Dept Fall2013

Viscoelastic Fluids
Mathematical Models of Viscoelastic Flows
Numerical Methods of Viscoelastic Flow Simulations
Preliminary Results
Mathematical Models and Computational Methods

for Viscoelastic Fluids
Olabanji Y. Shonibare
Advisors: Prof. Kathleen Feigl & Prof. Franz Tanner
February 16, 2015
Viscoelastic Fluids
Contents
1
Viscoelastic Fluids
Introduction
Flow Behaviour of Viscoelastic Fluids Vs Newtonian Fluids

Conservation Equation of Continuum Mechanics
Rheology and Constitutive Equations
Memory Fluids

Governing Equations
Discretization of the Transport Equation
Iterative Solution Algorithm
Preliminary Results
Preliminary Results
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Introduction
Viscoelastic Fluids
They are fluids that possess both viscous and elastic properties. They
exhibit flow phenomena that cannot be explained by the Newtonian
Viscous law e.g. Weissenberg effect. Hence, they are also referred to
non-Newtonian fluids.
Examples of non-Newtonian fluids are Polymeric fluids used to make
plastic articles, dough used to make bread and pasta, biological fluids
such as synovial fluids found in joints and blood.
Viscoelastic Fluids
The Weissenberg Effect
(N) Centrifugal forces cause fluid to move away from the rod. (V)
Centripetal forces causes fluid to move towards the center
Preliminary Results
Viscoelastic Fluids
The Tubeless Siphon

(N) Siphoning stops when tube is lifted out of container. (V) Fluid
continues to flow up and through the siphon.
Preliminary Results
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Die Swell
Die swell is caused by relaxation of extended polymer coils as the stress in a
polymeric liquid reduces from high, flow producing stresses present within
the die to the low stresses associated with the extruded stream moving
through ambient air.
(
N)
(
V)
Source: R.B. Bird, R.C. Armstrong, O. Hassager, Dynamics of Polymeric Liquids, Fluid Mechanics, John Wiley and Sons, vol. 1, New
York, 1977.
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Dimensionless Groups
For Newtonian fluids, the Reynolds number (Re) is the most important
dimensionless group while for viscoelastic fluids, the Deborah number
(De) is the most important dimensionless group.
The Deborah number is defined as
De =
tflow
where is the characteristic time of the material and tflow is the time
interval during which a typical fluid element experiences a significant
sequence of kinematic event. When De Decrit , elastic effects becomes
relevant, where Decrit depends on the flow problem. Typically, Decrit = 1.
Viscoelastic Fluids
Contents
1
Viscoelastic Fluids
Introduction

Memory Fluids

Governing Equations
Preliminary Results
Preliminary Results
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Conservation Equation
Two physical laws that govern the Isothermal definition of matter are the
law of Conservation of Mass and the law of Conservation of Linear
Momentum.
The Law of Conservation of Mass:
+ (v) = 0
t
The Law of Conservation of Momentum:

v
+ (v v) = + g
t
where = + pI and is called the extra stress tensor. It contains
contributions to stress that results from fluid deformation.
(1)
Viscoelastic Fluids
Constitutive Equation
A Constitutive equation is an equation that expresses the molecular

stresses generated in the flow in terms of kinetic variables such as
velocities, derivatives of velocities and strain.
Preliminary Results
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Newtonian Fluids
The Constitutive Equation for an Incompressible Newtonian Fluid is given

by
=
(2)
where ,
the rate of strain tensor is given by
= v + (v)T
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Memory Fluids
Memory Fluids
For Generalized Newtonian Constitutive Equation,

(t) = ()
(t).
Since (t)
represents only the instantaneous deformation, there can be

no effect of the history of the deformation on the stress in these models.
To construct a Constitutive equation with memory, we must include
terms that involve expressions such as (t
to ), the value of at a time
to seconds in the past.
Viscoelastic Fluids
Memory Fluids
Maxwell Model
The Maxwell fluid Constitutive Model (differential form),

+
= o
t
Preliminary Results
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Memory Fluids
Maxwell Model (Integral form)
To calculate stress, we solve the Maxwell model for stress tensor to

obtain the Maxwell Model (in integral form)
Z
(t) =
(tt 0 )
(t
0 )dt 0
(3)
This model calculates the stress at the time of interest t as the integral
over events at past times t 0 . Hence, it is not only a function of the
instantaneous shear-rate tensor but also a function of the history of the
shear rate tensor.
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Memory Fluids
What Next?
During Modeling of any process, it is always prudent to begin with the

simplest models (i.e. linear models like the previous ones) and to move to
more complex, non-linear equations only if the linear equations are
inadequate.
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Memory Fluids
Upper Convected Jeffreys (Oldroyd-B) Fluids

+ 1 = o + 2
The model above is no longer linear because of the introduction of
nonlinear terms in the velocity gradient v by the convected derivative
terms.
A major drawback with this model and other quasi-linear models is that
they are unable to model both shear-thinning and non-zero second
normal stress differences in shear.
The upper convected derivative of an arbitrary tensor, A, is defined as :
DA
(v)T A A v
Dt
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Memory Fluids
Oldroyd 8-Constant model

Oldroyd proposed a constitutive equation by adding to the Upper
Convected Maxwell model all possible terms that are linear in either or
and at most quadratic in .
The resulting equation is the Oldroyd
8-Constant Model
1
1
1
+ 1 + (1 1 )( + )
+ o (tr ) + 1 ( : )I
2
2
2
i
h
1
= o + 2 + (2 2 )( : )
+ 2 ( : )I
(4)
2
where o , 1 and 2 are the zero shear viscosity, relaxation time and
retardation time, respectively, from the Maxwell and Jeffreys models.
The other five constants, 0 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 are associated with the
additional nonlinear terms.
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Memory Fluids
Giesekus Equation
This includes terms that are second order in stress, which are absent in
Oldroyd 8-Constant model,
+ +
= o
o
This model has three parameters: the zero shear viscosity, o , the
relaxation time, and , which is a parameter that relates to the
anisotropy of the drag encountered by flowing polymer segments.
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Memory Fluids
Phan-Thien-Tanner (PTT) Fluid
The Phan-Thien-Tanner Model is given by
(f (tr (p ))) p + p = p (v + (v)T )

1 + tr p
p

f (tr (p )) =
exp
tr
p
p
, linear form
, exponential form
Viscoelastic Fluids
Contents
1
Viscoelastic Fluids
Introduction

Memory Fluids

Governing Equations
Preliminary Results
Preliminary Results
Viscoelastic Fluids
Governing Equations
Governing Equations
The governing equations are the Mass and Momentum balance
v =0

v
+ (v v) = p +
t
Preliminary Results
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Governing Equations
Governing Equations
where = s + p .
The Newtonian law holds for the solvent contribution
s = s (v + (v)T
For the polymeric contribution, p , we consider the Linear PTT equation

1 + tr (p ) p + p = p [v + (v)T ]
p
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Governing Equations
High Weissenberg Number Problem (HWNP)
Figure: A planar contraction-expansion flow cell geometry
Early attempts to predict experimental observation in this (benchmark)

geometry were largely frustrated by the presence of singularities at the
re-entrant corners, which causes breakdown of numerical codes at
significant values of Weissenberg number, a situation which is well known
to rheologists as the High Weissenberg Number Problem (HWNP).
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Governing Equations
Stabilization technique (DEVSS)
The DEVSS technique involves the addition of an elliptic contribution to

the momentum equation, which is solved implicitly, and then explicitly
subtracting its counterpart in a source term:

v
+ (v v) = p +
t
Using = s + p , s = s (v + (v)T ) and DEVSS technique, we
obtain

v
+ (v v) (s + ) (v) = p + p (v)
t
where is a positive number usually taken to be p .
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Governing Equations
Stabilization technique (DEVSS)

Thus, the method may be written as follows

v
+ (v v) (o v) = p + p
t

1 + tr (p ) p + p = p [v + (v)T ]
p
where the term p is given by p (p v)
table
algorithm
Viscoelastic Fluids
Transport Equation

v
+ (v v)
t

=
1
[p + ]
Figure: Computational cell for finite volume method
Preliminary Results
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Temporal term
The temporal term is integrated over a control volume and evaluated

using a second-order accurate scheme such as backward difference
scheme:
Z
3(vP V )n+1 4(vP V )n + (vP V )n1
d
vdV
dt V
24t
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Diffusion term
Z
(v)dV =
(v) dS =
S
i vf ,i Si
In one dimension, the face gradient term (v)f S can be evaluated

between the center of the cell of interest, P and center of a neighboring
cell, N using
vN vP
(v )f S
|S|
|d|
where d is the length vector between the cell centers P and N.
Viscoelastic Fluids
Gradient term
Z
pdV =
pdS
S
pf ,i Si
The face pressure field, pf is evaluated using central differencing.
Preliminary Results
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Divergernt term
The stress term in the momentum equation is treated as a source term

and it is discretized as follows
Z
Z
X
dV =
dS
f ,i Si
V
The cell face stress, f , is evaluated using central differencing.
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Convection term
Z
(v v)dV =
(v v) dS
S
vf ,i vf ,i Si =
where F = vf S is the velocity flux across the face f .
X
i
F vf ,i
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Interpolation of velocity field, vf
Central Differencing Scheme (CDS)

vf = fx vP + (1 fx )vN ,
fx = |fN|/|PN|. |fN| is the distance between f and cell center N, and
|PN| is the distance between cell centers P and N.
Second-order accurate but unbounded
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Interpolation of velocity field, vf
Upwind Differencing Scheme (UDS)

(
vP
vf =
vN
,F > 0
,F < 0
First-order accurate, but highly stable

highly diffusive particularly when the flow direction is skewed relative
to grid lines
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Minmod Scheme (Roe (1985))
It is a TVD scheme, which could be seen as a second-order

extension of Upwind-biased discretization schemes.
In 1-d, the general form of the face value, vf within a discretization
scheme for convective flux may be written as
1
vf = vP + (r ) (vN vP )
2
where r =
vP vS
vN vP
Viscoelastic Fluids
Minmod Scheme (Roe (1985))

for the UD Scheme, (r ) = 0
for the CD Scheme, (r ) = 1
for the LUD Scheme, (r ) = r
(
for the Minmod Scheme, (r ) =
min(r , 1)
0
,r > 0
,r 0
Preliminary Results
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
The solution strategy involves a modification to the PISO (Pressure

Implicit with Splitting of Operators) algorithm by explicitly introducing
elastic stress unknowns in the momentum equation, which requires some
additional steps.
In order to apply Rhie-Chow interpolation, the momentum equation is
expressed as follows
v
1
1
+ (v v) (v) p = p
t
where =
o
and p is given by p (p v).
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results

1
For a given velocity field, vni , the constitutive equation is solved
, and p,i is
implicitly for the elastic stress component p,i
governing
equations
computed.
Using the stress field, p,i , the discretized momentum equation is
solved without the contribution of the pressure gradient term to
obtain the velocity components, vi - This represents the predictor
step for velocity.
Using the predicted velocity vi , the pressure correction equation is
solved for p , the predictor step for pressure.
Correct the velocity field vi , by solving the velocity field v
i using
the estimated pressure field p .
Using the corrected velocities, v
i , the discretized constitutive
equation is solved again to obtain the corrected stress field, p,i

.
as
improved
estimates
for
Repeat steps 1-5 using v
,
p
,
and
i
p,i
n+1
the solution at the new time step values vn+1
, p n+1 , and p,i
until
i
all corrections are negligibly small.
March to the next time step.
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results

1
, and p,i is
governing
equations
computed.
step for velocity.
i using

.
as
improved
estimates
for
,
p
,
and
i
p,i
n+1
, p n+1 , and p,i
until
i
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results

1
, and p,i is
governing
equations
computed.
step for velocity.
i using

.
as
improved
estimates
for
,
p
,
and
i
p,i
n+1
, p n+1 , and p,i
until
i
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results

1
, and p,i is
governing
equations
computed.
step for velocity.
i using

.
as
improved
estimates
for
,
p
,
and
i
p,i
n+1
, p n+1 , and p,i
until
i
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results

1
, and p,i is
governing
equations
computed.
step for velocity.
i using

.
as
improved
estimates
for
,
p
,
and
i
p,i
n+1
, p n+1 , and p,i
until
i
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results

1
, and p,i is
governing
equations
computed.
step for velocity.
i using

.
as
improved
estimates
for
,
p
,
and
i
p,i
n+1
, p n+1 , and p,i
until
i
Viscoelastic Fluids
Contents
1
Viscoelastic Fluids
Introduction

Memory Fluids

Governing Equations
Preliminary Results
Preliminary Results
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Test Geometry
A planar abrupt contraction with contraction ratio, H/h, of
3.97 : 1 (H = 0.0127, h = 0.0032) was chosen as test problem because of
the availability of literature data for validation of developed code.
Figure: 4:1 Planar contraction geometry
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Flow Properties and Model Parameters
Q [cm3 .s 1 ]
252
Uinlet [cm.s 1 ]
3.875
Model
LPTTS

0.25
[s 1 ]
48.4
[s]
0.03
[Kg .m3 ]
803.87
p [Pa.s]
1.422
Re
0.56
De
1.45
s [Pa.s]
0.002
constitutive equation
Viscoelastic Fluids
Mesh Properties
Figure: Computational mesh
Number of CVs
20700
4xmin /h
0.0065
4ymin /h
0.017
Preliminary Results
Viscoelastic Fluids
Color Plot of U
Preliminary Results
Viscoelastic Fluids
Streamlines
Preliminary Results
Viscoelastic Fluids
Color Plot of xx
Preliminary Results
Viscoelastic Fluids
Velocity profile along centerline for Wi = 1.45
1.4
1.2
uU
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
20
40
60
80
xh
100
120
Preliminary Results
Viscoelastic Fluids
Velocity profiles along centerline for

Wi = 0.5, Wi = 1.0, Wi = 1.45, Wi = 5.0
1.5
1.50
1.48
1.46
1.0
Wi=0.5
uU
1.44
Wi=1.0
1.42
1.40
80.0
Wi=1.45
80.5
81.0
81.5
82.0
82.5
83.0
Wi=5.0
0.5
0.0
0
20
40
60
80
xh
100
120
Preliminary Results
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Velocity profiles on vertical lines in the downstream section
1.4
Wi=0.5
1.2
Wi=1.0
1.0
Wi=1.45
Wi=5.0
uU
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
xh
0.8
1.0
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Conclusion
The governing equations are discretized using a Collocated finite volume

method, which has been implemented in the OpenFOAM library:
The convection term of the governing equations is treated using
high resolution schemes (e.g. TVD schemes) which provides better
numerical stability and accuracy for hyperbolic PDEs.
Further stability was achieved through stress-splitting techniques
such as DEVSS method, which enhances the elliptic character of the
governing equations.
The iterative solution strategy is based on the PISO
predictor-corrector algorithm and Rhie-Chow interpolation scheme,
which has been modified for Viscoelastic flow calculations.
Viscoelastic Fluids
Future Work
Numerical Simulation of Segmented Two-phase Flows in

Microchannels using Volume of Fluid/ Level Set Method.
Preliminary Results
Viscoelastic Fluids
Thank You!
Questions, please.
Preliminary Results
Viscoelastic Fluids
Acknowledgements
Preliminary Results
Viscoelastic Fluids
Preliminary Results
Acknowledgements
Special thanks to the following professors: Dr. Allan Struthers, Dr.

Alexander Labovsky, Dr. Jiguang Sun, Dr. Tamara Olson, Dr.
Zhengfu Xu, Dr. Iosif Pinelis, Dr. Franz Tanner, Dr. Kathleen
Feigl.
The great lectures i have been opportuned to take with you have
contributed immensely to this work and would also serve as an impetus
for future projects.
The constructive advices given by Prof. Mark Gockenbach has been
invaluable.

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Viscoelastic Fluids

Mathematical Models of Viscoelastic Flows

Numerical Methods of Viscoelastic Flow Simulations

Mathematical Models and Computational Methods

February 16, 2015

Mathematical Models of Viscoelastic Flows

Numerical Methods of Viscoelastic Flow Simulations

Mathematical Models of Viscoelastic Flows

Numerical Methods of Viscoelastic Flow Simulations

Mathematical Models of Viscoelastic Flows

Numerical Methods of Viscoelastic Flow Simulations

Mathematical Models of Viscoelastic Flows

Numerical Methods of Viscoelastic Flow Simulations

Flow Behaviour of Viscoelastic Fluids Vs Newtonian Fluids

The Weissenberg Effect

Mathematical Models of Viscoelastic Flows

Numerical Methods of Viscoelastic Flow Simulations

Flow Behaviour of Viscoelastic Fluids Vs Newtonian Fluids

The Tubeless Siphon

Mathematical Models of Viscoelastic Flows

Numerical Methods of Viscoelastic Flow Simulations

Flow Behaviour of Viscoelastic Fluids Vs Newtonian Fluids

Mathematical Models of Viscoelastic Flows

Numerical Methods of Viscoelastic Flow Simulations

Flow Behaviour of Viscoelastic Fluids Vs Newtonian Fluids

Mathematical Models of Viscoelastic Flows

Numerical Methods of Viscoelastic Flow Simulations

Mathematical Models of Viscoelastic Flows

Numerical Methods of Viscoelastic Flow Simulations

Mathematical Models of Viscoelastic Flows

Numerical Methods of Viscoelastic Flow Simulations

Conservation Equation of Continuum Mechanics

Mathematical Models of Viscoelastic Flows

Numerical Methods of Viscoelastic Flow Simulations

Rheology and Constitutive Equations

A Constitutive equation is an equation that expresses the molecular

Mathematical Models of Viscoelastic Flows

Numerical Methods of Viscoelastic Flow Simulations

Rheology and Constitutive Equations

The Constitutive Equation for an Incompressible Newtonian Fluid is given

Mathematical Models of Viscoelastic Flows

Numerical Methods of Viscoelastic Flow Simulations

For Generalized Newtonian Constitutive Equation,

represents only the instantaneous deformation, there can be

Mathematical Models of Viscoelastic Flows

Numerical Methods of Viscoelastic Flow Simulations

The Maxwell fluid Constitutive Model (differential form),

Mathematical Models of Viscoelastic Flows

Numerical Methods of Viscoelastic Flow Simulations

Maxwell Model (Integral form)

To calculate stress, we solve the Maxwell model for stress tensor to

Mathematical Models of Viscoelastic Flows

Numerical Methods of Viscoelastic Flow Simulations

During Modeling of any process, it is always prudent to begin with the

Mathematical Models of Viscoelastic Flows

Numerical Methods of Viscoelastic Flow Simulations

Upper Convected Jeffreys (Oldroyd-B) Fluids

Mathematical Models of Viscoelastic Flows

Numerical Methods of Viscoelastic Flow Simulations

Oldroyd 8-Constant model

Mathematical Models of Viscoelastic Flows

Numerical Methods of Viscoelastic Flow Simulations

Mathematical Models of Viscoelastic Flows