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Nz€k 3 r,t-rlotictlt
(i) The sources mlsl be cohereni (ioplyng sources rrave same rrequency afd Exampie 3
Two microwaves solrces A and B are n phase wrh one anolher. They emt waves or
(i) They have roughLy ih€ sahe amplillde {1o achlev€ mmpete wave cznceLalion wavelength 40 0 mm The ampllrde ofthewavefom source B s 3 times thal ot solrce A A
and good cont.asl belween maxima and miniha or nlensly) deleclor s pla@d at po nl P where it is 1.00 m irom A 6nd 1.19 m i.om B as shown berow
(i) For lrais@6e wav€s they mlsl be eilhe. unpolarlsed or polarized in rh6 same
plane (rortknsveFewaves)
Constructivs oesirucrive
lX =nr. _ =r" jn
where,=0.1 2. wrerer=o j,z.
= 2nr Ed A,l = {2n lrr €d
^o
wher€n=01 2
-nL o" =1a l1i (i) Expainwhvthe intensity detected at pont P s a m nma
^x
wherer=0,'l 2 wh€re.=o 1 2
Path dlilerencG BP - AP;1 18'1,00 =0,13 h = 4,51, Since the sources Aand B are
in phas€, dgstruclive inlerference occuE at P.nd intensityat P is minlmum.
$E.AEIA{L!qIE
.lfth€ bro coheBnt sources ha\e a ohase ditrerence aln /ad.
the conditions for constructive and d€structive interlerence are lnterchanded. (i) What s the facl on ofth€ nlenslyatPcomparedlorhe nlenstyatO
Amplituds at P = 34-A= 2A
EI3lplel Ampliluds at O -3A+ A= 44
-rhe
d agram below shows n{o coherenl sour@s ge.eratino wave n phase Tlre dashed lnes
denote the wave lroughs soid ines denole lrre wsve cresls Th€ tvo waves nterfere ln the
since r.,a:. ! = /arll'?= %
Palhdfle.ene/i lnlerferefce (iD As the deteclor s moved from P lo O. a serles ofminma and ha,maw€.€ obsetued
Expla n lh s phenomenon and staie how many mi.imum and ma{mum po nts w I be
1
encouflercd alons lhe way to o (ncus ve ol P and o)
2
As the d6tecto. moves to Oj the intenslty alt6rnates dueto rhe changing path
l difierence. There willbe 5 minlma {lncruding P)and 5 maxima (inctuding O)
5 31. - 2.5I=0.5t
(iv) State lhe type ol fl€rfe@nce al P when solre B is changed to be anl,phase wlh
I
1.,
I. (i) the sits are separaled turlh€rapad by 0.5 mm
J I lerBrorsflrnse
I+ enlG brgrrLrrnge
rElDrsnrrrnse
Since x d 1/a, ifa is increased, x willdecrease,
I I. (i) r
ls.
tI a red lght oiwaveLength 7 O x 1o m is used
Exampl€ 4 (v) lhe spae between the doube sll and sceen slledwlhal.ansoarentm€diumoJ
lnaYouiqsdoubLesllexpe nent a tulrerent honochromallc bue llghl ol waveength 4 0 x reiracl ve index lrigher than thal for air orvac!um
10' m I lum nales two naFow para Ie s its s€paraled by 0 50 mm A wh le screen s p a@d 2 !
m aqay irom lhe slls as shown below: Th€ rringes produced on the sc@en wlrl b6 narrowor. This is becauso tho
wavel6n9th I is smaller in medium where the refracttve index is higher than
=g h,^",,t,w,,w,r'v",.rrr,wl
=l
=B I
I ,,.,.
'-)
(vi) one of the doubie sits iscovered by a thin g ass sh€et
60fr
P
=6.0r 10i m
+o"OtoP the nr€nsity peahs wittbe(ome tdrgerand rhe soparaton berw.en the
OQ pea(s wil become "a ro6or .s P is now nearerro rho stirs
Exaholo 6
Fg.6 beow shows n{o speakers. S, and S,, confected to a stgfatlenerator The wav€s
Explalnwhyllre Nvo lghl waves from the stG prodLe a min mum intensity at R
l
As the two wav6s are oul of phase on aniva at R, destructive interfe@nce takes Fiq.6
Ih6 superposed wav€ is a minimum and thus intensity (that is proporUo.at to (0 Whal woud a person standng at point p h€ar a oud or soit sound tntensty?
sqlate of €surtanr ampritudel is atso a minimum,
(i) Point o s equid slanl fron the sirs sial€ . re.ns oithe wavee.gth I rhe parh Path diftereace = 1 m = 2(0.5) = A, ie. n A, duftipte ot wavetensth
d fferen@ belween the waves arriv.q atS sinc. sources arc in phase, cohsttuctive inteiercnce takes ptace atp
Thetelore,.taud saund wilt be heard atpointp.
Since il ls the second order mtmim!m arS, the path difierence = {1 + %)L
{ii) Ih€person stzds lo move away rrom p towards O Ca cu ate rhe d slance that
he has ro
coversuch thal he wt frst reaclr a pointthalgiv€s mnimum sound inlensity?
Diitraction qratinq eouatlon
Ange oi d lrraction s the angte beh!€ef the dnedon oi the nlh order brqrrt ine and the
Ca cu ate the frequency al whch the second m n hum is obsetoed q ven that the speed ot stra ghtlhro!gh d.ectior
f10 0 Ca cu ate lhe wave ength ofthe taser tghr ofthe nrst ord€r dfiracted tqht
Since thesound waves orlglnating tron both sp€akeF are tf phase, the sound waves
ariving at D are tr rad ou!-of"phase and a minimum ts obsewed when t= t70 Hz.
d =1/5.5x10' = 1,82x10' m,
oisadvantago: 2"d ord6r tmage is t6ss shalp and tess brlqhl determinarion of th6
oostrroa ol ,? is toss accu€!6i tess accuacy in ca c-tdred vatue ot i.,
!19 = 5 ro H. Aold-rage: 2 d oro€r image has targe, d) compae ro r. lrom 1! oder rmdge.
I
Largervarue of A? g&€s towet percenkge uncedaj.ty itr tho measurem6nt ofr? a;d
cal.ulated value of i.,
Example 10
Example 9
ddsa. o-aar.gr'r/50 .pdro I o..oid
.espermm susedtoexamine ilhl toh a gtow ng gas lis
Adiifraction gEting wlh 500 o bl Fl0r' Fd200.n b.yolor.Fo.h 9les
loundthatlhelrslordervioelfrngeefrergedalangtell.5 lromthe st.atghllhro!gh positior pos ons on ^ s! eF.ola
a scale o.lhe s.r€en as showf n F. 4 2
o L6 adge! rda-.i-o c..-,dI
(i) obseNed lrral the 3'd order red fiinge overaps wilh the 4ri order vio el irnoe
Lt s
Deterfrine the wave ength oithe red tght
(D Howwourd the panem obl:ined be diflerenl itred tghtwere used n p a@ of blle lght?
(v) comment on how the irnge palteh and co rasr oirhe fringeswolld chafqe ifa gratng You are nol elpected lo make any €tcuatonswhen answering ths parl oithe queston.
or'1000 ines p€rmm sLsed.stead Assumetlre stiwidrh is corslanl
Red light has a rongerwavetongrh than that of the bhe tiqht. Fron the equatjon
When numberolslits pe.mm is doubled, spacing between brightriinges ircrease, , - o , we erpsct the orderspecrums ro be sodcod runhe,apaar;or oae
totalnumberoi brightlringes reduced, Fringes b€come brighrerand sharperj or
contrast is improved (not bn9ht34. anot'oron thesc.een slnco is largerto d tong"rsave,elgr".
(i) Whatprobemwolld arse rtheexperimenr;ere rep€aledw h jnrra.ed.adia|on?
Suggesl how lh s prob em cou d be overcome.
The 6ain problom i3 that lrfra{ed radiation is invisibt€, hence no image can b€
seen on th€ sceen. Any dovice which can b€ used to d6t€cr heat auch as a
thernopilo may be used to de16ct regions oinaxima,
200s Jczts2Fhyscs SlpeFoston
d=-=ta/ta.
1000
Principle of Superposition,
Wh6n 2 or moro waves me6t in tne same space a.d time, the Esultant ot the waves
ls the vector sum ot the indivldual waves and 6ach wavo procoods as tholgh no
(D Skte 2 condliofs thal musibe F.esentin orderlo oblaln obsetoabe interlerene panems.
(ii) A deiecior. whose inlia posillon is O, s moved along the screen inlhe d recllon ofP
nlelJa d ar P srdlig noa o o-o erorg dl P d roe or 6
aa.rr.r I e.!psa'edFrA.ed 'roJ Tl'"d6ra ceD s I0ihl.'eoDbb0r r0'{. f'1d
lhe dslan@ betwe€n the 2 sources
.-'+i++-i++.-i+..-.?-|+'i.++.-]L
(Dirqfn / Annhine 10 $h@ lhal OP ?., rims the d stare b€lwd 2 @'rsu1ile
harimlm iit.nr ly 3p.L) 's