleration resulting from motion,
shock, or vibration.
One of the most common inertial sensors is the accelerometer, a dynamic
sensor capable of a vast range of sensing. Accelerometers are available that can
measure acceleration in one, two, or three orthogonal axes. They are typically used
in one of three modes:
As an intertial measurement of velocity and position;
As a sensor of inclination, tilt, or orientation in 2 or 3 dimensions, as referenced
from the acceleration of gravity (1 g = 9.8m/s2); As a vibration or impact (shock)
sensor.
There are considerable advantages to using an analog accelerometer as opposed
to an inclinometer such as a liquid tilt sensor inclinometers tend to output binary
information (indicating a state of on or off), thus it is only possible to detect when
the tilt has exceeded some thresholding angle.
Most accelerometers are Micro-Electro-Mechanical Sensors (MEMS). The basic
principle of operation behind the MEMS accelerometer is the displacement of a
small proof mass etched into the silicon surface of the integrated circuit and
suspended by small beams. Consistent with Newton's second law of motion (F =
ma), as an acceleration is applied to the device, a force develops which displaces the
mass. The support beams act as a spring, and the fluid (usually air) trapped inside the
IC acts as a damper, resulting in a second order lumped physical system. This is the
source of the limited operational bandwidth and non-uniform frequency response of
accelerometers. For more information, see reference to Elwenspoek, 1993.
SWAMI SACHCHIDANAND POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE(2ND SHIFT),VISNAGAR
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ADXL335
An Accelerometer is a kind of sensor which gives an analog data while moving in
X,Y,Z direction or may be X,Y direction only depend's on the type of the
sensor.Here is a small image of an Accelerometer shown. We can see in the image
that their are some arrow showing if we tilt these sensor's in that direction then the
data at that corresponding pin will change in the analog form.
SWAMI SACHCHIDANAND POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE(2ND SHIFT),VISNAGAR
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The Accelerometer having 6 pin1- VDD- We will give the +5volt to this pin
2- GND- We simply connects this pin to the ground for biasing. 3- X- On this pin
we will receive the analog data for x direction movement.
4- Y- On this pin we will receive the analog data for y
direction movement.
5- Z- On this pin we will receive the analog data for z direction movement.
6- ST- this pin is use to set the sensitivity of the accelerometer 1.5g/2g/3g/4g.
THEORY OF OPERATION
The ADXL335 is a complete 3-axis acceleration measurement system. The
ADXL335 has a measurement range of 3 g minimum. It containsa polysilicon
surface-micromachined sensor and signal conditioning circuitry to implement an
open-loop acceleration measurement architecture. The output signals are analog
Voltages that are proportional to acceleration.
The accelerometer can measure the static acceleration of gravity in tiltsensing applications as well as dynamic acceleration resulting From motion, shock,
or vibration.The sensor is a polysilicon surface-micromachined structure built on top
of a silicon wafer. Polysilicon springs suspend the structure over the surface of the
wafer and provide a resistance against acceleration forces. Deflection of the structure
is measured using a differential capacitor that consists of independent fixed plates
and plates attached to the moving mass.
If you have two microstructures next to each other, they have a certain capacitance
between them. If an accelerative force moves one of the structures, then the
capacitance will change. Add some circuitry to convert from capacitance to voltage,
and you will get an accelerometer. There are even more methods, including use of
the piezoresistive effect, hot air bubbles, and light.
FEATURES:
3 axis sensing small, low profile package
4mm x 4mm x 1.45mm LFCSP low power: 350uA (typical)
Single operation: 1.8v to 3.6v 10,000g shock survival
Excellent temperature stability BW adjustment with a single capacitor per axis
RoHS/WEEE lead-free complement
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Comprator (LM324)
LM324 is a14 pin IC consisting of four independent operational amplifiers (opamps) compensatedin asingle package.Op-amps arehigh gain electronic voltage
amplifier with diferential input and, usualy, a single-ended output.The output voltage
is many times higher than the voltage diference between input terminal so fan opamp.
These op-amps are operated by a single power supply LM324 and need for a
dualsupply is eliminated.They can be used as amplifiers, comparators, oscilators,
rectifiers etc.The conventional op-amp applications can be more easily implemented
with LM324.
Pin diagram:
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Pin description:
Encoder (HT12E)
HT12E is encoder integrated circuits of 2
series of encoders.They are 12 paired with 2 series of decoders for use in remote
control system applications. It is mainly used in interfacing RF and infrared
circuits.The chosen pair of encoder/decoder should have same number of addresses
and data format.
Simply put, HT12E converts the parallel inputs into serial output. It encodes the 12
bit parallel data into serial for transmission through an RF transmiter. These 12 bits
are divided into 8 address bits and 4 databits.
HT12E has a transmission enable pin which is active low.When a trigger signal is
received on TE pin, the programmed addresses/data are transmited together with the
header bits via an RF oran infrared transmission medium. HT12E begins a4-word
transmission cycle upon receipt to transmission enable. This cycle is repeated as
SWAMI SACHCHIDANAND POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE(2ND SHIFT),VISNAGAR
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long as TE is kept low. As soon as TE returns to high ,the encoder output completes
its final cycle and then stops
Pin diagram:
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4. Receiver Section
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1.power suppy:
TX
antenna
Power Supply
Accelerometer LM 324
HT12E RF Transmitter
2.Receiver module:
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The 433 MHz RF Receiver is ideal for short-range remote control applications where cost is a
primary concern. The receiver module requires no external RF components except for the
antenna. It generates virtually no emissions, making FCC and ETSI approvals easy. The superregenerative design exhibits exceptional sensitivity at a very low cost. The manufacturingfriendly SIP style package and low-cost make the 433 Receiver suitable for high volume
applications.
Features
Low Cost
5V operation
3.5mA current drain
No External Parts are required
Receiver Frequency: 433.92 MHZ
Typical sensitivity: -105dBm
IF Frequency: 1MHz
Applications
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3.decoder:
General Description
The 212 decoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote
control system applications. They are paired with
Holtek_s 212 series of encoders (refer to the encoder/decoder
cross reference table). For proper operation, a
pair of encoder/decoder with the same number of addresses
and data format should be chosen.
The decoders receive serial addresses and data from a
programmed 212 series of encoders that are transmitted
by a carrier using an RF or an IR transmission medium.
They compare the serial input data three times continuously
with their local addresses. If no error or unmatched
codes are found, the input data codes are
decoded and then transferred to the output pins. The VT
pin also goes high to indicate a valid transmission.
The 212 series of decoders are capable of decoding
informations that consist of N bits of address and 12_N
bits of data. Of this series, the HT12D is arranged to provide
8 address bits and 4 data bits, and HT12F is used to
decode 12 bits of address information.
Applications
Burglar alarm system
Smoke and fire alarm system
Garage door controllers
Car door controllers
Car alarm system
Security system
Cordless telephones
_ Other remote control systems
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4.microcontroller:
Description
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K
bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using
Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industrystandard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program
memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer.
By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on
a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a
highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes
of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a
six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator,
and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation
down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes.
The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and
interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents
but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt
or hardware reset.
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Pin daigaram:
Features
Compatible with MCS-51 Products
8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles
4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
Three-level Program Memory Lock
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Eight Interrupt Sources
Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
Watchdog Timer
Dual Data Pointer
Power-off Flag
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5.motor draiever:
Description:
The L293 and L293D are quadruple high-current
half-H drivers. The L293 is designed to provide
bidirectional drive currents of up to 1 A at voltages
from 4.5 V to 36 V. The L293D is designed to
provide bidirectional drive currents of up to
600-mA at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. Both
devices are designed to drive inductive loads such
as relays, solenoids, dc and bipolar stepping
motors, as well as other high-current/high-voltage
loads in positive-supply applications.
All inputs are TTL compatible. Each output is a
complete totem-pole drive circuit, with a
Darlington transistor sink and a pseudoDarlington source. Drivers are enabled in pairs, with drivers 1 and 2 enabled by 1,2EN and drivers 3 and 4
enabled by 3,4EN. When an enable input is high, the associated drivers are enabled, and their outputs are
active
and in phase with their inputs. When the enable input is low, those drivers are disabled, and their outputs
are
off and in the high-impedance state. With the proper data inputs, each pair of drivers forms a full-H (or
bridge)
reversible drive suitable for solenoid or motor applications.
Block diagram :
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Pin diagram:
Feature:
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5. APPLICATION
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6. FUTURE SCOPE
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FUTURE SCOPE:In future we can design a wireless robot which can sense hand gesture by using
wireless technologies.
It can be used in military applications as a robotic vehicle which can be handled by
a soldier to avoid casualties.
Our system has shown the possibility that interaction with machines through
gestures is a feasible task and the set of detected gestures could be enhanced to more
commands by implementing a more complex model of a advanced vehicle for not
only in limited space while also in broader area as in the roads too .
In the future, service robot executing many different tasks from private movement to
a fully- fledged advanced automotive that can make disabled to able in all sense.
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CONCLUSION:In our project we have added special features by which our robot can overcome so
many problems in industry. If it is further developed then it can be used for military
application.
An Accelerometer is a kind of sensor which gives an analog data while
moving in X,Y,Z direction or may be X,Y direction only depend's on the type of the
sensor.Here is a small image of an Accelerometer shown. We can see in the image
that their are some arrow showing if we tilt these sensor's in that direction then the
data at that corresponding pin will change in the analog form.
A Gesture Controlled robot is a kind of robot which can be controlled
by your hand gestures not by old buttons.You just need to wear a small transmitting
device in your hand which included an acceleration meter.This will transmit an
appropriate command to the robot so that it can do whatever we want. The
transmitting device included a comparator IC for analog to digital conversion and an
encoder which is use to encode the four bit data and then it will transmit by an RF
Transmitter module. At the receiving end an RF Receiver module receive's the
encoded data and decode it by an decoder
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