CS669 Lab1

MET CS 669 Database Design and Implementation for Business
Lab 1 Instructions: SQL From Scratch
OVERVIEWOFTHELAB
TheStructuredQueryLanguage(SQL)isthedefactoquerylanguageformodern
relationaldatabasemanagementsystems(RDBMS).Allmajor,modernRDBMS
supportSQL.Databasedevelopers,administrators,andevensoftwareapplications
accessRDBMSthroughtheuseofSQL.FamiliaritywithSQLisessentialforworking
withandunderstandingmodernRDBMS.
ThefirstobjectiveofthislabistoprovideyouwithapracticalexerciseofusingSQL
tocreateanddropatable,andtoinsert,update,delete,andselectarowinatable.
Thesecondobjectiveofthislabistoprovideyouwithapracticalexerciseofusing
theStructuredQueryLanguage(SQL)todothefollowing:
AddaNOTNULLconstrainttoatablecolumn
AddaPRIMARYKEYconstrainttoatablecolumn
Usedates
InsertaNULLvalueintoatablerow
UseaWHEREclausetolimitthenumberofrowsaffectedbytheSELECT,
UPDATE,andDELETEcommands
SELECTonlyasubsetofcolumnsinaresultset
REQUIREDSOFTWARE
TheexamplesinthislabwillexecuteinmodernversionsofOracleandMicrosoftSQL
Serverasis.IfyouhavebeenapprovedtouseadifferentRDBMS,youmayneedto
modifytheSQLforsuccessfulexecution,thoughtheSQLshouldexecuteasisifyour
RDBMSisANSIcompliant.
ThescreenshotsinthislabdisplayexecutionofSQLintheOracleSQLDeveloper
clientandinMicrosoftSQLServerManagementStudio.Notethatifyouareusing
Oracle,youarenotrequiredtouseOracleSQLDeveloper;therearemanycapable
SQLclientsthatconnecttoOracle.
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Copyright2012,2013,2015BostonUniversity.AllRightsReserved.
PREPARINGFORTHELAB
YouwillneedtoinstallaRDBMSpriortocompletingthislab.IfyouareusingOracle,
itishighlyrecommendedthatyoucreateandloginasanonsystemuser,toavoid
damagingthedatabase.Youcancreateauserwiththefollowingcommands:
CREATE USER username IDENTIFIED BY password DEFAULT TABLESPACE users

TEMPORARY TABLESPACE temp;
GRANT connect, resource TO username;
Youwillthenbeabletologinasthenewuser.
IfyouareusingMicrosoftSQLServer,itishighlyrecommendedthatyoucreateand
useadatabaseotherthantheMasterdatabase.Youcandosowiththefollowing
commands:
CREATE DATABASE database_name;

GO;
USE database_name;
SAVINGYOURDATA
Ifyouchoosetoperformportionsofthelabindifferentsittings,itisimportantto
commityourdataattheendofeachsession.Thisway,youwillbesuretomake
permanentanydatachangesyouhavemadeinyourcurentsession,sothatyoucan
resumeworkingwithoutissueinyournextsession.Todoso,simplyissuethis
command:
COMMIT;
Wewilllearnmoreaboutcommittingdatainfutureweeks.Fornow,itissufficientto
knowthatdatachangesinonesessionwillonlybevisibleonlyinthatsession,unless
theyarecommitted,atwhichtimethechangesaremadepermanentinthe
database.
COMPLETINGYOURLAB
Usethesubmissiontemplateprovidedintheassignmentinboxtocompletethislab.
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SECTIONONE
OVERVIEW
InSectionOnewewillcreatethePersontableillustratedbelow:
ThisPersontablehasthreecolumnsperson_id,first_name,andlast_namewith
datatypesspecifiedinthediagramabove.
Wewillcreatethistable,tryoutsomedatamanipulationcommands,andultimately
removethetable.
STEPS
1. ExecutethefollowingcommandtocreatethePersontable.Makesuretotypethe
commandexactlyasillustrated,includingspaces,parentheses,andnewlines.
CREATE TABLE Person(

person_id DECIMAL(12),
first_name VARCHAR(256),
last_name VARCHAR(256)
);
Letuslookatandunderstandvariousaspectsofthiscommand.Thecommandbegins
withtheSQLkeywordsCREATETABLE.ASQLkeywordisawordthatthedesignersof
theSQLlanguagechosetocarryspecialmeaningwithinthelanguage.Thetwo
keywordsCREATETABLEtogetherindicatetotheSQLcompilerthatwearebeginning
acommandtocreateatable.Thenextword,"Person",isthenameofthetablewe
arecreating.Thisisnotakeyword,butsimplyanidentifierofourchoosing.Wecould
havechosenanalternativeidentifier,limitedonlytowhatisrelevantandour
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imagination.SQLcompilersknowthatbydefinition,theidentifierfollowingthe
CREATETABLEkeywordsdefinesthenameofthetable.Onlycertaincharactersare
legalinidentifiers,andthelegalcharactersdependupontheparticulardatabasewe
areusing.Probablythemostcommoncharactersusedareletters,numbers,andthe
underscore.
Nextletusexaminetheclausethatbeginsandendswithparentheses.Theleft
parenthesisbeginsthespecificationofthecolumnsandconstraintsforthetable,
whiletherightparenthesisclosesthesamespecification.Wewilllearnabout
constraintsnextweek.Fornow,wefocusonthecolumnspecifications.Thefirst
thingyoumaynoticeisthateachcolumnspecificationisseparatedbyacomma,and
thelastspecificationinthelisthasnocomma.Wewouldputfewerspecificationsif
wehadfewercolumns,andmorespecificationsformorecolumns.
Thenextthingyoumaynoticeisthateachcolumnspecificationhastwowords.
Althougheachcolumnspecificationmayhavemorethantwowordsthatdefine
additionalaspectsofthecolumn,itmusthaveataminimumboththecolumn'sname
andthecolumn'sdatatype.Justaswiththetablename,thecolumnnameidentiferis
notaSQLkeyword,andwecanchooseavarietyofnames.Agoodidentifier
describeswellwhatitrepresents.Forourfirstcolumn,wechoseperson_id.The
secondwordinacolumnspecificationisaSQLkeywordindicatingthecolumn's
datatype.Forourfirstcolumn,thedatatypeisDECIMAL(12).
Letusbrieflydiscussthetwodatatypesillustratedinourexample.Adatatype
restrictsthesetoflegalvaluesforacolumntoaparticulardomain.TheDECIMAL
datatypeinourexampleindicatesthatwearerestrictingthevaluesforperson_idto
numbers.The(12)aftertheDECIMALkeywordindicatesthatwearerestrictingthe
numbersfurthersothattherearenodecimalpoints,andamaximumof12digits.If
wehadput(12,2),forexample,wewouldallowtwodecimalpointsfora
maximumof12digits.
TheVARCHARdatatypeforthefirst_namecolumnindicatesthatwearerestricting
thatcolumnsvaluestocharactersequences,forexample,abcd.The(256)means
thatthemaximumnumberofbytesis256.SomeRDBMSallowyoutochangethe
meaningofthisnumberfrombytestocharacters,sothatthe256wouldmean256
characters,regardlessofthenumberofbytespercharacter.
InmostmodernRDBMS,bothspacesandnewlinesbetweenSQLkeywordsare
categorizedsimplyas"whitespace",andaretreatedidenticallybytheDBMS.This
abstractionmeansthatonecouldusespacesinlieuofnewlines,therebycontaining
theSQLcommandtoasingleline.However,acommonconvention,asillustrated
above,usesnewlinestoincreasethereadabilityandclarityoftheSQLcommand.
InmostmodernRDBMSincludingOracleandMicrosoftSQLServer,SQLkeywordsare
notcasesensitive,meaningthatthechoicetouseanuppercaseorlowercase
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characterdoesnotmattertotheDBMS.Acommonconvention,asillustratedabove,
istocapitalizeSQLkeywords,capitalizethefirstletterofeachwordforthetable
name(knownascamelcase),anduselowercaseforotheritems.
2. Captureascreenshotofthecommandandtheresultofitsexecution.Belowisa
samplescreenshotofthecommandexecutioninOracleSQLDeveloper.
BelowisasamplescreenshotofthecommandexecutioninMicrosoftSQLServer
ManagementStudio.
AcompletescreenshotcontainstheSQLcommandandtheresultoftheSQL
command.Thescreenshotwillbemorelegibleifyouuseoneofthemanyfreetools
tocaptureonlytherelevantportionofthescreen,ratherthancapturingtheentire
applicationwindow.
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3. Insertarowwithvaluesperson_id=1,first_name=John,andlast_name=Smithby
executingthefollowingcommand.
INSERT INTO Person (person_id, first_name, last_name)

VALUES (1, 'John', 'Smith');
Thecommaseparatedlistonthefirstlineindicatesthenamesofthecolumns,and
thecommaseparatedlistonthesecondlineindicatesthevaluestoinsertintothose
columns,respectively.Thevalue1isinsertedintototheperson_idcolumn,thevalue
Johnisinsertedintothefirst_namecolumn,andthevalueSmithisinsertedinto
thelast_namecolumn.Thoughitispossibletoomitthefirstcommaseparatedlistby
insertingthevaluesintheordertheyexistinthedatabase,itisnotrecommendedto
doso.ProductionstrengthSQLinsertionsspecifythecolumnnamesasillustrated
above,tohelppreventseveralcaseswheredataisunknowinglyinsertedintothe
wrongcolumn.
Numericvaluescanbetypedwithoutapostrophes.Characterbasedvaluessuchasa
first_nameandlast_namemustbequotedwithanapostrophe(').Theseapostrophes
telltheRDMBSwherethecharactersequencebeginsandends.Onereason
apostrophesarenecessaryisthatcharactersequencescancontainspaces,andthe
RDBMSneedsawaytoknowwhenaspaceisaseparatorforatokenintheSQL
language,andwhenaspaceispartofasinglesequenceofcharactersforavalue.
Makesuretousetheregularapostrophe('),andnotthetypographer'sapostrophe
(`).
samplescreenshotofthecommandexecutioninOracleSQLDeveloper.
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ManagementStudio.
5. Selectallrowsinthetablebyexecutingthefollowingcommand.
SELECT *
FROM Person;
ThefirstlineinstructstheRDBMStoretrieveallcolumns,becausethe"*"value
indicates"all".ThesecondlineinstructstheRDBMStoretrievefromthePerson
table.
6. Captureascreenshotofthecommandtheresultofitsexecution.Belowisasample
screenshotofthecommandexecutioninOracleSQLDeveloper.
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ManagementStudio.
Noticethatweseetherowwejustinsertedintheresultset.
7. UpdatethelastnameofJohnSmithfromSmithtoGlassbyexecutingthe
followingcommand:
UPDATE Person
SET last_name = 'Glass';
ThefirstwordUPDATEindicatestotheRDBMSthatweareupdatingrow(s)ina
table.ThesecondwordPersonindicatesthatweareupdatingrow(s)inthePerson
table.TheSETkeywordonthesecondlinebeginsacommaseparatedlistofcolumn
namesandtheirnewvalues.Byusingthephrase:
last_name = 'Glass'
weareinstructingtheRDBMStosetthevalueofthelast_namecolumntothevalue
Glass.Ifwehadinsteadusedthephrase:
first_name = 'Jane'
forexample,wewouldbeinstructingtheRDBMStosetthefirst_namevalueto
Jane.
TheUPDATEcommandaboveupdatesallrowsinthePersontable.Iftherewereto
bemorethanonerowinthePersontable,thelast_namevaluesforalloftherows
wouldbeupdated.Wewilllearnnextweekhowtolimitupdatestoaspecificrowor
groupofrows.
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ManagementStudio.
9. Inordertoseetheresultsofourupdate,letusagainselectallrowsinthetableby
executingthefollowingcommand.
SELECT *
FROM Person;
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ManagementStudio.
NoticethatthelastnameisnowGlass.
11. Next,wearegoingtoremoveallrowsfromthetable.Wedosowiththefollowing
command.
DELETE FROM Person;
TheDELETEFROMkeywordsindicatetotheRDBMSthatwearedeletingoneormore
rowsfromatable.Thenextword,Person,indicatesthatthetableisthePerson
table.
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ExecutingthecommandabovewilldeleteallrowsinthePersontable.Inour
exampleweonlyhaveonerow,buttablesinproductionenvironmentsusuallyhave
manyrows.Wewilllearnnextweekhowtolimitadeletetoaspecificroworgroup
ofrows.
ManagementStudio.
NoticethatbothRDBMSindicatethenumberofrowsthatweredeleted.
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13. Inordertoseethatthetablenowhasnorows,letusagainselectallrowsinthe
tablebyexecutingthefollowingcommand.
SELECT *
FROM Person;
ManagementStudio.
Noticethatalthoughthecolumnsstillappearintheresultset,norowsofdata
appear.ThisisbecauseallrowshavebeenremovedfromthePersontable.
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15. Sothatweknowhowtoremovetablesthatwecreate,letustrythatnow.
DROP TABLE Person;

Thetechnicalwordforremovingatableisdrop,andsothefirsttwokeywords
DROPTABLEinstructtheRDBMStoremoveatable.Thethirdword,Person,isthe
nameofthetabletobedropped,inthiscase,thePersontable.
AlthoughinthisexercisewearecasuallydroppingthePersontable,inproduction
environmentscommandshouldbeusedwithextremecare.Allofthedatainthe
tablewillalsobedropped,andthedatacannotalwaysberecoveredifyoulater
decidethatyouwanttokeepthedata.
ManagementStudio.
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17. Forgoodmeasure,letusattempttoretrievedatafromthePersontablewejust
deleted.Ofcourse,nowthatthePersontablehasbeendropped,thecommandwill
notbeabletoretrievetheresults.Itishelpfulhowevertobecomeaccustomedto
theerrormessageindicatingthatthetabledoesnotexist.
SELECT *
FROM Person;
TheOracleerrormessageclearlystatesthatthetableorviewbeingreferencedinthe
commanddoesnotexist.Thereasonfortheadditionalclauseorviewintheerror
messageisthatwhereveratableisusedinacommand,aviewcanbeusedaswell.
Wewillstudyviewsinfutureweeks.
Todiagnosetheissue,theerrormessageandSQLcommandneedtobeanalyzed
together.Eitheralonedoesnotprovidesufficientinformation.Forexample,inthis
case,theerrormessagedoesnotstatethatitwasthereferencetoPersonthatwas
invalid.WemustdeducethatbyreviewingourSQLcommand.Theerrormessagehas
onemorepieceofinformationthatwillhelpusdoso,whichisalinenumberanda
columnnumber.Inthiscase,theerrormessageisstatingthatthesourceoftheerror
beginsatline2,column5.Ifwereviewourcommand,weseethatthewordPerson
beginsatline2,column5,andsothatisthesourceoftheerror.ThefactthatPerson
doesnotexistisexpected,sincewepreviouslydroppedthattable.
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ManagementStudio.
TheerrormessagegeneratedbySQLServermaybesomewhatdifficulttointerpret
fromarelationalpointofview,becauseitdoesnotusethefamiliartermtablein
theerrormessage.SQLServerusesthegenerictermobjecttodenoteanydurable
entitythatitsupports,includingtablesandviews.Thereforewecanintepretthe
phraseInvalidobjectnamePersontomeanthatweattemptedtousethename
PersonasareferencetoadurableentityintheSQLcommand,butnodurable
entityexistsbythatname.
JustaswiththeOracleerrormessages,weneedtousetheSQLServererrormessage,
incombinationwiththeSQLcommand,todiagnosetheissue.Theerrormessage
doesprovidealinenumberindicatingthestartofthecommandwiththeissue.Since
inthiscaseweonlyhaveonecommand,itstatesthatitbeginsonline1.Ifwewere
tobeexecutingmultiplecommands,thelinenumberwouldbehelpful.
Whenweseethiserrormessage,weneedtothink,Somehwereinthecommand
thatbeginsonline1isareferencetoPersonthatdoesnotexist.Wecanthen
searchthroughthecommandandfindtheinvalidreference.Inoursimplecase,we
onlyhaveonereferencetoPerson,andweattemptedtoreferenceitasatable,
andsoweknowthatthePersontabledoesnotexist.Thisiswhatweexpected,since
wepreviouslydroppedthePersontable.
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SECTIONTWO
OVERVIEW
ThegoalofSectionTwoistoapplywhatislearnedinSection1tocreateandpopulate
thefollowingtable:
ThisBooktablehasthreecolumnsbook_id,title,andsubtitlewithdatatypes
specifiedinthediagramabove.
STEPS
19. ExecutethecommandtocreatetheBooktable.Captureascreenshotofthe
commandandtheresultofitsexecution.
20. Executethecommandtoinsertarowwithvaluesbook_id=101,title=Art,and
subtitle=Modernized.Captureascreenshotofthecommandandtheresultofits
execution.
21. Toviewtherowjustinserted,executethecommandtoselectallrowsinthetable.
Captureascreenshotofthecommandandtheresultofitsexecution.
22. UpdatethesubtitlesothatithasavalueofRevisitedinsteadofModernized.
23. Toseetheresultsoftheupdate,selectallrowsinthetable.Captureascreenshotof
thecommandandtheresultofitsexecution.
24. Removeallrowsfromthetable.Captureascreenshotofthecommandandthe
resultofitsexecution.
25. Toseetheresultsofremoving,selectallrowsfromthetable.Captureascreenshot
ofthecommandandtheresultofitsexecution.
26. Dropthetable.Captureascreenshotofthecommandandtheresultofits
execution.
27. Attempttoselectallrowsfromthetable.Captureascreenshotofthecommandand
theresultofitsexecution.
28. ExplainhowyouwouldusetheerrormessageresultingfromStep27,inconjunction
withtheSQLcommand,todiagnosetheissue.
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SECTIONTHREE
OVERVIEW
InSectionThree,wewillworkwiththeCameratableillustratedbelow.Notethatthe
boldedcolumnsrepresentthosewithaNOTNULLconstraint.
Camera
PK
camera_idDECIMAL(12)
modelVARCHAR(64)
descriptionVARCHAR(255)
date_manufacturedDATE
STEPS
29. ExecutethefollowingcommandtocreatetheCameratable.Makesuretotypethe
commandexactlyasillustrated,includingspaces,parentheses,andnewlines.
CREATE TABLE Camera (

camera_id DECIMAL(12) PRIMARY KEY,
model VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL,
description VARCHAR(255),
date_manufactured DATE NOT NULL
);
Thoughinthecommandaboveyouseesomefamiliarconstructs,letusfurther
explainthephrasesPRIMARYKEYandNOTNULL.BecausethephrasePRIMARY
KEYispartofthecamera_idcolumndefinition(recallthatthecommaseparates
columndefinitions),theRDBMSknowstoapplythePRIMARYKEYconstrainttothe
camera_idcolumn,andnottoanyothercolumn.Similarly,thephraseNOTNULL
appliestoboththemodelanddate_manufacturedcolumns,sincethephraseispart
ofthosecolumnsdefinitions.
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Itisimportanttoremembertwopropertiesofconstraintsasdescribedinthelecture
andtextbook.Thefirstisthataconstraintdefinesaconditionthatthedatamust
satisfy.ThesecondisthatthattheRDBMScontinuallyenforcestheconditiondefined
byanactiveconstraintatalltimes.Whenweplaceaconstraintonasinglecolumnas
inthecommandabove,thenthevalueforthecolumnmustsatisfythecondition,for
everyrowinthetableatalltimes.Bydefault,theRDBMSwillrejectanySQL
statementthatwouldcauseaconstraintviolation.
LetusbrieflyreviewtheconceptofNULL.Whenweassignadatatypetoacolumn,
werestrictthelegalvaluesforthatcolumn.Forexample,aVARCHARdatatype
meansthatweallowsequencesofcharactersforthecolumn.ADATEdatatype
meansthatweallowdatevaluesforthecolumn.But,whatifwewanttoindicate
thatthecolumnhasnovalueatall?TheNULLkeywordisusedforthispurpose.
WhentheRDBMSseestheNULLkeyword,itknowsthatnovalueistobeplacedinto
thatcolumn.
RecallthataNOTNULLconstraintindicatesthateachrowinthetablemusthavea
valueforthecolumn(s)coveredbytheconstraint.Indicatingnovalueforthecovered
column(s)isillegal.FurtherrecallthataPRIMARYKEYconstraintisacombinationof
NOTNULLandUNIQUEconstraints.Thevalue(s)coveredbythePRIMARYKEYmust
alwaysbepresentandunique.Thebenefitofaprimarykeyvalueisthatitcanalways
beusedtouniquelyidentifyarowinatable.
Bydefaultcolumnsarenullable,meaningthatavalueforthatcolumnisoptional;any
particularrowmayomitavalueforthatcolumn.ThisdefaultiswhyaNOTNULL
constraintwasusedtoensurethatboththemodelanddate_manufacturedcolumns
alwayshavevalues.Thisdefaultmeansthatthedescriptioncolumnisnullable,since
theNOTNULLphraseisnotpartofthedescriptioncolumndefinition.
Youmayhavenoticedthatthedate_manufacturedcolumnhasaDATEdatatype.A
DATEdatatypeindicatesthatayear,month,anddaymaybestoredinthecolumn.
Somedatabasemanagementsystemsalsoallowadditionaltimeinformationtobe
storedinaDATEcolumn.Forexample,Oracleallowstheadditionalstorageofhours,
minutes,andsecondsinaDATEcolumn.However,thestandardsforSQLspecifythat
DATEcolumnsonlystoretheyear,month,andday,anditisabestpracticetouse
DATEcolumnstostoreonlythesefields,forportability.
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samplescreenshotofthecommandexecutioninOracleSQLDeveloper
ManagementStudio.
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31. Executethefollowingcommandtoinsertarowwiththevalueslisted.
camera_id=51
model=ProShot5000
description=Usefulforportraits
date_manufactured=21FEB2008
INSERT INTO Camera (camera_id,

model,
description,
date_manufactured)
VALUES (51,
'ProShot 5000',
'Useful for portraits',
CAST('21-FEB-2008' AS DATE)
);
Youhavealreadyseenexamplesofinsertingnumbersandcharactersequences,but
insertingdatesmaybenewtoyouandisworthamoredetailedlook.Ifwewantto
insertanumber,wesimplytypethenumberintheformatweareusedto,andthe
RDBMSknowsthatwhatwetypedisaliteralnumber.Forexample,wesimplytyped
51asintheexampleabove.Ifwewanttotypeacharactersequence,wesimply
encloseitbetweenapostrophes('),andtheRDBMSknowsthatwhatwetypedisa
literalcharactersequence.Forexample,wetyped'ProShot5000'above.Indicating
literaldatevaluesinaportablewayisnotassimple.
Onecommon,portablewaytospecifyadateliteralistotypethedateasacharacter
sequence,thenusetheCASToperatortoconvertthecharactersequencetoadate.
TheCASToperatorisnecessarybecauseotherwisetheRDBMSmaynottreatthe
charactersequencevalueasadate.EachspecificRDBMShasnonportablemethods
ofspecifyingdateliteralsaswell.Forexample,OracleoffersaTO_DATEfunction,and
SQLServerimplicitlyconvertsstandalonecharactersequencesintodatesifadateis
expected.Thoughtherearemanyportableandnonportablemethodsofspecifying
dateliterals,onecommonalityformostofthesemethodsischaractersequence
representationofthedateinthecommand.Inourexample,weusedthecharacter
sequence21FEB2008toindicateFebruary21st,2008.
TheformatofthedatecharactersequencedeterminesportabilitybetweenRDBMS
usingdifferentdateconventions.Intheexampleabove,weusedthedateformat
ddmmmyyyy,whereddrepresentstwodigitsforthedayofmonth,mmm
representsthefirstthreelettersofthemonth,andyyyyrepresentsthefourdigits
oftheyear.Ifwehadused02/21/2008inthedateformattypicallyusedinthe
UnitedStates,EuropeanRDBMSwouldnothaveinterpretedthedateaswe
expected,sinceEuropeandatestandardsspecifythedayofmonthfirst,followedby
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themonth,followingbytheyear(21/02/2008forthisexample).Ifwehadused
theEuropeandateformat,RDBMSintheUnitedStateswouldnothaveinterpreted
thedateasweexpect.Forthisreason,itisbesttousetheportablespecificationdd
mmmyyyy.
ManagementStudio.
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33. Executethefollowingcommandtoinsertarowwiththevalueslisted.
camera_id=52
model=NaturalShot300x
description=NULL
date_manufactured=03APR2009

model,
description,
date_manufactured)
VALUES (52,
'NaturalShot 300x',
NULL,
CAST('03-APR-2009' AS DATE)
);
NoticethatweusedtheNULLkeywordtoindicatethatthedescriptioncolumnhas
novalueforthisrow.Nowthatyouunderstandtheconceptofnull,andhowtoinsert
nullvalues,youcanseethatitisreallyquitesimpletoindicatethatacolumndoes
nothaveavalue.
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ManagementStudio.
35. Thenextcommandwewillexecuteindicatesnovalueforthedescriptioncolumnin
adifferentway.
camera_id=53
model=StillShot2012
date_manufactured=05JUN2009

model,
date_manufactured)
VALUES (53,
'StillShot 2012',
CAST('05-JUN-2009' AS DATE)
);
Noticethatweomittedthedescriptioncolumnfromcolumnidentificationlistand
thecolumnvaluelist.WhentheRDBMSseesthecolumnomitted,itknowsbydefault
togivethecolumnnovalue.Thiscommandillustratesanotherwaytoavoidinserting
avalueforacolumn.
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ManagementStudio.
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37. NowthatwehaveinsertedthreerowsintoourCameratable,letusseewhatwe
haveinourtable.
SELECT *
FROM CAMERA;
ManagementStudio.
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Noticethatalthoughweusedtwodifferentmethodstoinsertthelasttworows,both
rowsdonothaveavaluefordescriptioncolumnjustthesame.TheRDBMSusesthe
NULLkeywordtoindicatealackofavalue.FurthernoticethatOracleandSQLServer
displaythedatesdifferentlywhenreturnedfromthequery.Howthedatesare
rendererdvarieswithdifferentRDBMSandwithdifferentSQLclients.
39. Sothatwecanfamiliarizeourselveswithanothercommonerrormessage,letus
attemptinsertarowwithoutavalueforthemodelcolumn.Theinsertionwillfail
becauseaNOTNULLconstraintispresentonthemodelcolumn.
camera_id=54
model=NULL
description=Multipurposecamera
date_manufactured=23SEP2009

model,
description,
date_manufactured)
VALUES (54,
NULL,
'Multi-purpose camera',
CAST('23-SEP-2009' AS DATE)
);
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OnceweunderstandtheconceptofNULL,theerrormessagefromOracleisfairly
straightforward,thoughsomepartsneedsomeinterpretation.Themessagestates
thatonecannotinsertNULLintothemodelcolumnfortheCameratable,thoughyou
maywonderwhythecharactersequence:
"ASSIGNMENTUSER1659"."CAMERA"."MODEL"
appearsinthescreenshotabove,sinceitissomewhatdifficulttoread.Youseethe
familiarCAMERAandMODELkeywords,whichrepresenttheCameratableand
modelcolumn,respectively.Theyareseparatedwithaperiod(.)becausethisisthe
conventionfordrillingdownintoatable.Weuse:
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TableName.ColumnName
toreferenceaspecificcolumninatableinanRDBMS.
ThereasonwhyASSIGNMENTUSER1659appearsinthescreenshotaboveisbecause
thatistheschemathatwasusedwhenthisassignmentwascreated.Wehavenot
studiedtheconceptofaschemayet,butbriefly,aschemaisalogicalandphysical
storagelocationfordurableentities.ModernRDBMSsupportmultipleschemasso
thatmultipleusersandapplicationscankeeptheirdurableentitiesseparate,intheir
owncontainers.InOracle,eachuserisassigneditsownschemabydefault,sowhen
theauthorofthisassignmentloggedinwithuserASSIGNMENTUSER1659,thetables
werecreatedbydefaultintheASSIGNMENTUSER1659schema.Thatiswhywesee
theASSIGNMENTUSER1659schemaintheerrormessageabove.
Now,itisunlikelythatyouchosethesameusername,andsoyouwillseeyourown
usernameinthescreenshothere,insteadoftheauthorsusername.Whatis
importanttonote,however,isthatwecanalsospecifyaschemanameinfrontof
anytablename.Weuse:
SchemaName.TableName.ColumnName
toreferenceacolumn,ifwealsowanttospecifytheschema,inanRDBMS.
Thereasoneachentityisenclosedinquotesisbecauseinordertosupportall
durableentitynames,includingthosewhichhavespacesorotherspecialcharacters,
theRDBMSsurroundsallnameswithquotestoavoidanyambiguity.
ManagementStudio.
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Partoftheerrormessagewastruncatedinthescreenshot,soletusshowithere:
Msg515,Level16,State2,Line1
CannotinsertthevalueNULLintocolumn'model',table'master.dbo.Camera';
columndoesnotallownulls.INSERTfails.
Thestatementhasbeenterminated.
TheSQLServererrormessageinthisinstancemaybeeasiertointerpretthanthe
correspondingOracleerrormessage.ItdirectlystatesthataNULLvaluecannotbe
insertedintothemodelcolumn.JustaswithOracle,weseethatthereisfurther
qualificationofthetable.Inthescreenshotabove,itismaster.dbo.Camera.In
generalform,itis:
DatabaseName.SchemaName.TableName
Inthescreenshotabove,itisindicatingthattheCameratableresidesindatabase
master,inschemadbo.Masteristhedefaultdatabase,anddboisthe
defaultschemaforadatabaseuser.Ifyoufollowedtheinstructionstouseadatabase
otherthanmaster,youwillseeadifferentdatabasenameinyourscreenshot.
NotethatdifferentversionsofOracleandSQLServermaygivedifferenterror
messagesthanthoseillustratedabove.
41. LetuspracticelimitingthenumberofrowsandcolumnsreturnedbyaSELECT
statement.
SELECT model, description

FROM CAMERA
WHERE camera_id = 51;
ByindicatingthenamesofthecolumnsthatwewouldliketoseenexttotheSELECT
keyword,whereeachcolumnnameisseparatedbyacomma,weareomittingany
columnsnotinthelist.Inthisexample,wehaveindicatedthatwewouldliketosee
themodelanddescriptioncolumns,butnoothercolumns.
ByintroducingaWHEREclauseattheendoftheSELECTstatement,andusinga
Booleanexpressionthatindicatesthatweonlywanttoseerowswherethe
Page29of36
camera_idvalueis51,wehavelimitedthenumberofrowsreturnedinourresultset.
Trythecommandandseewhathappens.
ManagementStudio.
Noticethatinbothscreenshots,onlytherowwherecamera_idis51isreturned,andonly
themodelanddescriptioncolumnsareshown.
Whynotalwaysselectallrowsandallcolumnsfromthetable?Whybotherrestricting
either?Theanswerisefficiency.Ifwehaveaproductiontablewithabillonrowsandthirty
columns,butonlyneedonecolumnsvalueforoneofthoserows,itwouldbetimeand
resourceineffecientforthedatabasetoobtainallcolumnsvaluefromallbillionrows.It
wouldalsobetimeandresourceinefficientfortheenduserorapplicationtosearchthrough
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thebillionresultsforthematch.Ifproperlyconfigured,anRDBMSwillveryefficiently
retrievethelimitedresultsneeded,evenifthenumberofrowsandcolumnsinthetableis
large.
TheBooleanexpressioninaWHEREclauseneednotonlyindicateonerow.Itcanindicate
manyrows.Infact,thereareavarietyofBooleanandmathematicaloperatorsthatcanbe
presentintheseexpressions,invirtuallyendlesscombinations.Exploringalloperatorsand
combinationsisbeyondthescopeofthisassignment,butifyouarecurious,youcanexplore
theseinthelectureandtextbook,andinotherresources.
43. Thegoodnewsisthatwedonotneedtolearnthreedifferentwaystolimittherows
affectedintheSELECT,UPDATE,andDELETEFROMcommands.Weusethesame
generalWHEREclauseforallthreecommands.Imaginethatwewanttoaddthe
samedescriptiontobothrowsthathavenodescription(wherecamera_id=52and
53),butwanttoavoidupdatingtherowthatalreadyhasadescription.Wecandoso
withthefollowingcommand.
UPDATE Camera
SET description = 'Great for landscapes'
WHERE camera_id = 52 OR camera_id = 53;
NoticethatweusedtheORBooleanoperatortocombinetwoexpressions.The
UPDATEappliestotherowthatmatcheseitherexpression.
Page31of36
ManagementStudio.
Noticethatbothscreenshotsindicatetworowswereaffected,whichiswhatweexpect.We
didnotupdateallrowsinthetable,butonlythosethatmatchedtheconditionexpressedin
theWHEREclause.
45. WecanappendageneralWHEREclausetoaDELETEFROMcommandtodeletethe
rowwherecamera_id=53.WewilldosousingadifferentBooleanexpression.
DELETE FROM Camera

WHERE camera_id > 52;
Noticethatweusedthegreaterthan(>)operator,andwecantranslatethis
statementtoEnglishas,DeleteallrowsfromtheCameratablethathavea
camera_idvaluegreaterthan52.Inourcase,weonlyhadonerowwithacamera_id
valuegreaterthan52,andthatwastherowwherecamera_id=53.Iftherehadbeen
additionalrowswithhighercamera_idvalues,theywouldhavealsobeendeleted.
Page32of36
ManagementStudio.
Noticethatbothscreenshotsindicatetwoonerowwasaffected.
47. NowletusviewthecontentsoftheCameratable,sothatwecanseetheresultsof
boththeUPDATEandDELETEcommandsweexecutedpreviously.
SELECT *
FROM CAMERA;
Page33of36

ManagementStudio.
Noticethatinbothscreenshots,therowwherecamera_id=53hasbeendeleted,andthe
rowwherecamera_id=52nowhasthedescriptionofGreatforlandscapes.Thisiswhat
weexpected.
Page34of36
SECTIONFOUR
OVERVIEW
InSectionFour,youwillapplywhatyoulearnedinSectionThreetoanewtable,without
beinggiventhecommandsandscreenshots.Thiswillhelptosolidifyyourlearning.You
willworkwiththeOcean_resorttablediagrammedbelow.Notethatthebolded
columnsrepresentthosewithaNOTNULLconstraint.
Ocean_resort
PK
ocean_resort_idDECIMAL(12)
nameVARCHAR(64)
descriptionVARCHAR(255)
date_openedDATE
STEPS
49. CreatetheOcean_resorttablewithallofitscolumns,datatypes,andnotnull
constraints.Captureascreenshotofthecommandandtheresultofitsexecution.
50. Insertarowwiththefollowingvalues.
ocean_resort_id=151
name=LightoftheOceanResort
description=Gorgeoussetting
date_opened=05May2001
51. Insertanotherrowwiththefollowingvalues.Makesurethatthecommaseparated
listofcolumnnamescontainsthedescriptioncolumn.
ocean_resort_id=152
name=BreathtakingBahamasResort
description=NULL
date_opened=23Mar1979
Page35of36
52. Insertanotherrowwiththefollowingvalues.Makesurethatthecommaseparated
listofcolumnnamesdoesnotcontainthedescriptioncolumn.
ocean_resort_id=153
name=LuxuriousLondonResort
date_opened=07Sep1910
53. SelectallrowsfromtheOcean_resorttable.Captureascreenshotofthecommand
andtheresultofitsexecution.
54. Attempttoinsertarowwiththefollowingvalues.Theinsertcommandwillfail
becausethenamecolumnmusthaveavalue.Youcanuseeithermethodtoattempt
toinserttheNULLvalue.
ocean_resort_id=154
name=NULL
description=ExperienceTheNetherlandsNoOtherWay
date_opened=03Jan1999
55. ExplainhowyouwouldinterprettheerrormessageillustratedinStep54to
concludethatthenamecolumnismissingarequiredvalue.
56. Retrieveonlythenameanddescriptionvaluesfortheonerowwhere
ocean_resort_idis151.Captureascreenshotofthecommandandtheresultofits
execution.
57. Explainwhyitisusefultolimitthenumberofrowsandcolumnsreturnedfroma
SELECTstatement,suchasthestatementperformedinStep56.
58. Tworowshavenodescription.Withasinglecommand,updatethedescriptionfor
bothofthemsothatthenewvalueisTheMostRelaxingPlaceonEarth.Capturea
screenshotofthecommandandtheresultofitsexecution.
59. Withasinglecommand,deleteallrowsthathaveanocean_resort_idgreaterthan
152.Captureascreenshotofthecommandandtheresultofitsexecution.
60. RetrieveallrowsandcolumnsfromtheOcean_resorttable.Captureascreenshotof
thecommandandtheresultofitsexecution.
Page36of36

CS669 Lab1

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CS669 Lab1

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MET CS 669 Database Design and Implementation for Business

Lab 1 Instructions: SQL From Scratch

CREATE USER username IDENTIFIED BY password DEFAULT TABLESPACE users

CREATE DATABASE database_name;

CREATE TABLE Person(

INSERT INTO Person (person_id, first_name, last_name)

DELETE FROM Person;

DROP TABLE Person;

CREATE TABLE Camera (

INSERT INTO Camera (camera_id,

'Useful for portraits',

INSERT INTO Camera (camera_id,

INSERT INTO Camera (camera_id,

INSERT INTO Camera (camera_id,

SELECT model, description

DELETE FROM Camera

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