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CHAPTER 6

PROBLEM 6.1
Three boards, each of 1.5 3.5-in. rectangular cross section, are nailed
together to form a beam that is subjected to a vertical shear of 250 lb.
Knowing that the spacing between each pair of nails is 2.5 in., determine
the shearing force in each nail.

SOLUTION
I =

1 3
1
(3.5)(4.5)3 = 26.578 in 4
bh =
12
12

A = (3.5)(1.5) = 5.25 in 2
y1 = 1.5 in.
Q = Ay1 = 7.875 in 3
q=

VQ (250)(7.875)
=
= 74.074 lb/in
I
26.578

qs = 2 Fnail

Fnail =

qs
(74.074)(2.5)
=
2
2

Fnail = 92.6 lb

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PROBLEM 6.2
Three boards, each 2 in. thick, are nailed together to form a beam
that is subjected to a vertical shear. Knowing that the allowable
shearing force in each nail is 150 lb, determine the allowable shear
if the spacing s between the nails is 3 in.

SOLUTION
1 3
bh + Ad 2
12
1
(6)(2)3 + (6)(2)(3) 2 = 112 in 4
=
12
1 3
1
I2 =
bh =
(2)(4)3 = 10.667 in 4
12
12
I1 =

I 3 = I1 = 112 in 4
I = I1 + I 2 + I 3 = 234.667 in 4
Q = A1 y1 = (6)(2)(3) = 36 in 3
qs = Fnail

(1)

VQ
I

(2)

q=

Dividing Eq. (2) by Eq. (1),

1
VQ
=
s
Fnail I
V =

Fnail I
(150)(234.667)
=
Qs
(36)(3)

V = 326 lb

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PROBLEM 6.3
Three boards are nailed together to form a beam shown, which is
subjected to a vertical shear. Knowing that the spacing between the
nails is s = 75 mm and that the allowable shearing force in each nail is
400 N, determine the allowable shear when w = 120 mm.

SOLUTION
Part

A (mm 2 )

d (mm)

7200

Middle Plank
Bottom Plank

Top plank

Ad 2 (106 mm 4 )

I (106 mm 4 )

60

25.92

2.16

12,000

3.60

7200

60

25.92

2.16

51.84

7.92

I = Ad 2 + I = 59.76 106 mm 4 = 59.76 106 m 4


Q = (7200)(60) = 432 103 mm3 = 432 106 m3
VQ
I
Fnail
q=
s

q=

V=

Fnail = qs
V =

Iq IFnail
=
Q
Qs

(59.76 106 )(400)


(432 106 )(75 103 )

V = 738 N

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PROBLEM 6.4
Solve Prob. 6.3, assuming that the width of the top and bottom boards
is changed to w = 100 mm .
PROBLEM 6.3 Three boards are nailed together to form a beam
shown, which is subjected to a vertical shear. Knowing that the spacing
between the nails is s = 75 mm and that the allowable shearing force
in each nail is 400 N, determine the allowable shear when
w = 120 mm.

SOLUTION
A (mm 2 )

d (mm)

6000

Middle Plank
Bottom Plank

Part
Top plank

Ad 2 (106 mm 4 )

I (106 mm 4 )

60

21.6

1.80

12,000

3.60

6000

60

21.6

1.80

43.2

7.20

I = Ad 2 + I = 50.4 106 mm 4 = 50.4 106 m 4


Q = (6000)(60) = 360 103 mm3 = 360 106 m3
VQ
I
Fnail
q=
s

q=

V=

Fnail = qs
V =

Iq IFnail
=
Q
Qs

(50.4 106 )(400)


(360 106 )(75 103 )

V = 747 N

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PROBLEM 6.5
The American Standard rolled-steel beam shown has been reinforced by
attaching to it two 16 200-mm plates, using 18-mm-diameter bolts
spaced longitudinally every 120 mm. Knowing that the average allowable
shearing stress in the bolts is 90 MPa, determine the largest permissible
vertical shearing force.

SOLUTION
Calculate moment of inertia:
A (mm 2 )
3200
6650
3200

Part
Top plate
S310 52
Bot. plate

*d

d (mm)
*

160.5
0

160.5

Ad 2 (106 mm 4 )
82.43
82.43
164.86

I (106 mm 4 )
0.07
95.3
0.07
95.44

305 16
+
= 160.5 mm
2
2

I = Ad 2 + I = 260.3 106 mm 4 = 260.3 106 m 4


Q = Aplate d plate = (3200)(160.5) = 513.6 103 mm3 = 513.6 106 m3
Abolt =

2
d bolt
=

(18 103 ) 2 = 254.47 106 m 2

Fbolt = all Abolt = (90 106 )(254.47 106 ) = 22.90 103 N


qs = 2 Fbolt
q=

VQ
I

q =
V =

2Fbolt
(2)(22.90 103 )
=
= 381.7 103 N/m
3
s
120 10

Iq
(260.3 106 )(381.7 103 )
=
= 193.5 103 N
Q
513.6 106
V = 193.5 kN

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PROBLEM 6.6
Solve Prob. 6.5, assuming that the reinforcing plates are only 12 mm thick.
PROBLEM 6.5 The American Standard rolled-steel beam shown has been
reinforced by attaching to it two 16 200-mm plates, using 18-mm-diameter
bolts spaced longitudinally every 120 mm. Knowing that the average
allowable shearing stress in the bolts is 90 MPa, determine the largest
permissible vertical shearing force.

SOLUTION
Calculate moment of inertia:
A(mm 2 )
2400
6650
2400

Part
Top plate
S310 52
Bot. plate

d =

d (mm)
*158.5

0
*158.5

Ad 2 (106 mm 4 )
60.29
0
60.29
120.58

I (106 mm 4 )
0.03
95.3
0.03
95.36

305 12
+
= 158.5 mm
2
2

I = Ad 2 + I = 215.94 106 mm 4 = 215.94 106 m 4


Q = Aplate d plate = (200)(12)(158.5) = 380.4 103 mm3 = 380.4 106 m3
Abolt =

2
d bolt
=

(18 103 ) 2 = 254.47 106 m 2

Fbolt = all Abolt = (90 106 )(254.47 106 ) = 22.902 103 N


qs = 2 Fbolt
q=

VQ
I

q =
V =

2Fbolt
(2)(22.903 103 )
=
= 381.7 103 N/m
s
120 103

Iq
(215.94 106 )(381.7 103 )
=
= 217 103 N
Q
380.4 106
V = 217 kN

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PROBLEM 6.7
A columm is fabricated by connecting the rolled-steel members shown by
bolts of 34 -in. diameter spaced longitudinally every 5 in. Determine the
average shearing stress in the bolts caused by a shearing force of 30 kips
parallel to the y axis.

SOLUTION
Geometry:
d
f = + (t w )C
2 s
10.0
=
+ 0.303 = 5.303 in.
2
x = 0.534 in.
y1 = f x = 5.303 0.534 = 4.769 in.

Determine moment of inertia.


Part
C8 13.7

S 10 25.4
C8 13.7

d (in.)
4.769
0
4.769

A(in 2 )
4.04
7.4
4.04

Ad 2 (in 4 )
91.88
0
91.88
183.76

I (in 4 )
1.52
123
1.52
126.04

I = Ad 2 + I = 183.76 + 126.04 = 309.8 in 4


Q = A y1 = (4.04)(4.769) = 19.267 in 3
VQ (30)(19.267)
=
= 1.8658 kip/in
309.8
I
1
1
= qs = (1.8658)(5) = 4.664 kips
2
2

q=
Fbolt

Abolt =

bolt =

2
=
d bolt

2
= 0.4418 in
4 4

4.664
Fbolt
=
= 10.56 ksi
Abolt 0.4418

bolt = 10.56 ksi

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PROBLEM 6.8
The composite beam shown is fabricated by connecting two W6 20 rolled-steel
members, using bolts of 58 -in. diameter spaced longitudinally every 6 in. Knowing
that the average allowable shearing stress in the bolts is 10.5 ksi, determine the largest
allowable vertical shear in the beam.

SOLUTION
W6 20: A = 5.87 in 2 , d = 6.20 in., I x = 41.4 in 4
y =

Composite:

1
d = 3.1 in.
2

I = 2[41.4 + (5.87)(3.1)2 ]
= 195.621 in 4
Q = A y = (5.87)(3.1) = 18.197 in 3

Bolts:

d =
Abolt =

5
in., all = 10.5 ksi, s = 6 in.
8

2
= 0.30680 in
4 8

Fbolt = all Abolt = (10.5)(0.30680) = 3.2214 kips

Shear:

q=

2Fbolt
(2)(3.2214)
=
= 1.07380 kips/in
s
6

q =

VQ
I

V =

Iq
(195.621)(1.0780)
=
Q
18.197

V = 11.54 kips

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PROBLEM 6.9
For the beam and loading shown,
consider section n-n and determine
(a) the largest shearing stress in that
section, (b) the shearing stress at
point a.

SOLUTION
By symmetry, RA = RB .

Fy = 0:
RA + RB 15 20 15 = 0
RA = RB = 25 k ips
V = 30 kips at n-n.

From shear diagram,


Determine moment of inertia.
Part

A(in 2 )

Top Flng

Web

3.30

Bot. Flng

d (in.)

Ad 2 (in 4 )

I (in 4 )

4.7

132.54

0.18

21.30

4.7

132.54

0.18

265.08

21.66

I = Ad 2 + I = 286.74 in 4

(a)

Part

A(in 2 )

1.65

y (in.)

Ay (in 3 )

4.7

28.2

2.2

3.63
31.83

Q = Ay
= 31.83 in 3
t = 0.375 in.

max =

VQmax
(25)(31.83)
=
It
(286.74)(0.375)

max = 7.40 ksi

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PROBLEM 6.9 (Continued)

(b)

A(in 2 )

Part

0.15

y (in.)

Ay (in 3 )

4.7

28.2

4.2

0.63
28.83

Q = Ay = 28.83 in 3
t = 0.375 in.

VQ
(23)(28.83)
=
It
(286.74)(0.375)

= 6.70 ksi

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PROBLEM 6.10
For the beam and loading
shown, consider section
n-n and determine (a) the
largest shearing stress in
that section, (b) the
shearing stress at point a.

SOLUTION
At section n-n, V = 10 kN.
I = I1 + 4I 2
=

1
1

b1h13 + 4 b2h23 + A2d 22


12
12

1
(100)(150)3 + 4 (50)(12)3 + (50)(12)(69) 2
12
12

= 28.125 106 + 4 0.0072 106 + 2.8566 106


= 39.58 106 mm 4 = 39.58 106 m 4

(a)

Q = A1 y1 + 2 A2 y2
= (100)(75)(37.5) + (2)(50)(12)(69)
= 364.05 103 mm3 = 364.05 106 m3
t = 100 mm = 0.100 m

max =

(b)

VQ (10 103 )(364.05 106 )


=
= 920 103 Pa
6
It
(39.58 10 )(0.100)

max = 920 kPa

Q = A1 y1 + 2 A2 y2
= (100)(40)(55) + (2)(50)(12)(69)
= 302.8 103 mm3 = 302.8 106 m3
t = 100 mm = 0.100 m

a =

VQ
(10 103 )(302.8 106 )
=
= 765 103 Pa
It
(39.58 106 )(0.100)

a = 765 kPa

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PROBLEM 6.11
For the beam and loading shown, consider section
n-n and determine (a) the largest shearing stress in
that section, (b) the shearing stress at point a.

SOLUTION

V = 80 kN

At section n-n,

Consider cross section as composed of rectangles of types , , and .


1
(12)(80)3 + (12)(80)(90)2 = 8.288 106 mm 4
12
1
(180)(16)3 + (180)(16)(42)2 = 5.14176 106 mm 4
I2 =
12
1
(16)(68)3 = 419.24 103 mm 4
I3 =
12
I1 =

I = 4 I1 + 2 I 2 + 2I 3 = 44.274 106 mm 4
= 44.274 106 m 4

(a)

Calculate Q at neutral axis.


Q1 = (12)(80)(90) = 86.4 103 mm 4
Q2 = (180)(16)(42) = 120.96 103 mm 4
Q3 = (16)(34)(17) = 9.248 103 mm 4
Q = 2Q1 + Q2 + 2Q3 = 312.256 103 mm3 = 312.256 106 m3

=
(b)

At point a,

VQ
(80 103 )(312.256 106 )
=
= 17.63 106 Pa
It
(44.274 106 )(2 16 103 )

= 17.63 MPa

Q = Q1 = 86.4 103 mm 4 = 86.4 106 m 4

VQ
(80 103 )(86.4 106 )
=
= 13.01 106 Pa
6
3
It
(44.274 10 )(12 10 )

= 13.01 MPa

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PROBLEM 6.12
For the beam and loading shown, consider
section n-n and determine (a) the largest
shearing stress in that section, (b) the shearing
stress at point a.

SOLUTION
By symmetry, RA = RB .
Fy = 0: RA + RB 10 10 = 0
RA = RB = 10 kips

From the shear diagram,

V = 10 kips at n-n.
1
1
b2h23 b1h13
12
12
1
1
=
(4)(4)3 (3)(3)3 = 14.583 in 4
12
12

I =

(a)

1
1
Q = A1 y1 + A2 y2 = (3) (1.75) + (2) (2)(1) = 4.625 in 3
2
2

t =

max =

(b)

1 1
+ = 1 in.
2 2
VQ (10)(4.625)
=
It
(14.583)(1)

max = 3.17 ksi

1
Q = Ay = (4) (1.75) = 3.5 in 3
2
1 1
t = + = 1 in.
2 2

VQ
(10)(3.5)
=
It
(14.583)(1)

a = 2.40 ksi

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PROBLEM 6.13
For a beam having the cross section shown, determine the largest
allowable vertical shear if the shearing stress is not to exceed
60 MPa.

SOLUTION

Calculate moment of inertia.


I =

1
1

(50 mm)(120 mm)3 2 (30 mm) 4 + (30 mm 30 mm)(35 mm) 2


12
12

I = 7.2 106 mm 4 2[1.170 106 mm 4 ] = 4.86 106 mm 4


= 4.86 106 m 4

Assume that m occurs at point a.

t = 2(10 mm) = 0.02 m


Q = (10 mm 50 mm)(55mm) + 2[(10 mm 30 mm)(35 mm)]
= 48.5 103 mm3 = 48.5 106 m3

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PROBLEM 6.13 (Continued)

For all = 60 MPa,

m = all =
60 106 Pa =

Check at neutral axis:

VQ
It

V (48.5 106 m3 )
(4.86 106 m 4 )(0.02 m)

V = 120.3 kN

t = 50 mm = 0.05 m
Q = (50 60)(30) (30 30)(35) = 58.5 103 mm3

VQ (120.3 kN)(58.5 106 m3 )


=
= 29.0 MPa < 60 MPa
It
(4.86 106 m 4 )(0.05m)

OK

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PROBLEM 6.14
For a beam having the cross section shown, determine the largest
allowable vertical shear if the shearing stress is not to exceed 60
MPa.

SOLUTION
Calculate moment of inertia.

1
1
I = 2 (10 mm)(120 mm)3 +
(30 mm)(40 mm)3
12
12
= 2[1.440 106 mm 4 ] + 0.160 106 mm 4
= 3.04 106 mm 4
I = 3.04 106 m 4

Assume that m occurs at point a.


t = 10 mm = 0.01m
Q = (10 mm 40 mm)(40 mm)
= 16 103 mm3 Q = 16 106 m3

For

all = 60 MPa,
60 106 Pa =

m = all =
V (16 106 m3 )
(3.04 106 m 4 )(0.01m)

VQ
It

V = 114.0 kN

Check at neutral axis:


t = 50 mm = 0.05 m
Q = 2[(10 60)(30)] + (30 20)(10) = 42 103 m3 = 42 106 m3

NA =

VQ (114.0 kN)(42 106 m3 )


=
= 31.5 MPa < 60 MPa
It
(3.04 106 m 4 )(0.05 m)

OK

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PROBLEM 6.15
For the beam and loading shown, determine the minimum required
depth h, knowing that for the grade of timber used, all = 1750 psi
and all = 130 psi.

SOLUTION
(750 lb/ft)(16 ft) = 12 103 lb

Total load:
Reaction at A:

RA = 6 103 lb

Vmax = 6 103 lb
1
(8 ft)(6 103 ) = 24 103 lb ft
2

M max =

= 288 103 lb in

Bending: S =

1 2
bh for rectangular section.
6
S =

M max

all

h=

Shear: I =

6S
=
b

288 103
= 164.57 in 3
1750
(6)(164.57)
= 14.05 in.
5

1 3
bh for rectangular section.
12
1
bh
2
1
y = h
4

A=

1 1 1
Q = Ay = (b) h h = bh 2
2 4 8
VQ 3Vmax
max =
=
2bh
Ib

h=

3Vmax
(3)(6 103 )
=
= 13.85 in.
2b max
(2)(5)(130)

The larger value of h is the minimum required depth.

h = 14.05 in.

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PROBLEM 6.16
For the beam and loading shown, determine the minimum
required width b, knowing that for the grade of timber
used, all = 12 MPa and all = 825 kPa.

SOLUTION

M D = 0: 3RA + (2)(2.4) + (1)(4.8) = 0


RA = 3.2 kN

Draw shear and bending moment diagrams.


V

max

= 4.0 kN

Bending: S =

max

all

max

= 4.0 kN m

4.0 103
12 106

= 333.33 106 m3 = 333.33 103 mm3

For a rectangular cross section,


1 3
bh
I 12
1
= bh 2
S = =
1
c
6
h
2
6S
(6)(333.33 103 )
=
= 88.9 mm
h2
1502
1
1
A=
bh, y = h
2
4
1
1
Q = Ay = bh 2 , I =
bh3
8
12
VQ
3V
=
=
It
2bh
b=

bh =

3 V 3 4.0 103
=
2 2 825 103

= 7.2727 103 m 2 = 7.2727 103 mm 2


b=

The required value for b is the larger one.

bh 7.2727 103
=
= 48.5 mm
h
150
b = 88.9 mm

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PROBLEM 6.17
A timber beam AB of length L and rectangular cross section carries a
uniformly distributed load w and is supported as shown. (a) Show that
the ratio m / m of the maximum values of the shearing and normal
stresses in the beam is equal to 2h/L, where h and L are, respectively,
the depth and the length of the beam. (b) Determine the depth h and
the width b of the beam, knowing that L = 5 m, w = 8 kN/m,
m = 1.08 MPa, and m = 12 MPa.

SOLUTION
RA = RB =

From shear diagram,


For rectangular section,

wL
4

(1)

A = bh

(2)

|V |m =

m =
From bending moment diagram,

wL
2

3 Vm
3wL
=
2 A
8bh

(3)

|M |m =

wL2
32

(4)

S =

1 2
bh
6

(5)

|M |m
3wL2
=
S
16 bh2

(6)

For a rectangular cross section,

m =
(a)

Dividing Eq. (3) by Eq. (6),

(b)

Solving for h:
h=

L m
(5)(1.08 106 )
=
= 225 103 m
6
2 m
(2)(12 10 )

m
2h

=
L
m

h = 225 mm

Solving Eq. (3) for b:


b=

3wL
(3)(8 103 )(5)
=
8h m
(8)(225 103 )(1.08 106 )

= 61.7 103 m

b = 61.7 mm

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
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PROBLEM 6.18
A timber beam AB of length L and rectangular cross section carries a
single concentrated load P at its midpoint C. (a) Show that the ratio
m / m of the maximum values of the shearing and normal stresses in
the beam is equal to 2h/L, where h and L are, respectively, the depth and
the length of the beam. (b) Determine the depth h and the width b of the
beam, knowing that L = 2 m, P = 40 kN, m = 960 kPa, and
m = 12 MPa.

SOLUTION
RA = RB = P/2

Reactions:
P
2

(1)

Vmax = RA =

(2)

A = bh for rectangular section.

(3)

m =

(4)

M max =

(5)

S =

(6)

m =

3 Vmax
3P
=
for rectangular section.
2 A
4bh
PL
4

1 2
bh for rectangular section.
6
M max
3PL
=
S
2bh 2

m
h

=
m 2L

(a)

(b)

Solving for h,

h=

(2)(2)(960 103 )
= 320 103 m
6
12 10

h = 320 mm

3P
(3)(40 103 )
=
= 97.7 103 m
4h m
(4)(320 103 )(960 103 )

b = 97.7 mm

2L m

Solving Eq. (3) for b,


b=

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
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PROBLEM 6.19
For the wide-flange beam with the loading shown, determine the
largest load P that can be applied, knowing that the maximum
normal stress is 24 ksi and the largest shearing stress using the
approximation m = V/Aweb is 14.5 ksi.

SOLUTION

M C = 0: 15RA + qP = 0
RA = 0.6 P

Draw shear and bending moment diagrams.


V

= 0.6 P

max

max

= 0.6 PLAB

LAB = 6 ft = 72 in.
S = 258 in 3

For W 24 104 ,

Bending.

S =
P=

max

all

all S
0.6LAB

=
=

0.6 PLAB

all
(24)(258)
= 143.3 kips
(0.6)(72)

Aweb = dtw

Shear.

= (24.1)(0.500)
= 12.05 in 2

=
P=

max

Aweb

Aweb
0.6

0.6 P
Aweb

(14.5)(12.05)
= 291 kips
0.6

The smaller value of P is the allowable value.

P = 143.3 kips

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PROBLEM 6.20
For the wide-flange beam with the loading shown, determine the
largest load P that can be applied, knowing that the maximum
normal stress is 160 MPa and the largest shearing stress using the
approximation m = V/Aweb is 100 MPa.

SOLUTION

M E = 0: 3.6RA + 3.0P + 2.4P + 1.8P = 0


RA = 2 P

Draw shear and bending moment diagrams.


M B = 2PLAB , M C = M D = 3PLAB
V

max

= 2P

max

= 3PLAB

Bending. For W 360 122, S = 2020 103 mm3


= 2020 106 m3

max

all
P=

Shear.

3PLAB

all

all S

3LAB

=S

(160 106 )(2020 103 )


= 179.6 103 N
(3)(0.6)

Aweb = dt w = (363)(13.0)
= 4.719 103 mm 2 = 4.719 103 m 2

=
P=

The smaller value of P is the allowable one.

max

Aweb

Aweb
2

2P
Aweb

(100 106 )(4.719 103 )


= 236 103 N
2
P = 179.6 kN

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
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PROBLEM 6.21
For the beam and loading
shown, consider section n-n
and determine the shearing
stress at (a) point a, (b) point
b.

SOLUTION
|V |max = 90 kN

Draw the shear diagram.


Part

A(mm 2 )

y (mm)

A y (103 mm3 )

Ad 2 (106 mm 4 )

I (106 mm 4 )

3200

90

288

25

2.000

0.1067

1600

40

64

25

1.000

0.8533

1600

40

64

25

1.000

0.8533

6400

4.000

1.8133

d(mm)

416
Ay
416 103
=
= 65 mm
A
6400

Y =

I = Ad 2 + I = (4.000 + 1.8133) 106 mm 4


= 5.8133 106 mm 4 = 5.8133 106 m 4

(a)

A = (80)(20) = 1600 mm 2
y = 25 mm
Qa = Ay = 40 103 mm3 = 40 106 m3

a =

VQa
(90 103 )(40 106 )
=
= 31.0 106 Pa
6
3
It
(5.8133 10 )(20 10 )

a = 31.0 MPa
(b)

A = (30)(20) = 600 mm 2

y = 65 15 = 50 mm

Qb = Ay = 30 10 mm = 30 106 m3
3

b =

VQb
(90 103 )(30 106 )
=
= 23.2 106 Pa
It
(5.8133 106 )(20 103 )

b = 23.2 MPa

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PROBLEM 6.22
For the beam and loading shown, consider
section n-n and determine the shearing stress
at (a) point a, (b) point b.

SOLUTION
RA = RB = 12 kips

Draw shear diagram.


V = 12 kips

Determine section properties.


Part

A(in 2 )

y (in.)

Ay (in 3 )

d(in.)

Ad 2 (in 4 )

I (in 4 )

16

16

5.333

2.667

12

24

8.000

24
Y =

Ay
24
=
= 2 in.
A
12

I = Ad 2 + I = 32 in 4

(a)

A = 1 in 2

y = 3.5 in. Qa = Ay = 3.5 in 3

t = 1 in.

a =
(b)

VQa
(12)(3.5)
=
It
(32)(1)

A = 2 in 2

a = 1.3125 ksi

y = 3 in. Qb = Ay = 6 in 3

t = 1 in.

b =

VQb
(12)(6)
=
It
(32)(1)

b = 2.25 ksi

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PROBLEM 6.23
For the beam and loading
shown,
determine
the
largest shearing stress in
section n-n.

SOLUTION
|V |max = 90 kN

Draw the shear diagram.


Part

A (mm 2 )

Ay (103 mm3 ) d(mm) Ad 2 (106 mm 4 ) I (106 mm 4 )

3200

90

288

25

2.000

0.1067

1600

40

64

25

1.000

0.8533

1600

40

64

25

1.000

0.8533

6400

4.000

1.8133

416

Ay
416 103
=
= 65 mm
A
6400

Y =

I = Ad 2 + I = (4.000 + 1.8133) 106 mm 4


= 5.8133 106 mm 4 = 5.8133 106 m 4

Part

A(mm 2 )

3200

300

7.5

2.25

300

7.5

2.25

y (mm)

25

Ay (103 mm3 )

80

84.5
Q = Ay = 84.5 103 mm3 = 84.5 106 m3
t = (2)(20) = 40 mm = 40 103 m

max =

VQ
(90 103 )(84.5 106 )
=
It
(5.8133 106 )(40 103 )

= 32.7 106 Pa

m = 32.7 MPa

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
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PROBLEM 6.24
For the beam and loading shown, determine
the largest shearing stress in section n-n.

SOLUTION
RA = RB = 12 kips

Draw shear diagram.


V = 12 kips

Determine section properties.


Part

A(in 2 )

y (in.)

Ay (in 3 )

d(in.)

Ad 2 (in 4 )

I (in 4 )

16

16

5.333

2.667

12

24

8.000

24
Y =

Ay
24
=
= 2 in.
A
12

I = Ad 2 + I = 32 in 4
Q = A1 y1 = (4)(2) = 8 in 3
t = 1 in.

max =

VQ (12)(8)
=
It
(32)(1)

max = 3.00 ksi

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
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PROBLEM 6.25
A beam having the cross section shown is subjected to a vertical shear V. Determine (a) the
horizontal line along which the shearing stress is maximum, (b) the constant k in the following
expression for the maximum shearing stress

max = k

V
A

where A is the cross-sectional area of the beam.

SOLUTION
I =

For semicircle,

As =

c4

c2

Q = As y =

(a)

max occurs at center where

(b)

max =

V 2 c3
VQ
4V
4V
= 43
=
=
2
3A
It
c 2c 3 c
4

and

A = c2

y =

c2

4c
3
4c
2
= c3
3
3
t = 2c.
k =

4
= 1.333
3

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PROBLEM 6.26
A beam having the cross section shown is subjected to a vertical shear V. Determine
(a) the horizontal line along which the shearing stress is maximum, (b) the constant k in
the following expression for the maximum shearing stress

max = k

V
A

where A is the cross-sectional area of the beam.

SOLUTION
A=

1
bh
2

I =

1 3
bh
36

For a cut at location y,


A( y) =

1 by
by 2
=
y

2 h
2h

y ( y) =

2
2
h y
3
3

Q( y) = Ay =
t ( y) =

by 2
(h y )
3

by
h

by
VQ V 3 (h y) 12 Vy(h y) 12V
( y) =
=
=
=
(hy y 2 )
3
3
by
3
1
It
bh
bh
( 36 bh ) h

(a)

To find location of maximum of , set

d
= 0.
dy

d
12V
( h 2 ym ) = 0
=
dy
bh3

(b)

2
12V
12V 1 2 1 3V
3V
2
(hym ym ) =
=
=
h h =
3
3
2A
bh
bh 2
2 bh

ym =

1
h, i.e., at mid-height
2
k =

3
= 1.500
2

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PROBLEM 6.27
A beam having the cross section shown is subjected to a vertical shear V. Determine (a) the
horizontal line along which the shearing stress is maximum, (b) the constant k in the
following expression for the maximum shearing stress

max = k

V
A

where A is the cross-sectional area of the beam.

SOLUTION
A = 2 rmtm

For a thin-walled circular section,

J = Arm2 = 2 rm3tm ,

For a semicircular arc,

y =

I =

1
J = rm3tm
2

2rm

As = rmtm
Q = As y = rmtm

(a)

t = 2tm

(b)

max =

2rm

= 2rm2tm

at neutral axis where maximum occurs.


VQ
V (2rm2tm )
V
2V
=
=
=
3
It
A
( rmtm )(2tm ) rmtm

k = 2.00

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PROBLEM 6.28
A beam having the cross section shown is subjected to a vertical shear V. Determine (a) the
horizontal line along which the shearing stress is maximum, (b) the constant k in the
following expression for the maximum shearing stress

max = k

V
A

where A is the cross-sectional area of the beam.

SOLUTION
1
A = 2 bh = bh
2

1
1
I = 2 bh3 = bh3
12
6

For a cut at location y, where y h,


A( y) =

1 by
by 2
y =
2 h
2h

y ( y) = h

2
y
3

Q( y) = Ay =
t ( y) =

( y) =
(a)

by 2 by 3

2
3h

by
h

2
VQ
6
h by 2 by 3
V y
y
=V 3

=
3 2
3h
It
bh h
bh by 2
h

To find location of maximum of , set

d
= 0.
dy

d
V
y
= 2 [3 4 m ] = 0
dy
h
bh

(b)

( ym ) =

2
V 3
V
3 9 V
= 1.125
3 2 =
bh 4
A
4 8 bh

ym
3
1
= , i.e., h from neutral axis.
4
h
4
k = 1.125

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PROBLEM 6.29
The built-up beam shown is made by gluing together five planks. Knowing that
in the glued joints the average allowable shearing stress is 350 kPa, determine
the largest permissible vertical shear in the beam.

SOLUTION

1
(240 mm)(160 mm)3
12
1
(200 mm)(80 mm)3
12

I=

= 73.4 106 mm 4
I = 73.4 106 m 4
t = 40 mm = 0.04 m
Q = (100 mm 40 mm)(60 mm)
= 240 103 mm3
Q = 240 106 m3

For

m = 350 kPa,
m =

VQ
:
Tt

350 10 3 Pa =

V (240 106 m3 )
(73.4 106 m 4 )0.04 m

V = 4.28 kN

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PROBLEM 6.30
For the beam of Prob. 6.29, determine the largest permissible horizontal shear.
PROBLEM 6.29 The built-up beam shown is made by gluing together five
planks. Knowing that in the glued joints the average allowable shearing stress is
350 kPa, determine the largest permissible vertical shear in the beam.

SOLUTION

I =2

1
1
(40)(240)3 + (80)(40)3
12
12

I = 92.6 10+6 mm 4 = 92.6 106 m 4

For

Q = (40 100)70
= 280 103 mm3
Q = (280 106 ) m3

= 350 kPa,
=

VQ
;
It

350 103 Pa =

V (280 106 m3 )
(92.6 106 m 4 )(0.04 m)

V = 4630 N

V = 4.63 kN

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PROBLEM 6.31
Several wooden planks are glued together to form the box beam shown. Knowing
that the beam is subjected to a vertical shear of 3 kN, determine the average
shearing stress in the glued joint (a) at A, (b) at B.

SOLUTION
IA =

1 3
1
(60)(20)3 + (60)(20)(50) 2
bh + Ad 2 =
12
12

= 3.04 106 mm 4

1 3
1
(60)(20)3 = 0.04 106 mm4
bh =
12
12
1 3
1
(20)(120)3 = 2.88 106 mm 4
IC =
bh =
12
12
IB =

I = 2I A + I B + 2 I C = 11.88 106 mm 4 = 11.88 106 m 4


QA = Ay = (60)(20)(50) = 60 103 mm3 = 60 106 m3
t = 20 mm + 20 mm = 40 mm = 40 103 m

(a)

A =

VQA
(3 103 )(60 106 )
=
= 379 103 Pa
It
(11.88 106 )(40 103 )

QB = 0

(b)

B =

VQB
=0
It

A = 379 kPa
B = 0

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PROBLEM 6.32
The built-up timber beam is subjected to a 1500-lb vertical shear. Knowing
that the longitudinal spacing of the nails is s = 2.5 in. and that each nail is
3.5 in. long, determine the shearing force in each nail.

SOLUTION
I1 =

1
(2)(4)3 + (2)(4)(3) 2
12

= 82.6667 in 4

1
(2)(6)3 = 36 in 4
12
I = 2 I1 + 2I 2

I2 =

= 237.333 in 4
Q = A1 y1 = (2)(4)(3) = 24 in 3
q=

VQ (1500)(24)
=
= 151.685 lb/in
237.333
I

2 Fnail = qs

Fnail =

1
1
qs = (151.685)(2.5)
2
2

Fnail = 189.6 lb

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PROBLEM 6.33
The built-up wooden beam shown is subjected to a vertical shear of
8 kN. Knowing that the nails are spaced longitudinally every 60 mm
at A and every 25 mm at B, determine the shearing force in the nails
(a) at A, (b) at B. (Given: I x = 1.504 109 mm 4.)

SOLUTION
I x = 1.504 109 mm 4 = 1504 106 m 4
s A = 60 mm = 0.060 m
sB = 25 mm = 0.025 m

(a)

QA = Q1 = A1 y1 = (50)(100)(150) = 750 103 mm3


= 750 106 m3
FA = q A s A
=

(8 103 )(750 106 )(0.060)


VQ1s A
=
I
1504 106
FA = 239 N

(b)

Q2 = A2 y2 = (300)(50)(175) = 2625 103 mm3


QB = 2Q1 + Q2 = 4125 103 mm3
= 4125 106 m3
FB = qB sB =

VQB sB
(8 103 )(4125 106 )(0.025)
=
I
1504 106

FB = 549 N

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PROBLEM 6.34
Knowing that a vertical shear V of 50 kips is exerted on W14 82 rolled-steel beam,
determine the shearing stress (a) at point a, (b) at the centroid C.

SOLUTION
For W14 82, d = 14.3 in., b f = 10.1 in., t f = 0.855 in., tw = 0.510 in., I = 881 in 4
(a)

Aa = (4.15)(0.855) = 3.5482 in 2
d t f 14.3 0.855

= 6.7225 in.
2
2
2
2

ya =

Qa = Aa ya = 23.853 in 3
ta = t f = 0.855 in.

a =
(b)

VQa (50)(23.853)
=
Ita
(881)(0.855)

a = 1.583 ksi

A1 = b f t f (10.1)(0.855) = 8.6355 in 2
d tf
= 6.7225 in.
2
2
d

A2 = tw t f = (0.510)(6.295) = 3.2105 in 2
2

y1 =

y2 =

1d
1
t f = ( 6.295 ) = 3.1475 in.
2 2
2

QC = A1 y1 + A2 y2 (8.6355)(6.7225) + (3.2105)(3.1475)
= 68.157 in 3
tC = t w = 0.510 in.

C =

VQC (50)(68.157)
=
ItC
(881)(0.510)

C = 7.59 ksi

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PROBLEM 6.35
An extruded aluminum beam has the cross section shown. Knowing that the
vertical shear in the beam is 150 kN, determine the shearing stress at
(a) point a, (b) point b.

SOLUTION
I=

1
1
(80)(80)3 (56)(68)3 = 1.9460 106 mm 4
12
12

= 1.946 106 m 4

(a)

Qa = A1 y1 + 2 A2 y2
= (56)(6)(37) + (2)(12)(40)(20) = 31.632 103 mm3
= 31.632 106 m3
ta = (2)(12) = 24 mm = 0.024 m

a =

VQa (150 103 )(31.632 106 )


=
= 101.6 106 Pa
6
Ita
(1.946 10 )(0.024)

a = 101.6 MPa
(b)

Qb = A1 y1 = (56)(6)(37) = 12.432 103 mm3


= 12.432 106 m3
tb = (2)(6) = 12 mm = 0.012 m

b =

VQb
(150 103 )(12.432 106 )
=
= 79.9 106 Pa
6
Itb
(1.946 10 )(0.012)

b = 79.9 MPa

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PROBLEM 6.36
Knowing that a given vertical shear V causes a maximum shearing
stress of 75 MPa in the hat-shaped extrusion shown, determine the
corresponding shearing stress (a) at point a, (b) at point b.

SOLUTION
Neutral axis lies 30 mm above bottom.

c =

VQc
It

a Qatc
=
c Qcta

a =

VQa
Ita

b =

VQb
Itb

b Qbtc
=
c Qctb

Qc = (6)(30)(15) + (14)(4)(28) = 4260 mm3


tc = 6 mm
Qa = (14)(4)(28) = 1568 mm3
ta = 4 mm
Qb = (14)(4)(28) = 1568 mm3
tb = 4 mm

c = 75 MPa
(a)

a =

Qa tc
1568 6
c =
75
Qc ta
4260 4

(b)

b =

Qb tc
1568 6
c =
75
Qc tb
4260 4

a = 41.4 MPa
b = 41.4 MPa

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
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PROBLEM 6.37
Knowing that a given vertical shear V causes a maximum shearing stress of 75
MPa in an extruded beam having the cross section shown, determine the shearing
stress at the three points indicated.

SOLUTION

VQ
It

is proportional to Q/t.

Qc = (30)(10)(75)

Point c:

= 22.5 103 mm3


tc = 10 mm
Qc /tc = 2250 mm 2
Qb = Qc + (20)(50)(55)

Point b:

= 77.5 103 mm3


tb = 20 mm
Qb /tb = 3875 mm 2
Qa = 2Qb + (120)(30)(15)

Point a:

= 209 103 mm3


ta = 120 mm
Qa /ta = 1741.67 mm 2

m = b = 75 MPa

(Q/t ) m occurs at b.

a
Qa /ta

a
1741.67 mm

=
=

b
Qb /tb

c
Qc /tc

75 MPa
a
=
2
3875 mm
2250 mm 2

a = 33.7 MPa
b = 75.0 MPa
c = 43.5 MPa

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
reproduced, or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
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PROBLEM 6.38
An extruded beam has the cross section shown and a uniform wall thickness
of 0.20 in. Knowing that a given vertical shear V causes a maximum shearing
stress = 9 ksi, determine the shearing stress at the four points indicated.

SOLUTION
Qa = (0.2)(0.5)(0.5 0.25) = 0.125 in 3
Qb = (0.2)(0.5)(0.3 + 0.25) = 0.055 in 3
Qc = Qa + Qb + (1.4)(0.2)(0.9) = 0.432 in 3
Qd = 2Qa + 2Qb + (3.0)(0.2)(0.9) = 0.900 in.3
Qm = Qd + (0.2)(0.8)(0.4) = 0.964 in 3

VQ
It

Since V, I, and t are constant, is proportional to Q.

a
0.125

b
0.055

c
0.432

d
0.900

m
0.964

9
0.964

a = 1.167 ksi; b = 0.513 ksi; c = 4.03 ksi; d = 8.40 ksi

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
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PROBLEM 6.39
Solve Prob. 6.38, assuming that the beam is subjected to a horizontal shear V.
PROBLEM 6.38 An extruded beam has the cross section shown and a
uniform wall thickness of 0.20 in. Knowing that a given vertical shear V causes
a maximum shearing stress = 9 ksi, determine the shearing stress at the four
points indicated.

SOLUTION
Qa = (0.5)(0.2)(1.4) = 0.140 in 3
Qb = (0.5)(0.2)(1.4) = 0.140 in 3
Qc = Qa + Qb + (0.2)(1.4)(0.8) = 0.504 in 3
Qd = 0
Qm = Qc = 0.504 in 3

VQ
Since V, I, and t are constant, is proportional to Q.
It

a
0.140

b
0.140

c
0.504

d
0

m
Qm

9
0.504

a = 2.50 ksi; b = 2.50 ksi, c = 9.00 ksi, d = 0

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
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PROBLEM 6.40
Knowing that a given vertical shear V causes a maximum shearing stress of
50 MPa in a thin-walled member having the cross section shown, determine
the corresponding shearing stress (a) at point a, (b) at point b, (c) at point c.

SOLUTION
Qa = (12)(30)(25 + 10 + 15) = 18 103 mm3
Qb = (40)(10)(25 + 5) = 12 103 mm3
Qc = Qa + 2Qb + (12)(10)(25 + 5) = 45.6 103 mm3
25
Qm = Qc + (12)(25) = 49.35 103 mm3
2
ta = tc = tm = 12 mm
tb = 10 mm

m = 50 MPa
(a)

a Qa tm
18
12
=

= 0.3647
m Qm ta
49.35 12

a = 18.23 MPa

(b)

b Qb tm
12
12
=

= 0.2918
m Qm tb
49.35 10

b = 14.59 MPa

(c)

c
Q t
45.6 12
= c m =

= 0.9240
m Qm tc
49.35 12

c = 46.2 MPa

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
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PROBLEM 6.41
The extruded aluminum beam has a uniform wall thickness of 18 in. Knowing
that the vertical shear in the beam is 2 kips, determine the corresponding shearing
stress at each of the five points indicated.

SOLUTION
I=

1
1
(2.50)(2.50)3
(2.125)(2.25)3 = 1.2382 in 4
12
12

t = 0.125 in. at all sections.


V = 2 kips
Qa = 0

a =

VQa
It

a = 0

1.25
3
Qb = (0.125)(1.25)
= 0.09766 in
2

b =

VQb
(2)(0.09766)
=
It
(1.2382)(0.125)

b = 1.26 ksi

Qc = Qb + (1.0625)(0.125)(1.1875) = 0.25537 in.2

c =

VQc
(2)(0.25537)
=

It
(1.2382)(0.125)

c = 3.30 ksi

Qd = 2Qc + (0.125) 2 (1.1875) = 0.52929

d =

VQd
(2)(0.52929)
=
It
(1.2382)(0.125)

d = 6.84 ksi

1.125
Qe = Qd + (0.125)(1.125)
= 0.60839
2

e =

VQ
(2)(0.60839)
=
It
(1.2382)(0.125)

e = 7.86 ksi

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
reproduced, or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
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PROBLEM 6.42
The extruded aluminum beam has a uniform wall thickness of 18 in. Knowing
that the vertical shear in the beam is 2 kips, determine the corresponding shearing
stress at each of the five points indicated.

SOLUTION
I=

1
1
(2.50)(2.50)3 (2.125)(2.25)3 = 1.2382 in 4
12
2

Add symmetric points c, b, and a.


Qe = 0
1.125
3
Qd = (0.125)(1.125)
= 0.07910 in
2

td = 0.125 in.

Qc = Qe = (0.125)2 (1.1875) = 0.09765 in 4

tc = 0.25 in.

Qb = Qc + (2)(1.0625)(0.125)(1.1875) = 0.41308 in 3

tb = 0.25 in.

1.25
Qa = Qb + (2)(0.125)(1.25)
= 0.60839 in 3

ta = 0.25 in.

a =

VQa
(2)(0.60839)
=
Ita
(1.2382)(0.25)

a = 3.93 ksi

b =

VQb
(2)(0.41308)
=
Itb
(1.2382)(0.25)

b = 2.67 ksi

c =

VQc
(2)(0.09765)
=
Itc
(1.2382)(0.25)

c = 0.63 ksi

d =

VQd
(2)(0.07910)
=
Itd
(1.2382)(0.25)

d = 1.02 ksi

e =

VQe
Ite

e = 0

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
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PROBLEM 6.43
Three 1 18-in. steel plates are bolted to four L6 6 1 angles to form a beam
with the cross section shown. The bolts have a 78 -in. diameter and are spaced
longitudinally every 5 in. Knowing that the allowable average shearing stress in
the bolts is 12 ksi, determine the largest permissible vertical shear in the beam.
(Given: I x = 6123 in 4 )

SOLUTION
Flange:

Web:
Angle:

If =

1
(18)(1)3 + (18)(1)(9.5) 2 = 1626 in 4
12

Iw =

1
(1)(18)3 = 486 in 4
12

I = 35.5 in 4 ,
y = 1.86 in.

A = 11.0 in 2
d = 9 1.86 = 7.14 in.

I a = I + Ad = 596.18 in 4
I = 2I f + I w + 4I a = 6123 in 4 , which agrees with the given value.

Flange:

Q f = (18)(1)(9.5) = 171 in 3

Angle:

Qa = Ad = (11.0)(7.14) = 78.54 in 3
Q = Q f + 2Qa = 328.08 in 3

Abolt =

2
= 0.60132 in
48

Fbolt = 2 bolt Abolt = (2)(12)(0.60132) = 14.4317 kips


qall =
q =

Fbolt 14.4317
=
= 2.8863 kip/s
s
5

VQ
I

Vall =

qall I
(2.8863)(6123)
=
Q
328.08

Vall = 53.9 kips

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
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PROBLEM 6.44
Three planks are connected as shown by bolts of 14-mm diameter
spaced every 150 mm along the longitudinal axis of the beam. For a
vertical shear of 10 kN, determine the average shearing stress in the
bolts.

SOLUTION
Locate neutral axis and compute moment of inertia.
Part

A(mm 2 )

y (mm)

12500

200

25000

12500

50000

Ay (mm3 )

d (mm)

Ad 2 (mm 4 )

I (mm 4 )

2.5 106

37.5

17.5781 106

10.4167 106

125

3.125 106

37.5

35.156 106

130.208 106

200

2.5 106

37.5

17.5781 106

10.4167 106

70.312 106

151.04 106

8.125 106
Y =

Ay
8.125 106
=
= 162.5 mm
A
50 103

I = Ad 2 + I = 221.35 106 mm 4
= 221.35 106 m 4
Q = A1 y1 = (12500)(37.5) = 468.75 103 mm3
= 468.75 106 m3
q =

VQ
(10 103 )(468.75 106 )
=
I
221.35 106

= 21.177 103 N/m


Fbolt = qs = (21.177 103 )(150 103 ) = 3.1765 103 N
Abolt =

bolt =

(14) 2 = 153.938 mm 2 = 153.938 106 m 2

Fbolt
3.1765 103
=
= 20.6 106 Pa
Abolt 153.938 106

bolt = 20.6 MPa

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
reproduced, or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
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PROBLEM 6.45
A beam consists of three planks connected as shown by steel bolts with a
longitudinal spacing of 225 mm. Knowing that the shear in the beam is
vertical and equal to 6 kN and that the allowable average shearing stress in
each bolt is 60 MPa, determine the smallest permissible bolt diameter that
can be used.

SOLUTION
Part

A(mm 2 )

y (mm)

Ay 2 (106mm 4 )

I (106 mm 4 )

7500

50

18.75

14.06

7500

50

18.75

14.06

15,000

50

37.50

28.12

75.00

56.25

I = Ay 2 + I = 131.25 106 mm 4 = 131.25 106 m 4


Q = A1 y1 = (7500)(50) = 375 103 mm3
= 375 106 m3
Fbolt = bolt Abolt = qs =
Abolt =

VQs
I

VQs
(6 103 )(375 106 )(0.225)
=
= 64.286 106 m 2
bolt I
(6 106 )(131.25 106 )
= 64.286 mm 2

d bolt =

4 Abolt

(4)(64.286)

d bolt = 9.05 mm

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
reproduced, or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
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PROBLEM 6.46
A beam consists of five planks of 1.5 6-in. cross section connected by steel
bolts with a longitudinal spacing of 9 in. Knowing that the shear in the beam is
vertical and equal to 2000 lb and that the allowable average shearing stress in
each bolt is 7500 psi, determine the smallest permissible bolt diameter that can be
used.

SOLUTION
Part

A(in 2 )

y0 (in.)

Ay0 (in 3 )

y (in.)

Ay 2 (in 4 )

I (in 4 )

45

0.8

5.76

27

36

0.2

0.36

27

27

1.2

12.96

27

36

0.2

0.36

27

45

0.8

5.76

27

45

25.20

135

189
Y0 =

Ay 189
=
= 4.2 in.
A
45

I = Ad 2 + I = 160.2 in 4

Between and :

Q12 = Q1 = Ay1 = (9)(0.8) = 7.2 in 3

Between and :

Q23 = Q1 + Ay2 = 7.2 + (9)(0.2) = 5.4 in 3


q =

VQ
I

Maximum q is based on Q12 = 7.2 in 3.


(2000)(7.2)
= 89.888 lb/in
160.2
= qs = (89.888)(9) = 809 lb

q=
Fbolt

bolt =
Abolt =

Fbolt
Abolt

2
d bolt

Abolt =
d bolt =

Fbolt

bolt

4 Abolt

809
= 0.1079 in 2
7500
=

(4)(0.1079)

d bolt = 0.371 in.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
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PROBLEM 6.47
A plate of 14 -in. thickness is corrugated as shown and then used as a
beam. For a vertical shear of 1.2 kips, determine (a) the maximum
shearing stress in the section, (b) the shearing stress at point B. Also,
sketch the shear flow in the cross section.

SOLUTION
LBD =

(1.2)2 + (1.6)2 = 2.0 in. ABD = (0.25)(2.0) = 0.5 in 2

Locate neutral axis and compute moment of inertia.


Part

A(in 2 )

d (in.)

Ad 2 (in 4 )

I (in 4 )

AB

0.5

0.4

0.080

neglect

BD

0.5

0.8

0.4

0.4

0.080

*0.1067

DE

0.5

0.8

0.4

0.4

0.080

*0.1067

EF

0.5

0.4

0.080

neglect

2.0

0.320

0.2133

y (in.)

Ay (in 3 )

0.8

1
1
ABD h 2 =
(0.5)(1.6)2 = 0.1067 in 4
12
12

Y =

Ay
0.8
=
= 0.4 in.
A
2.0

I = Ad 2 + I = 0.5333 in 4

(a)

Qm = QAB + QBC
QAB = (2)(0.25)(0.4) = 0.2 in 3
QBC = (0.5)(0.25)(0.2) = 0.025 in 3
Qm = 0.225 in 3

m =
(b)

VQm
(1.2)(0.225)
=
It
(0.5333)(0.25)

m = 2.03 ksi

QB = QAB = 0.2 in 3

B =

VQB
(1.2)(0.2)
=
It
(0.5333)(0.25)

B = 1.800 ksi

D = 0

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
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PROBLEM 6.48
A plate of 4-mm thickness is bent as shown and then used as a beam. For a
vertical shear of 12 kN, determine (a) the shearing stress at point A, (b) the
maximum shearing stress in the beam. Also, sketch the shear flow in the cross
section.

SOLUTION
tan =

20
48

= 22.62

As = (4 sec )(48) = 208 mm 2

Slanted side:

Is =

1
(4 sec )(48)3 = 39.936 103 mm 4
12

Top:

IT =

1
(50)(4)3 + (50)(4)(24)2 = 115.46 103 mm 4
12

Bottom:

I B = IT = 115.46 103 mm 4
I = 2I s + IT + I B = 310.8 103 mm 4 = 310.8 109 m 4

(a)

QA = (25)(4)(24) = 2.4 103 mm3 = 2.4 106 m3


t = 4 mm = 4 103 m

A =
(b)

VQA
(12 103 )(2.4 106 )
=
= 23.2 106 Pa
It
(310.8 109 )(4 103 )

A = 23.2 MPa

Maximum shearing occurs at point M, 24 mm above the bottom


QM = QA + (4 sec )(24)(12) = 2.4 103 + 1.248 103 = 3.648 103 mm3
= 3.648 106 m3

M =

VQM
(12 103 )(3.648 106 )
=
= 35.2 106 Pa
It
(310.8 109 )(4 103 )

QB = QA

M = 35.2 MPa

B = A = 23.2 MPa

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
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PROBLEM 6.49
A plate of 2-mm thickness is bent as shown and then used as a beam. For a vertical
shear of 5 kN, determine the shearing stress at the five points indicated and sketch the
shear flow in the cross section.

SOLUTION
1
1
1

I = 2 (2)(48)3 + (2)(52)3 + (20)(2)3 + (20)(2)(25) 2


12
12
12

= 133.75 103 mm 4 = 133.75 109 mm 4


Qa = (2)(24)(12) = 576 mm3 = 576 109 mm3
Qa = 0
Qc = Qb (12)(2)(25) = 600 mm3 = 600 109 m3
Qd = Qc (2)(24)(12) = 1.176 103 mm3 = 1.176 106 m3
Qe = Qd + (2)(26)(13) = 600 mm3 = 500 109 m3

a =

VQa
(5 103 )(576 109 )
=
= 10.77 106 Pa
It
(133.75 109 )(2 103 )

b =

VQb
It

c =

VQc
(5 103 )(600 109 )
=
= 11.21 106 Pa
It
(133.75 109 )(2 103 )

c = 11.21 MPa

d =

VQd
(5 103 )(1.176 106 )
=
= 22.0 106 Pa
It
(133.75 109 )(2 103 )

d = 22.0 MPa

e =

VQe
(5 103 )(500 109 )
=
= 9.35 106 Pa
It
(133.75 109 )(2 103 )

e = 9.35 MPa

a = 10.76 MPa
b = 0

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
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PROBLEM 6.50
A plate of thickness t is bent as shown and then used as a beam. For a
vertical shear of 600 lb, determine (a) the thickness t for which the
maximum shearing stress is 300 psi, (b) the corresponding shearing
stress at point E. Also, sketch the shear flow in the cross section.

SOLUTION
LBD = LEF =

4.82 + 22 = 5.2 in.

Neutral axis lies at 2.4 in. above AB.


Calculate I.
I AB = (3t )(2.4)2 = 17.28t
I BD =

1
(5.2t )(4.8)2 = 9.984t
12

I DE = (6t )(2.4) 2 = 34.56t


I EF = I DB = 9.984t
I FG = I AB = 17.28t
I = I = 89.09t

(a)

At point C,

QC = QAB + QBC = (3t )(2.4) + (2.6t )(1.2) = 10.32t

(b)

VQC
It

t =

VQ
(600)(10.32t )
=
= 0.23168 in.
I
(300)(89.09t )

t = 0.232 in.

I = (89.09)(0.23168) = 20.64 in 4
QE = QEF + QFG
= 0 + (3)(0.23168)(2.4) = 1.668 in 3

E =

VQE
(600)(1.668)
=
It
(20.64)(0.23168)

E = 209 psi

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
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PROBLEM 6.51
The design of a beam calls for connecting two vertical rectangular 83 4 -in. plates
by welding them to horizontal 12 2 -in. plates as shown. For a vertical shear V,
determine the dimension a for which the shear flow through the welded surface is
maximum.

SOLUTION
3

1 3
1 1
1
I = (2) (4)3 + (2) (2) + (2)(2) a 2
12 8
12 2
2

= 4.041667 + 2a 2 in 4
1
Q = (2) a = a in 3
2
VQ
Va
=
q=
I
4.041667 + 2a 2

Set

dq
= 0.
da

dq (4.041667 + 2a 2 ) (a)(4a)
=
V = 0
da
(4.041667 + 2a 2 ) 2

2a 2 = 4.041667
a = 1.422 in.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
reproduced, or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
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without permission.

PROBLEM 6.52
An extruded beam has a uniform wall thickness t. Denoting by V the vertical
shear and by A the cross-sectional area of the beam, express the maximum
shearing stress as max = k (V/A) and determine the constant k for each of the
two orientations shown.

SOLUTION

(a)

3
a
2
A1 = A2 = at
h=

(b)

3 3
at
4
1
1 3
1
I 2 = A2 h2 = at a 2 = a3t
3
3 4
4
5 3
I = 2 I1 + 4 I 2 = a t
2
I1 = A1h2 = ath 2 =

A2 =

1
a h
ath 2 + at +
12
2 2
1 3
9
7
a t + a 3t = a 3t
=
48
16
12
=

3 2
a t
2
3 2
h
Q2 = A2 =
a t
2
4
Qm = Q1 + 2Q2 = 3a 2 t

=
k=

1 a
1 3
I2 = t =
at
3 2
24
5
I = 4 I1 + 4 I 2 = a3t
2
a h 3 2
Q1 = at + = a t
2 2 4

3V
VQ
V 3a 2t
=
=
3
5
5 at
I (2t )
a t 2t
2

6 3 V
6 3V
V
=
=k
5 6at
5 A
A
6 3
5

1
at
2

I1 = I1 + A1d 2

Q1 = A1h =

m =

a
2
A1 = at
h=

k = 2.08

1 a 1
Q2 = at = a 2 t
2 4 8
7
Q = 2Q1 + 2Q2 = a 3t
4
V 74 a3t
VQ
m =
=
5 3
I (2t )
a t (2t )
2

7 V 42 V
21 V
=
=
20 at 20 6at 10 A

=k

V
A

k=

21
= 2.10
10

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PROBLEM 6.53
An extruded beam has a uniform wall thickness t. Denoting by V the vertical shear
and by A the cross-sectional area of the beam, express the maximum shearing
stress as max = k (V/A) and determine the constant k for each of the two
orientations shown.

SOLUTION

(a)

1
a
I1 = ( at ) = a 3t
2
4

(b)

1 a
1 3
I2 = t =
at
3 2
24
2
I = 2 I1 + 4 I 2 = a3t
3
a 1
Q1 = ( at ) = a 2 t
2 2

1
1 2
A1h 2 = at
a
3
3 2
1
= a 3t
6
2
I = 4 I1 = a3t
3

h 1
Q1 = at =
2 a 2t
2
4

1
2a 2t
Q = 2Q1 =
2

V 34 a 2 t
VQ
=
2 3
I (2t )
a t (2t )
3

1
2a
2
2

I1 =

1 a 1
Q2 = at = a 2 t
2 4 8
3
Q = Q1 + 2Q2 = a 2 t
4

max =

h=

9 V 9 V
9V
=
=
=
16 at 4 4at 4 A
V
=k
A

max

3 2
8
3 2
=
2
=

k=

9
= 2.25
4

V 12 2 a 2 t
VQ
=
=
2 3
I (2t )
a t (2t )
3

V 3 2 V
=
at
2 4at
V
V
=k
A
A

k=

3 2
= 2.12
2

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PROBLEM 6.54
(a) Determine the shearing stress at point P of a thin-walled pipe of the cross section
shown caused by a vertical shear V. (b) Show that the maximum shearing stress occurs for
= 90 and is equal to 2V/A, where A is the cross-sectional area of the pipe.

SOLUTION
A = 2 rm t

J = Arm2 = 2 rm3 t

sin

for a circular arc.

r=

I=

1
J = rm3t
2

AP = 2r t
QP = AP r = 2rt sin

(a)

P =

(b)

m =

VQP (V )(2rt sin )


=
I (2t )
rm3t (2t )

2V sin 2
2 rm t

P =

V sin

rm t

m =

2V

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PROBLEM 6.55
For a beam made of two or more materials with different moduli of elasticity, show that Eq. (6.6)

ave =

VQ
It

remains valid provided that both Q and I are computed by using the transformed section of the beam
(see Sec. 4.6), and provided further that t is the actual width of the beam where ave is computed.

SOLUTION
Let Eref be a reference modulus of elasticity.
n1 =

E1
E
, n2 = 2 , etc.
Eref
Eref

Widths b of actual section are multiplied by ns to obtain the transformed section. The bending stress
distribution in the cross section is given by

x =

nMy
I

where I is the moment of inertia of the transformed cross section and y is measured from the centroid of the
transformed section.
The horizontal shearing force over length x is

H = ( x ) dA =

n(M ) y
(M )
Q ( M )
dA =
ny dA =
I
I
I

Q = ny dA = first moment of transformed section.

Shear flow:

q=

H M Q VQ
=
=
x
x I
I

q is distributed over actual width t, thus

q
= .
t
VQ
=
It

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PROBLEM 6.56
A steel bar and an aluminum bar are bonded together as shown to form a
composite beam. Knowing that the vertical shear in the beam is 4 kips and that
the modulus of elasticity is 29 106 psi for the steel and 10.6 106 psi for the
aluminum, determine (a) the average stress at the bonded surface, (b) the
maximum shearing stress in the beam. (Hint: Use the method indicated in Prob.
6.55.)

SOLUTION
n = 1 in aluminum.
n=

29 106 psi
= 2.7358 in steel.
10.6 106 psi

Part

nA (in 2 )

y (in.)

nA y (in 3 )

d (in.)

nAd 2 (in 2 )

nI (in 4 )

Steel

8.2074

2.0

16.4148

0.2318

0.4410

2.7358

Alum.

1.5

0.5

0.75

1.2682

2.4125

0.1250

9.7074

2.8535

2.8608

17.1648
nA y 17.1648
=
= 1.7682 in.
A
9.7074
I = nAd 2 + nI = 5.7143 in 4

Y =

(a)

At the bonded surface,

Q = (1.5)(1.2682) = 1.9023 in 3

=
(b)

At the neutral axis,

VQ
(4)(1.9023)
=
It
(5.7143)(1.5)

= 0.888 ksi

1.2318
Q = (2.7358)(1.5)(1.2318)
= 3.1133 in 3

max =

VQ
(4)(3.1133)
=
It
(5.7143)(1.5)

max = 1.453 ksi

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PROBLEM 6.57
A steel bar and an aluminum bar are bonded together as shown to form a
composite beam. Knowing that the vertical shear in the beam is 4 kips and that
the modulus of elasticity is 29 106 psi for the steel and 10.6 106 psi for the
aluminum, determine (a) the average stress at the bonded surface, (b) the
maximum shearing stress in the beam. (Hint: Use the method indicated in
Prob. 6.55.)

SOLUTION
n = 1 in aluminum.
n=

29 106 psi
= 2.7358 in steel.
10.6 106 psi

Part

nA (in 2 )

Alum.

3.0

2.0

Steel

4.1038

0.5

7.1038

nA y (in 3 )

y (in.)

d (in.)

nAd 2 (in 2 )

6.0

0.8665

2.2525

1.0

2.0519

0.6335

1.6469

0.3420

3.8994

1.3420

8.0519

Y =

nI (in 4 )

nA y
8.0519
=
= 1.1335 in.
nA
7.1038

I = nAd 2 + nI = 5.2414 in 4

(a)

At the bonded surface,

Q = (1.5)(2)(0.8665) = 2.5995 in 3

=
(b)

At the neutral axis,

VQ
(4)(2.5995)
=
It
(5.2414)(1.5)

= 1.323 ksi

1.8665
3
Q = (1.5)(1.8665)
= 2.6129 in
2

max =

VQ
(4)(2.6129)
=
It
(5.2814)(1.5)

max = 1.329 ksi

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PROBLEM 6.58
A composite beam is made by attaching the timber and steel portions shown with
bolts of 12-mm diameter spaced longitudinally every 200 mm. The modulus of
elasticity is 10 GPa for the wood and 200 GPa for the steel. For a vertical shear of
4 kN, determine (a) the average shearing stress in the bolts, (b) the shearing stress at
the center of the cross section. (Hint: Use the method indicated in Prob. 6.55.)

SOLUTION
Eref = Es = 200 GPa

Let

ns = 1

nw =

Ew 10 GPa
1
=
=
Es 200 GPa 20

Widths of transformed section:


1
bw = (150) = 7.5 mm
20
1
1
I = 2 (150)(12)3 + (150)(12)(125 + 6) 2 + (7.5)(250)3
12
12

bs = 150 mm

= 2[0.0216 106 + 30.890 106 ] + 9.766 106


= 71.589 106 mm 4 = 71.589 106 m 4

(a)

Q1 = (150)(12)(125 + 6) = 235.8 103 mm3 = 235.8 106 m3


VQ1 (4 103 )(235.8 106 )
=
= 13.175 103 N/m
6
I
71.589 10
= qs = (23.187 103 )(200 103 ) = 2.635 103 N

q=
Fbolt

Abolt =

bolt =
(b)


2
d bolt
= (12)2 = 113.1 mm 2 = 113.1 106 m 2
4

Fbolt 2.635 103


=
= 23.3 106 Pa
6
Abolt 113.1 10

bolt = 23.3 MPa

Q2 = Q1 + (7.5)(125)(62.5) = 235.8 103 + 58.594 103 = 294.4 103 mm3 = 294.4 106 m3
t = 150 mm = 150 103 m

c =

VQ2
(4 103 )(294.4 106 )
=
= 109.7 103 Pa
It
(71.589 106 )(150 103 )

c = 109.7 kPa

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PROBLEM 6.59
A composite beam is made by attaching the timber and steel portions shown with
bolts of 12-mm diameter spaced longitudinally every 200 mm. The modulus of
elasticity is 10 GPa for the wood and 200 GPa for the steel. For a vertical shear of
4 kN, determine (a) the average shearing stress in the bolts, (b) the shearing stress
at the center of the cross section. (Hint: Use the method indicated in Prob. 6.55.)

SOLUTION
Let steel be the reference material.
ns = 1.0

nw =

Ew
10 GPa
=
= 0.05
200 GPa
Es

Depth of section:

d = 90 + 84 + 90 = 264 mm

For steel portion:

Is = 2

For the wooden portion:

Iw =

For the transformed section:

1
1
bd 3 = (2) (6)(264)3 = 18.400 106 mm 4
12
12

1
1
(140)(2643 843 ) = 207.75 106 mm 4
b d13 d 23 =
12
12

I = ns I s + nw I w

I = (1.0)(18.400 106 ) + (0.05)(207.75 106 ) = 28.787 106 mm 4 = 28.787 106 m 4

(a)

Shearing stress in the bolts.

For the upper wooden portion

Qw = (90)(140)(42 + 45) = 1.0962 106 mm3

For the transformed wooden portion


Q = nwQw = (0.05)(1.0962 106 ) = 54.81 103 mm3 = 54.81 106 m3

Shear flow on upper wooden portion.


q =

VQ
(4000)(54.81 106 )
=
= 7616 N/m
I
28.787 106

Fbolt = qs = (7616)(0.200) = 1523.2 N


Abolt =

Double shear:

2
d bolt
=

bolt =

(12)2 = 113.1 mm 2 = 113.1 106 m 2

Fbolt
1523.2
=
2 Abolt
(2)(113.1 106 )

= 6.73 106 Pa

bolt = 6.73 MPa

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PROBLEM 6.59 (Continued)

(b)

Shearing stress at the center of the cross section.

For two steel plates

Qs = (2)(6)(90 + 42)(90 42) = 76.032 103 mm3 = 76.032 106 m3

For the neutral axis

Q = 54.81 106 + 76.032 106 = 130.842 106 m3

Shear flow across the neutral axis


q =

VQ
(4000)(130.842 106 )
=
= 18.181 103 N/m
6
I
28.787 10

Double thickness

2t = 12 mm = 0.012 m

Shearing stress

q
18.181 103
=
= 1.515 106 Pa
2t
0.012

= 1.515 MPa

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PROBLEM 6.60
Consider the cantilever beam AB discussed in Sec. 6.8 and the
portion ACKJ of the beam that is located to the left of the transverse
section CC and above the horizontal plane JK, where K is a point at
a distance y < yY above the neutral axis. (See Figure). (a) Recalling
that x = Y between C and E and x = ( Y /yY ) y between E and K,
show that the magnitude of the horizontal shearing force H exerted
on the lower face of the portion of beam ACKJ is
H=

1
y2
b Y 2c yY

yY
2

(b) Observing that the shearing stress at K is


H
1 H 1 H
= lim
=
A 0 A
x 0 b x
b x

xy = lim

and recalling that yY is a function of x defined by Eq. (6.14), derive


Eq. (6.15).

SOLUTION
Point K is located a distance y above the neutral axis.
The stress distribution is given by

= Y

y
yY

for 0 y < yY

and = Y

for

yY y c.

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PROBLEM 6.60 (Continued)

For equilibrium of horizontal forces acting on ACKJ,

H = dA =

yY
y

Y yb
dy +
yY

c
yY

Y bdy

+ y b(c yY )

1
y2
H = b Y 2c yY

yY
2

Y b yY2 y 2

yY
2

(a)

Note that yY is a function of x.


yY
y 2 dyY
+

x
yY 2 dx

1
y 2 dyY
= Y 1

yY 2 dx
2

xy =

But

Differentiating,

1H 1
= Y
b x 2

M = Px =

1 yY2
3
M y 1
3 c 2
2

dM
3
2 yY dyY
= P = MY

2
dx
2
3 c dx
dyY
Pc 2
Pc 2
3 P
=
=
=
2
2
2 Y byY
dx
yY M Y
yY 3 Y bc

Then

1
2

xy = Y 1

y2
yY 2

3 P
3P
=

2 Y b Y 4byY

y2
1

yY 2

(b)

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PROBLEM 6.61
Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of uniform
thickness having the cross section shown.

SOLUTION
2

1 3
7
3a
ta + (ta) = ta3
12
3
2
1
= I EF = (2at ) a 2 + (2a) t 3 2a3t
12
1
2
28
I = I = ta3
= t (2a )3 = ta 3
12
3
3

I AB = I FG =
I DB
I DE

Part AB:

A = t (2a y );
Q = Ay =

y=

2a + y
3

1
t (2a y ) (2a + y )
2

1
t (4a 2 y 2 )
2
VQ V
(4a 2 y 2 )
=
=
2I
It

V
(4a 2 y 2 ) tdy
a 2I
Vt 2
y 3 2 a Vta3
(2)3
1
=
(4)(1) +
4a y =
(4)(2)
2I
3 a
2I
3
3

F1 = dA =

2a

5 Vta 3
5
= V
6 I
56

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PROBLEM 6.61 (Continued)

Part DB:

3a
+ txa
2
3a

= ta + x
2

Q = (ta )

VQ Va 3a

=
+ x
It
I 2

F2 = dA =
=

Vta 3ax x 2
+

I 2
2

=5
MH =

Vta
3a

+ x tdx =
I 2
I

2 a Va

2a

=
0

2 a 3a

+ x dx

Vta3 (3) (2) (2) 2


+

I 2
2

Vta
15
= V
I
28
M H:

Ve = F2 (2a ) 2 F1 (2a)
=

30
20
5
Va Va = Va
28
56
7

e=

5
a = 0.714a
7

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PROBLEM 6.62
Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of uniform
thickness having the cross section shown.

SOLUTION
2

1
9
3a
I AB = I HJ = at + at 3 ta3
2
12
4

2

1
1
a
I DE = I FG = at + at 3 ta 2
4
2 12
1
9
I AH = t (3a)3 = ta 3
12
4
29 3
I = I =
ta
4

Part AB:

3a
3
Q = atx
2
2
3
V
atx

VQ
6Vx
2
=
=
=
3
29
It
ta t
29a 2 t
4

A = tx

y=

F1 = dA =

Part DE:

6Vx
6V
tdx =
2
29a t
29a 2

x dx =

3
V
29

xdx =

1
V
29

a
1
Q = atx
2
2
1
VQ V 2 atx
2Vx
=
=
=
3
29
It
ta t
29 a 2t
4
A = tx

y=

F2 = dA =
M K =

a
0

2Vx
2V
t dx =
2
29a t
29a 2

a
0

M K : Ve = F1 (3a ) + F2 (a)
=

9
1
10
Va + Va = Va
29
29
29
e=

10
a
29

e = 0.345a

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PROBLEM 6.63
An extruded beam has the cross section shown. Determine
(a) the location of the shear center O, (b) the distribution of the shearing stresses
caused by the vertical shearing force V shown applied at O.

SOLUTION
2
1
192 1
3
I = 2 (72) (12)3 + (72) (12)
+ (6) (192)
2 12
12

= 19.4849 106 mm 4 = 19.4849 106 m 4

Part AB:

192
Q = A y = (12 x)
= 1152 x
2
VQ 1152Vx
=
q=
I
I

A = 12 x

x = 0 at point A. x = l AB = 72 mm at point B.
1152V (72)2
x
72 1152Vx
F1 = xAB qdx = 0
dx =
I
I
2
2
(576) (72)
V = 0.153246V
=
19.4849 106
MC =

(a)

e = 29.423 mm

(b)

Point A: x = 0

M C: Ve = (0.153246V ) (192)
e = 29.4 mm

Q = 0,

A = 0

q=0
x = 72 mm

Point B in part AB:

Q = (1152) (72) = 82.944 103 mm3 82.944 106 m3


t = 12 mm = 0.012 m

B =

VQ (110 103 )(82.944 106 )


=
It
(19.4849 106 )(0.012)

= 39.0 106 Pa

B = 39.0 MPa in AB

PROBLEM 6.63 (Continued)


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Part BD:
y = 96 mm Q = 82.944 103 mm3 = 82.944 106 m3
t = 6 mm = 0.006 m

Point B:

B =

VQ (110 103 ) (82.944 106 )


=
It
(19.4849 106 ) (0.006)

= 78.0 106 Pa

Point C:

B = 78.0 MPa in BD

y = 0, t = 6 mm = 0.006 m
96
Q = 82.944 103 + (6) (96) = 110.592 103 mm3 = 110.592 106 m3
2

VQ (110.103 ) (110.592 106 )


=
= 104.1 106 Pa
6
It
(19.4849 10 ) (0.006)

C = 104.1 MPa

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PROBLEM 6.64
An extruded beam has the cross section shown. Determine (a) the location of the
shear center O, (b) the distribution of the shearing stresses caused by the vertical
shearing force V shown applied at O.

SOLUTION
2
1
192 1
3
3
I = 2 (72) (6) + (72) (6)
+ (12) (192)
2 12
12

= 15.0431 106 mm 4 = 15.0431 106 m 4

Part AB:

192
Q = Ay = (6 x)
= 576 x
2
VQ 576Vx
=
q=
I
I

A = 6x

x = 0 at point A. x = l AB = 72 mm at point B.
F1 =
=
MC =

(a)

e = 19.0555 mm

(b)

Point A: x = 0

xB
xA

qdx =

72
0

576Vx
576V (72)2
dx =
I
I
2

(288) (72)
V = 0.099247 V
15.0431 106
M C : Ve = (0.099247 ) V (192)
e = 19.06 mm

Q = 0,

A = 0

q=0
x = 72 mm

Point B in part AB:

Q = (576) (72) = 41.472 103 mm3 = 41.472 106 m3


t = 6 mm = 0.006 m

B =

VQ (110 103 )(41.472 106 )


=
It
(15.0431 106 )(0.006)

= 50.5 106 Pa

B = 50.5 MPa

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PROBLEM 6.64 (Continued)

Part BD:
Point B:

y = 96 mm Q = 41.472 103 mm3 = 41.472 106 m3


t = 12 mm = 0.012 m

B =

VQ (110 103 ) (41.472 106 )


=
It
(15.0431 106 ) (0.012)

= 25.271 106 Pa

Point C:

B = 25.3 MPa

y = 0, t = 0.012 m
96
Q = 41.472 103 + (12) (96) = 96.768 103 mm3 = 96.768 106 m3
2

VQ (110 103 ) (96.768 106 )


=
= 58.967 106 Pa
6
It
(15.0431 10 ) (0.012)

C = 59.0 MPa

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
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PROBLEM 6.65
An extruded beam has the cross section shown. Determine (a) the location of
the shear center O, (b) the distribution of the shearing stresses caused by the
vertical shearing force V shown applied at O.

SOLUTION
Part

A (in2)

d (in.)

Ad 2 (in 4 )

I (in 4 )

BD

0.50

4.50

ABEG

1.25

EF

0.50

4.50

2.25

9.00

10.417

10.417

I = Ad 2 + I = 19.417 in 4

(a)

Q( x) = 3 tx
VQ ( x) V
q ( x) =
= (3tx)
I
I

Part BD:

FBD =

4
0

xdx =

3Vt
24Vt
(8) =
I
I

( M BD ) H = 3 FBD =

Its moment about H:


Part EF:

3Vt
I

FEF =

By same method,

24Vt
I

72Vt
I
( M EF ) H =

72Vt
I

Moments of FAB , FBE , and FEG about H are zero.


Ve = M H =
e=

72Vt 72Vt 144Vt


+
=
I
I
I

144 t (144) (0.125)


=
I
19.417

e = 0.927 in.

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PROBLEM 6.65 (Continued)

(b)

At A, D, F , and G :
Just above B:

A = D = F = G = 0

Q=0
Q1 = QAB = (2t )(4) = 8 t

1 =
Just to the right of B:

2 = 1.700 ksi

VQ3 (2.75)(20t )
=
It
(19.417) t

3 = 2.83 ksi

QH = Q3 + QBH = 20t + t (3)(1.5) = 24.5 t

H =
By symmetry:

VQ2 (2.75)(12t )
=
It
(19.417) t

Q3 = Q1 + Q2 = 20t

3 =
At H (neutral axis):

1 = 1.133 ksi

Q2 = QBD = (3) t (4) = 12t

2 =
Just below B:

VQ1 (2.75) (8t )


=
It
(19.417) t

VQH (2.75) (24.5t )


=
It
(19.417) t

H = 3.47 ksi
4 = 3 = 2.83 ksi
5 = 2 = 1.700 ksi
6 = 1 = 1.133 ksi

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PROBLEM 6.66
An extruded beam has the cross section shown. Determine (a) the
location of the shear center O, (b) the distribution of the shearing stresses
caused by the vertical shearing force V shown applied at O.

SOLUTION
1
I AB = (0.125)(3)3 = 1.125 in 4
3
1
I BD = (4) (0.125)3 + (4)(0.125)(3) 2 = 4.50065 in 4
12
1
I DE = (0.125) (6)3 = 2.25 in 4
12
I EF = I BD = 4.50065 in 4
I FG = I AB = 1.125 in 4
I = I = 13.50 in 4

(a)

Part AB:

y
= 0.5ty 2
2
VQ( y ) 0.5Vt 2
=
q( y ) =
y
I
I
3
0.5Vt
FAB = q ( y ) dy =
0
I

Q ( y ) = ty

Its moment about H is

4 FAB = 18

3
0

y 2 dy = 4.5

Vt

Vt
I

QB = (0.5) (t )(3)2 = 4.5 t

Part BD:

Q( x) = QB + xt (3) = (4.5 + 3x) t


Vq( x) Vt
= (4.5 + 3x)
I
I
4
t 4
Vt
= q( x) dx =
(4.5 + 3x) dx = 42
0
I 0
I

q ( x) =
FBD

Its moment about H : 3FBD = 126

Vt
I

QD = [4.5 + (3)(4)] t = 16.5 t

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PROBLEM 6.66 (Continued)

Part EF:

By symmetry with part BD,

Its moment about H is 3 FEF = 126

FEF = 42

Vt
I

By symmetry with part AB, FFG = 4.5

Part FG:

Its moment about H is 4. FFG = 18

Vt

VT

Vt
I

Moment about H of force in part DE is zero.


Vt
144Vt
(18 + 126 + 0 + 126 + 18) =
I
I
144 t (2.88) (0.125)
e=
=
I
13.50

Ve = M H =

(b)

e = 2.67 in.

A = G = 0

QA = QG = 0
QB = QF = 4.5t

B =F =

VQB (2.75) (4.5 t )


=
It
13.50 t

QD = QE = 16.5t

D =E =

B = F = 0.917 ksi

VQ0 (2.75) (16.5t )


=

It
13.50 t

At H (neutral axis):

D = E = 3.36 ksi

QH = QD + t (3)(1.5) = 21t

H =

VQH (2.75) (21t )


=
It
13.50t

H = 4.28 ksi

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
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PROBLEM 6.67
An extruded beam has the cross section shown. Determine (a) the location
of the shear center O, (b) the distribution of the shearing stresses caused by
the vertical shearing force V shown applied at O.

SOLUTION
1
(30)(6)3 + (30)(6)(45)2 = 0.365 106 mm 4
12
1
= (30)(4)3 + (30)(4)(15)2 = 0.02716 106 mm 4
12

I AB = I HJ =
I DE = I FG

1
(6)(90)3 = 0.3645 106 mm 4
12
I = I = 1.14882 106 mm 4

I AH =

(a)

For a typical flange,

A( s ) = ts
Q( s ) = yts
VQ ( s ) Vyts
q( s ) =
=
I
I
b
Vytb 2
F = q( s )ds =
0
2I

Flange AB:

FAB =

V (45)(6)(302 )
= 0.10576V
(2)(1.14882 106 )

Flange DE:

FDE =

V (15)(4)(30) 2
= 0.023502V
(2)(1.14882 106 )

Flange FG:

FFG = 0.023502V

Flange HJ:

FHJ = 0.10576V
M K =

M K : Ve = 45 FAB + 15FDE + 15FFG


+ 45 FHJ = 10.223V

Dividing by V,

e = 10.22 mm

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PROBLEM 6.67 (Continued)

(b)

Calculation of shearing stresses.


V = 35 103 N

I = 1.14882 106 m 4

=0

At B, E, G, and J,
At A and H,
Q = (30)(6)(45) = 8.1 103 mm3 = 8.1 106 m3
t = 6 103 m

(35 103 )(8.1 106 )


VQ
=
= 41.1 106 Pa
It
(1.14882 106 )(6 103 )

= 41.1 MPa

Just above D and just below F:


Q = 8.1 103 + (6)(30)(30) = 13.5 103 mm3 = 13.5 106 m3
t = 6 103 m

VQ
(35 103 )(13.5 106 )
=
= 68.5 106 Pa
It
(1.14882 106 )(6 103 )

= 68.5 MPa

Just to right of D and just to the right of F:


Q = (30)(4)(15) = 1.8 103 mm3 = 1.8 106 m3

t = 4 103 m

VQ
(35 103 )(1.8 106 )
=
= 13.71 106 Pa
It
(1.14882 106 )(4 103 )

= 13.71 MPa

Just below D and just above F:


Q = 13.5 103 + 1.8 103 = 15.3 103 mm3 = 15.3 106 m3
t = 6 103 m

=
At K,

VQ
(35 103 )(15.3 106 )
=
= 77.7 106 Pa
It
(1.14882 106 )(6 103 )

= 77.7 MPa

Q = 15.3 103 + (6)(15)(7.5) = 15.975 103 mm3 = 15.975 106 m3

VQ (35 103 )(15.975 106 )


=
= 81.1 106 Pa
It
(1.14882 106 )(6 103 )

= 81.1 MPa

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
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PROBLEM 6.68
An extruded beam has the cross section shown. Determine (a) the location of
the shear center O, (b) the distribution of the shearing stresses caused by the
vertical shearing force V shown applied at O.

SOLUTION
1
(30)(4)3 + (30)(4)(45)2 = 0.24316 106 mm 4
12
1
= (30)(6)3 + (30)(6)(15)2 = 0.04104 106 mm 4
12

I AB = I HJ =
I DE = I FG

1
(6)(90)3 = 0.3645 106 mm 4
12
I = I = 0.9329 106 mm 4

I AH =

(a)

For a typical flange,

A( s ) = ts
Q( s ) = yts
VQ ( s ) Vyts
q( s ) =
=
I
I
b
Vytb 2
F = q( s )ds =
0
2I

Flange AB:

FAB =

V (45)(4)(30) 2
= 0.086826V
(2)(0.9329 106 )

Flange DE:

FDE =

V (15)(6)(30) 2
= 0.043413 V
(2)(0.9329 106 )

Flange FG:

FFG = 0.043413 V

Flange HJ:

FHJ = 0.086826 V
M K =

M K : Ve = 45 FAB + 15FDE + 15FFG


+ 45 FHJ = 9.1167 V

Dividing by V,

e = 9.12 mm

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PROBLEM 6.68 (Continued)

(b)

Calculation of shearing stresses.


V = 35 103 N I = 0.9329 106 m 4

=0

At B, E, G, and J,
At A and H,

Q = (30)(4)(45) = 5.4 103 mm3 = 5.4 106 m3


q=

Just to the right of A and H:

VQ (35 103 )(5.4 106 )


=
= 202.59 103 N/m
6
I
0.9329 10

t = 4 103 m

q 202.59 103
=
= 50.6 106 Pa
t
4 103

= 50.6 MPa

Just below A and just above H: t = 6 103 m

q 202.59 103
=
= 33.8 106 Pa
t
6 103

= 33.8 MPa

Just above D and just below F: t = 6 103 m


Q = 5.4 103 + (6)(30)(30) = 10.8 103 mm3 = 10.8 106 m3

=
Just to the right of D and E:

(35 103 )(10.8 106 )


VQ
=
= 67.5 106 Pa
6
6
It
(0.9329 10 )(6 10 )

= 67.5 MPa

t = 6 103 m
Q = (30)(6)(15) = 2.7 103 mm 2 = 2.7 106 m3

VQ
(35 103 )(2.7 106 )
=
= 16.88 106 Pa
It
(0.9329 106 )(6 103 )

= 16.88 MPa

Just below D and just above F: t = 6 103


Q = 10.8 103 + 2.7 103 = 13.5 103 mm3 = 13.5 106 m3

=
At K,

VQ
(35 103 )(13.5 106 )
=
= 84.4 106 Pa
It
(0.9329 106 )(6 106 )

= 84.4 MPa

Q = 13.5 103 + (6)(15)(7.5) = 14.175 103 mm3 = 14.175 106 m3

VQ (35 103 )(14.175 106 )


=
= 88.6 106 Pa
It
(0.9329 106 )(6 103 )

= 88.6 MPa

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PROBLEM 6.69
Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of uniform
thickness having the cross section shown.

SOLUTION

LAB = 42 + 32 = 5 in.

AAB = 5t

1
1
AAB h 2 + AAB d 2 = (5t )(3)2 + (5t )(4)2 = 83.75 t in 4
12
12
1
I BD = (t )(5)3 = 10.417t in 4
12
I = 2 I AB + I BD = 177.917t in 4
I AB =

Q = QAB + QBY

In part BD,

1
Q = (5t )(4) + (2.5 y )t (2.5 + y )
2
1
1

= 20t + 3.125t ty 2 = 23.125 y 2 t


2
2

VQ
It

FBD = dA =

2.5

V (23.125 12 y 2 )t

2.5

It

tdy
2.5

Vt
1 2
1 3

23.125 2 y dy = I 23.125 y 6 y
2.5

2.5

Vt
I

Vt
(2.5)3 Vt (110.417)
2 (23.125)(2.5)
= 0.62061V
=
I
6
177.917 t

2.5

M K =
e=

10
10

M K : V e = (0.62061V )
3
3

10
[1 0.62061]
3

e = 1.265 in.

Note that the lines of action of FAB and FDE pass through point K. Thus, these forces have zero moment
about point K.

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PROBLEM 6.70
Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of
uniform thickness having the cross section shown.

SOLUTION
1
I DB = (6) (35)3 = 85.75 103 mm 4
3
LAB = 70 mm
AAB = (70) (6) = 420 mm 2
I AB =

1
1
AAB h 2 = (420)(35)2 = 171.5 103 mm 4
3
3

I = (2)(85.75 103 ) + (2)(171.5 103 ) = 514.5 103 mm 4

Part AB:

A = ts = 6s
1
1
s sin 30 = s
2
4
3 2
Q = Ay = s
2
VQ 3Vs 2
=
=
It
It
y=

F1 = dA =
=
M D =

70
0

3Vs 2
3V
tds =
I
2 It

70
0

s 2 ds

(3)(70)3
1
V= V
(2)(3) I
3
M D:

Ve = 2[( F1 cos 60) (70 sin 60)]


= 20.2V

Dividing by V,

e = 20.2 mm

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without permission.

PROBLEM 6.71
Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of
uniform thickness having the cross section shown.

SOLUTION
I AB = (40t ) (60) 2 = 144 103 t
LDB = 802 + 602 = 100 mm

ADB = 100 t

1
1
ADB h 2 = (100t )(60) 2 = 120 103 t
3
3
I = 2 I AB + 2 I DB = 528 103 t

I DB =

Part AB:

A = tx y = 60 mm
Q = A y = 60 tx mm3
VQ V (60 tx) 60 Vx
=
=
=
It
It
I
40 60Vx
60Vt
F1 = dA =
tdx =
0
I
I

=
M D =

60Vt x 2
I 2
M D:

30

=
0

40

xdx

(60) (30) 2 Vt
= 0.051136V
(2) (528 103 ) t

Ve = (0.051136V ) (120)

e = 6.14 mm

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without permission.

PROBLEM 6.72
Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of uniform
thickness having the cross section shown.

SOLUTION
I AB =

1
(1.5) (0.1)3 + (1.5) (0.1)(2) 2 = 0.600125 in 4
12

LBD = 1.52 + 22 = 2.5 in. ABD = (2.5) (0.1) = 0.25 in 2


1
1
ABD h 2 = (0.25)(2)2 = 0.33333 in 4
3
3
I = 2 I AB + 2 I BD = 1.86692 in 4

I BD =

Part AB:

A ( x) = tx = 0.1 x,

y = 2 in.

Q ( x) = A( x) y = 0.2 x in 3
VQ( x) 0.2Vx
q ( x) =
=
I
I
1.5
0.2V 1.5
F1 =
q ( x) dx =
xdx
0
0
I
(0.2) (1.5) 2 V
V
=
= 0.225
I
I
2

Likewise, by symmetry in part EF:

F1 = 0.225
M D =

Dividing by V,

V
I

M D:

Ve = 4 F1 = 0.9

V
= 0.482V
I
e = 0.482 in.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
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PROBLEM 6.73
Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of uniform thickness
having the cross section shown.

SOLUTION
For a thin-walled hollow circular cross section, A = 2 at
J = a 2 A = 2 a3t
I=

For the half-pipe section,

I=

1
J = a 3t
2

a 3t

Use polar coordinate for partial cross section.


A = st = a t
s = arc length
sin

r =a
where =
2

sin cos
y = r cos = a

Q = Ay = a t a

sin cos

= a 2 t (2 sin cos )

= a 2 t sin 2 = a 2 t sin

VQ Va 2
=
sin
It
I

M H = a dA =
=2

But M H = Ve, hence

Va 2
Va 4t
sin tad =
cos
I
I

Va t 4
= Va
I

e=

a = 1.273a

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without permission.

PROBLEM 6.74
Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of uniform
thickness having the cross section shown.

SOLUTION
For whole cross section,

A = 2 at
J = Aa 2 = 2 a3t

I=

1
J = a 3t
2

Use polar coordinate for partial cross section.


A = st = a t
s = arc length
sin
1
r =a
where =
2

2
sin
y = r sin = a

sin 2

Q = Ay = a t a
= a 2 t 2sin 2

But

M C = Ve,

hence

= a 2 t 2 sin 2

= a 2 t (1 cos )

VQ Va 2
=
(1 cos )
It
I

M C = a dA =
=

2
0

Va3
Va 4 t
(1 cos ) tad =
( sin )
I
I

2
0

2 Va t
= 2aV
a 3t
e = 2a

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
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without permission.

PROBLEM 6.75
A thin-walled beam has the cross section shown. Determine the
location of the shear center O of the cross section.

SOLUTION
I=

Right flange:

1 3 1
t1h1 + t2 h23
12
12

A = h2 y t2
2

11

y = h2 + y t2
22

Q = Ay

11
1

h2 y h2 + y t2

22
2

11

= h22 y 2 t2
24

VQ
V
=
It2 2 It2

F2 = dA =
=
MH =
e=

Vt2
2I

1 2
2
4 h2 y t2

Vt2 1 2
Vt

h2 y 2 t2 dy = 2

h2 / 2 2 I t 4
2I

h2 / 2

1 2
y3
h2 y
3
4

h2 /2
h2 /2

1 2 h 1 h 1 2 h 1 h Vt h3
V t h3
2
2 + h2 2 2 = 2 2 = 3 2 2 3
h2
2 3 2 4
2 3 2 12 I
t1h1 + t2 h2
4

M H:
t2 h23b
t1h13 + t2 h23

Ve = F2 b = V
=

t2 h23b
t1h13 + t2 h23

(0.75)(6)3 (8)
(0.75) (8)3 + (0.75) (6)3

e = 2.37 in.

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PROBLEM 6.76
A thin-walled beam has the cross section shown. Determine the location of
the shear center O of the cross section.

SOLUTION
Let

h1 = AB, h2 = DE , and h3 = FG.

I=

1
t (h13 + h23 + h33 )
12

11
1

A = h1 y t y = h1 + y
22
2

1 1
1
1 1

Q = Ay = t h1 y h1 + y = t h12 y 2
2 2
2
2 4

Part AB:

VQ V 1 2

=
h1 y 2

It
2I 4

F1 = dA =
=

1h
2 1

1h
2 1

V
2I

Vt 1 2
y3
1 2
2
4 h1 y tdy = 2 I 4 h1 y 3

Vt 1 2 1
1 h
h1 h1 1
I 4 2
3 2

Likewise, for part DE,

F2 =

and for part FG,

F3 =
MH =

Dividing by V,

e=

1h
2 1
1 h1
2

Vt h13
h3V
=
= 3 13
12 I
h1 + h2 + h33

h23 V

h13 + h23 + h33


h33 V
h13 + h23 + h33
M H : Ve = a2 F2 + a3 F3 =
a2 h23 + a3 h33
h13 + h23 + h32

(3)(5)3 + (5)(4)3
53 + 53 + 43

a2 h23 + a3 h33
h13 + h23 + h3

e = 2.21 in.

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PROBLEM 6.77
A thin-walled beam of uniform thickness has the cross section shown. Determine the
dimension b for which the shear center O of the cross section is located at the point
indicated.

SOLUTION
Part AB:

1
s
2
1
Q( s ) = A( s ) y ( s ) = ty A s ts 2
2
VQ( s ) Vt
1
q( s ) =
= yAs s2
I
I
2
A( s ) = ts

FAB =
=

y ( s) = y A

l AB
0

q ( s ) ds

2
l3
Vt y Al AB
AB

I 2
6

By symmetry,

1 2
QB = ty Al AB t l AB
2
FFG = FAB

Part BD:

A( x) = tx

At B:

Q( x) = QB + yB A( x) = QB + t yB x
V Q( x) V
= (QB + tyB x)
I
I
b
V
1

= q ( x) dx = QB b + t yB b 2
0
I
2

q ( x) =
FBD

By symmetry,

FEF = FBD

FDE is not required, since its moment about O is zero.

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PROBLEM 6.77 (Continued)

M O = 0 : b( FAB + FFG ) yB FBD + yF FEF = 0


2b FAB 2 yB FBD = 0
2b

2
l3
Vt y Al AB
V
AB 2 yB

I 2
6
I

2
QB b + tyB b
2

2Vt 1
1 3
2Vt
1 2
1 2 2
2
y A l AB l AB b
y Al AB l AB yB b yB b = 0
I 2
6
I
2
2

Dividing by

2Vt
and substituting numerical data,
I
1
1
1
1

2
3
2
2 2
(90) (60) (60) b (90)(60) (60) (30)b + (30) b = 0
6
2
2
2

126 103 b 108 103 b + 450 b 2 = 0


18 103 b 450 b 2 = 0

b = 0 and b = 40.0 mm

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PROBLEM 6.78
A thin-walled beam of uniform thickness has the cross section shown. Determine
the dimension b for which the shear center O of the cross section is located at the
point indicated.

SOLUTION
Part AB:

A = tx

y = 60 mm

Q = Ay = 60tx mm3

60 Vx
VQ
=
It
I

F1 = dA =
60 Vt x 2
=
2
I

Part DE:

A = tx

30

60 Vx
60Vt
t dx =
I
I

30

=
0

30

x dx

Vt
(60)(30)2 Vt
= 27 103
2
I
I

y = 45 mm

Q = Ay = 45tx

45 Vx
VQ
=
It
I
b

F2 = dA = O
MO =

MO :

45Vx
45Vt b
45b 2Vt
t dx =
xdx
=

I
I O
2I
0 = (2)(45) F2 (2)(60) F1

(45) 2 b2 (2)(60)(27 103 ) Vt = 0

b2 =

(2)(60)(27 103 )
= 1600 mm 2
2
45

b = 40 mm

Note that the pair of F1 forces form a couple. Likewise, the pair of F2 forces form a couple. The lines of
action of the forces in BDOGK pass through point O.

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PROBLEM 6.79
For the angle shape and loading of Sample Prob. 6.6, check that
angle and qdy = P along its vertical leg.

qdz = 0

along the horizontal leg of the

SOLUTION
Refer to Sample Prob. 6.6.

f =

Along horizontal leg:

qdz =

3P(a z )(a 3z ) 3P 2
( a 4az + 3z 2 )
=
4ta3
4ta3

a
0

f t dz =

3P
4a 3

a
0

(a 2 4az + 3z 2 )dz

3P
z2
z2
= 3 a 2 z 4a + 3
2
3
4a
=

e =

Along vertical leg:

qdy =
=
=

3P 3
( a 2a 3 + a 3 ) = 0
4a 3

3P(a y )(a + 5 y ) 3P 2
(a + 4ay 5 y 2 )
=
4ta3
4ta3

a
0

e t dy =

3P
4a 3

a
0

(a 2 + 4ay 5 y 2 )dy

3P 2
y2
y3
a
y
a
4
5
+

2
3
4a 3

3P 3
5 3P 4
a + 2a 3 a 3 = 3 a 3 = P
3
3 4a 3
4a

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PROBLEM 6.80
For the angle shape and loading of Sample Prob. 6.6, (a) determine the points where the shearing stress is
maximum and the corresponding values of the stress, (b) verify that the points obtained are located on the
neutral axis corresponding to the given loading.

SOLUTION
Refer to Sample Prob. 6.6.
(a)

Along vertical leg:

e =

3P(a y )(a + 5 y ) 3P 2
(a + 4ay 5 y 2 )
=
4ta3
4ta3

d e
3P
(4a 10 y ) = 0
=
dy 4ta3

m =
Along horizontal leg:

f =
d f
dz

m =

At the corner:

(b)

1
I y = ta 3
3

3P
4ta3

2
2
2
2 3P 9 2
a
a + (4a) a (5) a =
3
5
5 4ta 5

tan =

m =

2
a
5

27 P

20 ta

3P(a z )(a 3z ) 3P 2
=
( a 4az + 3z 2 )
4ta3
4ta3
3P
(4a + 6 z ) = 0
4ta3
3P
4ta3

2
2
2
2 3P 5 2
a
a (4a) a + (3) a =
3
3
3 4ta 3

y = 0, z = 0,

I z =

y=

z=

2
a
3

m =

1 P

4 ta

3P

4 ta

1 3
ta = 45
12
I z
1
tan =
= 14.036
I y
4

= 45 14.036 = 30.964
Ay at (a/2) 1
=
= a
A
2at
4
Az at ( a/2) 1
=
= a
z=
A
2at
4

y=

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PROBLEM 6.80 (Continued)

Neutral axis intersects vertical leg at


y = y + z tan 30.964
1 1

= + tan 30.964 a = 0.400a


4 4

y=

2
a
5

z=

2
a
3

Neutral axis intersects horizontal leg at


z = z + y tan (45 + )
1 1

= + tan 59.036 a = 0.667a


4 4

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PROBLEM 6.81*
A steel plate, 160 mm wide and 8 mm thick, is bent to form the channel
shown. Knowing that the vertical load P acts at a point in the midplane of
the web of the channel, determine (a) the torque T that would cause the
channel to twist in the same way that it does under the load P,
(b) the maximum shearing stress in the channel caused by the load P.

SOLUTION
Use results of Example 6.06 with
e=

b = 30 mm,

h = 100 mm, and t = 8 mm.

b
30
=
= 9.6429 mm = 9.6429 103 m
h
100
2 + 3b 2 + (3)(30)

1 2
1
t h (6b + h) = (8)(100) 2 [(16)(30) + 100] = 1.86667 106 mm 4 = 1.86667 106 m 4
12
12
V = 15 103 N
I=

(a)

T = Ve = (15 103 )(9.6429 103 )

T = 144.64 N m

Stress at neutral axis due to V:


Q = bt

h h h 1
+ t = th(h + 4b)
2 2 4 8

1
= (8)(100) [100 + (4)(30) ] = 22 103 mm3 = 22 106 m3
8
t = 8 103 m

V =

VQ
(15 103 )(22 106 )
=
= 22.10 106 Pa = 22.10 MPa
6
3
It
(1.86667 10 )(8 10 )

Stress due to T:

a = 2b + h = 160 mm = 0.160 m
1
t 1
8
c1 = 1 0.630 = 1 (0.630)
= 0.3228
3
a 3
160
T
144.64
=
= 43.76 106 Pa = 43.76 MPa
V =
2
(0.3228)(0.160)(8 103 )2
c1at

(b)

By superposition,

max = V + T

max = 65.9 MPa

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PROBLEM 6.82*
Solve Prob. 6.81, assuming that a 6-mm-thick plate is bent to form the
channel shown.
PROBLEM 6.81* A steel plate, 160 mm wide and 8 mm thick, is bent to
form the channel shown. Knowing that the vertical load P acts at a point in
the midplane of the web of the channel, determine (a) the torque T that
would cause the channel to twist in the same way that it does under the
load P, (b) the maximum shearing stress in the channel caused by the load P.

SOLUTION
Use results of Example 6.06 with b = 30 mm, h = 100 mm, and t = 6 mm.

e=

b
30
=
= 9.6429 mm = 9.6429 103 m
h
100
2 + 3b 2 + (3)(30)

1 2
1
t h (6b + h) = (6)(100) 2 [(6)(30) + 100] = 1.400 106 mm 4 = 1.400 106 m 4
12
12
3
V = 15 10 N
I=

(a)

T = Ve = (15 103 )(9.6429 103 )

T = 144.64 N m

Stress at neutral axis due to V:


Q = bt

h h h 1
+ t = th(h + 4b)
2 2 4 8

1
= (6)(100) [100 + (4)(30) ] = 16.5 103 mm3 = 16.5 106 m3
8
t = 6 103 m

V =

VQ (15 103 )(16.5 106 )


=
= 29.46 106 Pa = 29.46 MPa
6
6
It
(1.400 10 )(6 10 )

Stress due to T:

a = 2b + h = 160 mm = 0.160 m
1
t 1
6
c1 = 1 0.630 = 1 (0.630)
= 0.32546
3
a 3
160
T
144.64
=
= 77.16 106 Pa = 77.16 MPa
V =
c1a t 2 (0.32546)(0.160)(6 103 ) 2

(b)

By superposition,

max = V + T

max = 106.6 MPa

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PROBLEM 6.83
The cantilever beam AB, consisting of half of a thinwalled pipe of 1.25-in. mean radius and 83 -in. wall
thickness, is subjected to a 500-lb vertical load.
Knowing that the line of action of the load passes
through the centroid C of the cross section of the
beam, determine (a) the equivalent force-couple
system at the shear center of the cross section,
(b) the maximum shearing stress in the beam. (Hint:
The shear center O of this cross section was shown
in Prob. 6.73 to be located twice as far from its
vertical diameter as its centroid C.)

SOLUTION

From the solution to Prob. 6.73,

I=

e=

2
4

a 3t

Q = a 2 t sin
Qmax = a 2t

For a half-pipe section, the distance from the center of the semi-circle to
the centroid is

x=

At each section of the beam, the shearing force V is equal to P. Its line of
action passes through the centroid C. The moment arm of its moment
about the shear center O is
d =ex =

(a)

a=

Equivalent force-couple system at O.


V =P

Data: P = 500 lb

M 0 = Vd =

Pa

a = 1.25 in.
V = 500 lb
2
M 0 = (500)(1.25)

M 0 = 398 lb in

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PROBLEM 6.83* (Continued)

(b)

Shearing stresses.
(1)

Due to V : V =

V =

(2)

VQmax

It
( P)( a 2 t )
2P
(2)(500)
=
=
= 679 psi
at (1.25)(0.375)
3
a
t
(
t
)
2

Due to the torque. M 0 ,


For a long rectangular section of length l and width t, the shearing stress due to torque M 0 is

M =
Data:

c1lt

t
1
where c1 = 1 0.630
l
3

l = a = (1.25) = 3.927 in. t = 0.375 in. c1 = 0.31328

M =
By superposition,

M0

397.9
= 2300 psi
(0.31328)(3.927)(0.375)2

= V + M = 679 psi + 2300 psi

= 2980 psi

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PROBLEM 6.84
Solve Prob. 6.83, assuming that the thickness of the
beam is reduced to 14 in.
PROBLEM 6.83 The cantilever beam AB, consisting
of half of a thin-walled pipe of 1.25-in. mean radius
and 83 -in. wall thickness, is subjected to a 500-lb
vertical load. Knowing that the line of action of the
load passes through the centroid C of the cross section
of the beam, determine (a) the equivalent force-couple
system at the shear center of the cross section, (b) the
maximum shearing stress in the beam. (Hint: The
shear center O of this cross section was shown in Prob.
6.73 to be located twice as far from its vertical
diameter as its centroid C.)

SOLUTION

From the solution to Prob. 6.73,

I = a 3t
4
e= a

Q = a 2 t sin
Qmax = a 2 t

For a half-pipe section, the distance from the center of the semi-circle to the
centroid is

x=

At each section of the beam, the shearing force V is equal to P. Its line of
action passes through the centroid C. The moment arm of its moment about
the shear center O is
d =ex =

(a)

Data:

a=

Equivalent force-couple system at O.


V =P

M 0 = Vd =

P = 500 lb

Pa

a = 1.25 in.
V = 500 lb
M 0 = 398 lb in

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PROBLEM 6.84* (Continued)

(b)

Shearing stresses.
(1)

Due to V , V =

V =

(2)

VQmax
It
( P)(a 2 t )

3
2 a t (t )

2P
(2)(500)
=
= 1019 psi
at (1.25)(0.250)

Due to the torque. M 0 ,


For a long rectangular section of length l and width t, the shearing stress due to torque M 0 is

M =
Data:

c1lt

t
1
where c1 = 1 0.630
l
3

l = a = (1.25) = 3.927 in. t = 0.250 in. c1 = 0.31996

M =
By superposition

M0

397.9
= 5067 psi
(0.31996)(3.927)(0.250) 2

= V + M = 1019 psi + 5067 psi

= 6090 psi

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PROBLEM 6.85
The cantilever beam shown consists of a
Z-shape of 14 -in. thickness. For the given
loading, determine the distribution of the
shearing stresses along line AB in the
upper horizontal leg of the Z-shape. The x
and y axes are the principal centroidal axes
of the cross section and the corresponding
moments of inertia are I x = 166.3 in 4 and
I y = 13.61 in 4 .

SOLUTION
V = 3 kips = 22.5
Vx = V sin Vy = V cos

In upper horizontal leg, use coordinate x : (6 in x 0)


1
(6 + x) in.
4
1
x = (6 + x) in.
2
y = 6 in.
x = x cos + y sin
y = y cos x sin
A=

1 =

Due to Vx :

Vx Ax
I yt

1
1

(V sin ) (6 + x) ( 6 + x) cos + 6sin


4
2

1 =
1
(13.61)
4
= 0.084353(6 + x)(0.47554 + 0.46194 x)
1
1

(V cos ) (6 + x) 6 cos (6 + x)sin


2
4

2 =
=
1
I xt

(166.3)
4
= 0.0166665(6 + x)[6.69132 0.19134 x]
Vy A y

Due to Vy :

1 + 2 = (6 + x)[0.07141 + 0.035396 x]

Total:
x (in)

(ksi)

0.105

0.140

0.104

0.003

0.180

0.428

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PROBLEM 6.86
For the cantilever beam and loading of
Prob. 6.85, determine the distribution of the
shearing stress along line BD in the vertical
web of the Z-shape.
PROBLEM 6.85 The cantilever beam
shown consists of a Z-shape of 14 -in.
thickness. For the given loading, determine
the distribution of the shearing stresses along
line AB in the upper horizontal leg of the
Z-shape. The x and y axes are the
principal centroidal axes of the cross section
and the corresponding moments of inertia are
I x = 166.3 in 4 and I y = 13.61 in 4 .

SOLUTION
V = 3 kips = 22.5
Vx = V sin Vy = V cos

For part AB

For part BY,

Due to Vx :

1
A = (6) = 1.5 in 2
4
x = 3 in., y = 6 in.

1
(6 y )
4
1
x = 0 y = (6 + y )
2
x = x cos + y sin
y = y cos x sin
A=

1 =
1 =
=

)
Vx ( AAB x AB + ABY xBY
I y t
(V sin )[(1.5)(3cos + 6sin ) + 14 (6 y ) 12 (6 + y ) sin ]
(13.61) ( 14 )

(V sin )[0.7133 + 1.7221 0.047835 y 2 ]


= 0.3404 0.01614 y 2
3.4025

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PROBLEM 6.86* (Continued)

2 =

Due to Vy :

2 =
=

I x t
(V cos )[(1.5)(6 cos + 3 sin ) + 14 (6 y ) 12 (6 + y ) cos ]
(166.3) ( 14 )

(V cos )[10.037 + 4.1575 0.11548 y 2 ]


= 0.9463 0.00770 y 2
1
(166.3) ( 4 )

1 + 2 = 1.2867 0.02384 y 2

Total:

Vy ( AAB y AB + ABY y )

y (in.)

(ksi)

1.287

1.191

0.905

0.428

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PROBLEM 6.87
Determine the distribution of the shearing stresses along line D B
in the horizontal leg of the angle shape for the loading shown. The
x and y axes are the principal centroidal axes of the cross
section.

SOLUTION

= 15.8

Vx = P cos

A( y ) = (2a y )t

Coordinate transformation.

In particular,

y=

Vy = P sin

1
(2a + y ),
2

x =0

2
1

y = y a cos x a sin
3
6

1
2

x = x a cos + y a sin
6
3

2
1

y = y a cos x a sin
3
6

1
1
1
= y + a cos a sin
3
2
6
= 0.48111y + 0.36612a
1
2

x = x a cos + y a sin
6
3

1
1
1
= a cos + y + a sin
3
6
2
= 0.13614 y 0.06961a

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PROBLEM 6.87 (Continued)

+ =

Vx Ax Vy A y
+
I yt
I x t

( P cos )(2a y )(t )(0.13614 y 0.06961a )


(0.1557 ta3 )(t )
( P sin )(2a y )(0.48111 y + 0.36612a)
+
(1.428 a3t )(t )
P(2a y )(0.750 y 0.500a )
=
ta3
=

y (a )
P

at

1
3

2
3

4
3

5
3

1.000

0.417

0.250

0.333

0.250

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PROBLEM 6.88
For the angle shape and loading of Prob. 6.87, determine the
distribution of the shearing stresses along line D A in the vertical
leg.
PROBLEM 6.87* Determine the distribution of the shearing
stresses along line D B in the horizontal leg of the angle shape for
the loading shown. The x and y axes are the principal centroidal
axes of the cross section.

SOLUTION

= 15.8

Vx = P cos

Vx = P sin
x=

1
(a + x),
2

A( x) (a x)t
y =0

Coordinate transformation.
2
1

y = y a cos x a sin
3
6

1
2

x = x a cos + y a sin
6
3

In particular,
2
1

y = y a cos x a sin
3
6

1
2
1
= a cos x + a sin
3
2
3

= 0.13614 x 0.73224a
1
2

x = x a cos + y a sin
6
3

1
1
2
= x + a cos + a sin
3
2
3
= 0.48111x + 0.13922a

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PROBLEM 6.88* (Continued)

=
=

Vx A( x) x Vy A( x) y

I y t
I x t
( P cos )(a x)(t )(0.48111x + 0.13922a )
(0.1557 ta 3 )(t )

( P sin )(a x)(t )(0.13614 x 0.73224 a)


(1.428 ta3 )(t )
P(a x)(3.00 x + 1.000a)
=
ta3
+

x(a )
P


at

1
6

1
3

1
2

2
3

5
6

1.000

1.250

1.333

1.250

1.000

0.583

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PROBLEM 6.89
A square box beam is made of two 20 80-mm planks and two
20 120-mm planks nailed together as shown. Knowing that the
spacing between the nails is s = 30 mm and that the vertical shear in
the beam is V = 1200 N, determine (a) the shearing force in each nail,
(b) the maximum shearing stress in the beam.

SOLUTION
1
1
b2 h23 b1h13
12
12
1
1
= (120)(120)3 (80)(80)3 = 13.8667 106 mm 4
12
12
6 4
= 13.8667 10 m

I=

(a)

A1 = (120)(20) = 2400 mm 2
y1 = 50 mm
Q1 = A1 y1 = 120 103 mm3 = 120 106 m3
VQ (1200)(120 106 )
=
= 10.385 103 N/m
I
13.8667 106
qs = 2 Fnail
q=

Fnail =

(b)

qs (10.385 103 )(30 103 )


=
2
2

Fnail = 155.8 N

Q = Q1 + (2)(20)(40)(20)
= 120 103 + 32 103 = 152 103 mm3
= 152 106 m3

max =

VQ
(1200)(152 106 )
=
It
(13.8667 106 )(2 20 103 )

= 329 103 Pa

max = 329 kPa

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PROBLEM 6.90
The beam shown is fabricated by connecting two channel shapes and two
plates, using bolts of 34 -in. diameter spaced longitudinally every 7.5 in.
Determine the average shearing stress in the bolts caused by a shearing
force of 25 kips parallel to the y-axis.

SOLUTION
C12 20.7: d = 12.00 in., I x = 129 in 4

For top plate,

y=

12.00 1 1
+ = 6.25 in.
2
2 2
3

1
1
1
I t = (16) + (16) (6.25) 2 = 312.667 in 4
12
2
2

For bottom plate,

I b = 312.667 in 4

Moment of inertia of fabricated beam:


I = (2)(129) + 312.667 + 312.667
= 883.33 in 4
1
Q = Aplate yplate = (16) (6.25) = 50 in 3
2
VQ (25)(50)
=
= 1.41510 kips/in
q=
883.33
I
1
1
Fbolt = qs = (1.41510)(7.5) = 5.3066 kips
2
2

bolt

(d bolt ) 2 =

= 0.44179 in 2
4
4 4
F
5.3066
= bolt =
= 12.01 ksi
Abolt 0.44179

Abolt =

bolt = 12.01 ksi

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PROBLEM 6.91
For the beam and loading shown, consider
section n-n and determine (a) the largest shearing
stress in that section, (b) the shearing stress at
point a.

SOLUTION
M B = 0: 2.3 A + (1.5)(72) = 0
A = 46.957 kN

V = A = 46.957 kN

At section n-n,

Calculate moment of inertia:


1

1
1
I = 2 (15)(40)3 + 2 (15)(80)3 + (30)(1203 )
12

12
12
= 5.76 106 mm 4 = 5.76 106 m 4
ta = 30 mm = 0.030 m

At a,

Qa = (30 20)(50) = 30 103 mm3


= 30 106 m3

a =

VQa (46.957 103 )(30 106 )


=
Ita
(5.76 106 )(0.030)

= 8.15 106 Pa = 8.15 MPa


tb = 60 mm = 0.060 m

At b,

Qb = Qa + (60 20)(30) = 30 103 + 36 103 = 66 103 mm3 = 66 106 m 4

b =

VQb (46.957 103 )(66 106 )


=
= 8.97 106 Pa = 8.97 MPa
Itb
(5.76 106 )(0.060)

t NA = 90 mm = 0.090 m

At NA,

QNA = Qb + (90 20)(10) = 66 103 + 18 103 = 84 103 mm3 = 84 106 m3

NA =
(a)
(b)

max occurs at b.

VQNA (46.957 103 )(84 106 )


=
= 7.61 106 Pa = 7.61 MPa
It NA
(5.76 106 )(0.090)

max = 8.97 MPa


a = 8.15 MPa

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PROBLEM 6.92
For the beam and loading shown, determine the minimum
required width b, knowing that for the grade of timber
used, all = 12 MPa and all = 825 kPa.

SOLUTION
M D = 0: 3 A + (2)(2.4) + (1)(4.8) (0.5)(7.2) = 0
A = 2 kN

Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams.


|V |max = 7.2 kN = 7.2 103 N
|M |max = 3.6 kN m = 3.6 103 N m

Bending:

Smin =

M
S
|M |max

3.6 103
12 106
= 300 106 m3
= 300 103 mm3
=

1
S = bh 2
6
6 S (6)(300 103 )
= 80 mm
b= 2 =
h
(150)2

For a rectangular section,

Shear: Maximum shearing stress occurs at the neutral axis of bending for a rectangular section.
1
1
1
bh, y = h, Q = Ay = bh 2
2
4
8
1 3
I = bh t = b
12
V ( 18 bh 2 )
VQ
3V
=
=
=
3
1
It
( 12 bh )(b) 2 bh

A=

b=

3V
(3)(7.2 103 )
=
= 87.3 103 m
2h (2)(150 103 )(825 103 )

The required value of b is the larger one.

b = 87.3 mm

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PROBLEM 6.93
For the beam and loading shown,
consider section n-n and determine
the shearing stress at (a) point a, (b)
point b.

SOLUTION
RA = RB = 25 kips
V = 25 kips

At section n-n,

Locate centroid and calculate moment of inertia.


Part

A(in 2 )

y (in.)

A y (in 3 )

d(in.)

Ad 2 (in 4 )

I (in 4 )

4.875

6.875

33.52

2.244

24.55

0.23

10.875

3.625

39.42

1.006

11.01

47.68

15.75

35.56

47.86

72.94

Ay 72.94
=
= 4.631 in.
A 15.75
I = Ad 2 + I = 35.56 + 47.86 = 83.42 in 4

Y =

(a)

3
Qa = Ay = (1.5)(4.631 0.75) = 4.366 in 3
4
3
t = = 0.75 in.
4

a =
(b)

VQ
(25)(4.366)
=
It
(83.42)(0.75)

a = 1.745 ksi

3
Qb = Ay = (3)(4.631 1.5) = 7.045 in 3
4
t = 0.75 in.

b =

VQ
(25)(7.045)
=
It
(83.42)(0.75)

b = 2.82 ksi

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PROBLEM 6.94
For the beam and loading shown,
determine the largest shearing stress
in section n-n.

SOLUTION
RA = RB = 25 kips
V = 25 kips.

At section n-n,

Locate centroid and calculate moment of inertia.

Part

A(in 2 )

y (in.)

Ay (in 3 )

d(in.)

Ad 2 (in 4 )

4.875

6.875

33.52

2.244

24.55

0.23

10.875

3.625

39.42

1.006

11.01

47.68

15.75

35.56

47.86

72.94

I (in 4 )

Ay 72.94
=
= 4.631 in.
A 15.75
I = Ad 2 + I = 35.56 + 47.86 = 83.42 in 4

Y =

Largest shearing stress occurs on section through centroid of entire cross section.

3
4.631
3
Q = Ay = (4.631)
= 8.042 in
4
2
3
t = = 0.75 in.
4
VQ
(25)(8.042)
=
=
It
(83.42)(0.75)

m = 3.21 ksi

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PROBLEM 6.95
The composite beam shown is made by welding C 200 17.1 rolled-steel channels to the
flanges of a W250 80 wide-flange rolled-steel shape. Knowing that the beam is
subjected to a vertical shear of 200 kN, determine (a) the horizontal shearing force per
meter at each weld, (b) the shearing stress at point a of the flange of the wide-flange
shape.

SOLUTION
For W250 80, d = 257 mm, t f = 15.6 mm, I x = 126 106 mm 4
For C200 17.1,

A = 2170 mm 2 , b f = 57.4 mm, t f = 9.91 mm

I y = 0.545 106 mm 4 , x = 14.5 mm

For the channel in the composite beam,


yc =

257
+ 57.4 14.5 = 171.4 mm
2

For the composite beam,


I = 126 106 +2 0.545 106 + (2170)(171.4)2
= 254.59 106 mm 4 = 254.59 106 m 4

(a) For the two welds,


Qw = Ayc = (2170) (171.4) = 371.94 103 mm3 = 371.94 106 m3
q =

VQ
(200 103 ) (371.94 106 )
=
= 292.2 103 N/m
I
254.59 106

For one weld,

q
= 146.1 103 N m
2

Shearing force per meter of weld:


(b)

146.1 kN m

For cuts at a and a ' together,


Aa = 2(112) (15.6) = 3494.4 mm 2

ya =

257 15.6

= 120.7 mm
2
2

Qa = 371.94 103 + (3494.4)(120.7) = 793.71 103 mm3 = 793.71 106 m3

Since there are cuts at a and a ', t = 2t f = (2)(15.6) = 31.2 mm = 0.0312 m.

a =

VQa
(200 103 )(793.71 106 )
=
= 19.99 106 Pa
It
(254.59 106 )(0.0312)

a = 19.99 MPa

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PROBLEM 6.96
An extruded beam has the cross section shown and a uniform wall
thickness of 3 mm. For a vertical shear of 10 kN, determine (a) the
shearing stress at point A, (b) the maximum shearing stress in the beam.
Also, sketch the shear flow in the cross section.

SOLUTION
tan =

16
30

= 28.07

A = (3 sec )(30) = 102 mm 2


1
I = (3 sec )(30)3 = 7.6498 103 mm 4
12

Side:

Part

A (mm 2 )

y0 (mm)

Top

180

30

5.4

11.932

25.627

neglect

Side

102

15

1.53

3.077

0.966

7.6498

Side

102

15

1.53

3.077

0.966

7.6498

Bot

84

18.077

27.449

neglect

55.008

15.2996

468

A y (103 mm3 )

d (mm)

8.46

Ad 2 (103 mm 4 )

I (103 mm 4 )

Ay 8.46 103
=
= 18.077 mm
A
468
I = Ad 2 + I = 70.31 103 mm 4 = 70.31 109 m 4

Y0 =

(a)

QA = (180)(11.932) = 2.14776 103 mm3 = 2.14776 106 m3


t = (2)(3 103 ) = 6 103 m

A =
(b)

VQ (10 103 )(2.14776 106 )


=
= 50.9 106 Pa
It
(70.31 109 )(6 106 )

A = 50.9 MPa

Qm = QA + (2)(3 sec )(11.932) 11.932


2

= 2.14776 103 + 484.06 = 2.6318 103 mm3


= 2.6318 106 m3
t = 6 103 m

m =

VQm (10 103 )(2.6318 106 )


=
= 62.4 106 Pa
9
3
It
(70.31 10 )(6 10 )

m = 62.4 MPa

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PROBLEM 6.96 (Continued)

QB = (28)(3)(18.077) = 1.51847 103 mm3


QB
1.51847 103
A =
(50.9)
QA
2.14776 103
= 36.0 MPa

B =

Multiply shearing stresses by t (3 mm = 0.003 m) to get shear flow.

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PROBLEM 6.97
The design of a beam requires welding four horizontal plates to a
vertical 0.5 5-in. plate as shown. For a vertical shear V,
determine the dimension h for which the shear flow through the
welded surface is maximum.

SOLUTION
Horizontal plate:
1
(4.5)(0.5)3 + (4.5)(0.5)h 2
12
= 0.046875 + 2.25h 2

Ih =

Vertical plate:

Iv =

1
(0.5)(5)3 = 5.2083 in 4
12

Whole section:

I = 4 I h + I v = 9h 2 + 5.39583 in 4

For one horizontal plate,

Q = (4.5)(0.5)h = 2.25 h in 3
q=

To maximize q, set

VQ
2.25Vh
= 2
I
9h + 5.39583

dq
= 0.
dh
2.25V

(9h 2 + 5.39583) 18h 2


=0
(9h2 + 5.39583)2

h = 0.774 in.

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PROBLEM 6.98
Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of uniform
thickness having the cross section shown.

SOLUTION
2

1
1
h
I AB = I EF = ( a + b)t + (a + b)t 3 t (a + b)h 2
4
2 12
1
1
I DG = th3
I = I = t (6a + 6b + h)h 2
12
12

Part AD:

h 1
= thx
2 2
VQ Vhx
=
=
It
2I
a Vhx
Vht
F1 = dA =
tdx =
0 2I
2I
Q = tx

Vht x 2
=
2I 2

Part BD:

=
0

a
0

xdx

Vhta 2
4I

h 1
= thx
2 2
VQ Vhx
=
=
2I
It

Q = tx

F2 = dA =
Vht x 2
=
2I 2
M H =

b Vhx
0

=
0

2I

tdx =

Vht
2I

b
0

xdx

Vhtb 2
4I

M H :

Vh 2 t (b 2 a 2 )
4I
Vh 2t (b 2 a 2 )
3V (b 2 a 2 )
=
=
4 121 t (6a + 6b + h)h 2 6a + 6b + h

Ve = F2 h F1h =

e=

3(b 2 a 2 )

6(a + b) + h

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PROBLEM 6.99
Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of
uniform thickness having the cross section shown.

SOLUTION
1 1
I AB = (1.5)3 = 0.28125 in 4
3 4
1
LBD = 3 in. ABD = (3) = 0.75 in 2
4
1
1
I BD = ABD h 2 = (0.75)(1.5)2 = 0.5625 in 4
3
3
I = (2)(0.28125) + (2) (0.5625) = 1.6875 in 4

Part AB:

1
1
1
y y = y Q = Ay = y 2
4
2
8
2
VQ
Vy
Vy 2
=
=
=
It
(8) (1.6875) (0.25) 3.375
A=

F1 = dA =
=

1.5

(0.25)V y 3
3.375 3

Vy 2
(0.25dy )
3.375
1.5

=
0

(0.25) (1.5)3
(3.375) (3)

= 0.08333V
MD =

M D : Ve = 2 F1 (3 sin 60)
Ve = (2) (0.08333) V (3 sin 60)
e = (2)(0.08333) (3 sin 60)

e = 0.433 in.

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PROBLEM 6.100
A thin-walled beam of uniform thickness has the cross section shown.
Determine the dimension b for which the shear center O of the cross
section is located at the point indicated.

SOLUTION
Part AB:

A = tx,
q=
F1 =
=

Part DE:

y = 100 mm, Q = 100 tx

VQ 100Vtx
=
I
I

xB
xA

qdx = 100

Vt
I

60
0

x dx

(100)(60)2 Vt
Vt
= 180 103
2
I
I

A = tx,

y = 80 mm, Q = 80 tx

VQ 80 Vtx
=
I
I
x
Vt
F2 =
qdx = 80
xD
I
Vt
= (40 b 2 )
I
q=

b
0

xdx

M 0 = 0: (200)(180 103 )
b2 =

Vt
Vt
(160)(40 b 2 ) = 0
I
I

(200)(180 103 )
= 5625 mm 2
(160)(40)

b = 75.0 mm

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