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Table of Contents
Introduction.....................................................................................................1
Questions Answered........................................................................................1
Methodology....................................................................................................1
Planning Summary...........................................................................................2
Assumptions and Considerations.....................................................................2
Planning Procedure......................................................................3
Water Requirements...................................................................3
Research and Reconnaissance......................................................................4
Hydrological Survey......................................................................................5
Planning of well development.......................................................................5
Network planning..........................................................................................6
Measurement................................................................................................6
Monitoring.....................................................................................................6
Is the total global water quantity decreasing?................................7
Is the global fresh water supply decreasing?..................................8
References.......................................................................................................9
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Introduction
Safe and healthy water supply is perhaps the most important resource
in a community based habitual plan. It ensures proper water for drinking,
cooking, hygiene, and many other domestic activities. As a result, ensuring
that communities and housing areas have adequate water supplies is
becoming a major concern globally, with threats placed on the availability of
conventional ground water systems.
For a developing country like Guyana, stresses related to ground water
are less common, but the need to establish economic and environmentally
friendly ground water supply systems should be a suggested path of
operation for upcoming engineers in the field.
This report highlights the elementary steps that should be followed to
undertake the task. It begins by describing the steps involved in the planning
of a ground water supply system (GWSS) for a new housing scheme. In this
the description, the researcher mentions various assumptions that will be
utilised throughout the report since the GWSS is hypothetical. In this
description, a detailed step can be found on how to determine the demand
for the housing scheme, which is a report requirement as seen on the
questions answered section below. Following this is the answers to two
essay type questions regarding the global total and fresh water supplies.
Questions Answered
1) Describe the steps taken to plan a ground water supply system
for a new housing scheme (pages a b )
2) Describe how you would go about determining the water demand
for the housing scheme (with the description for question one,
page c )
3) Is the total global water supply decreasing? (page d )
4) Is the global fresh water supply decreasing? ( page e)
Methodology
The information in this report was compiled utilizing a number of
credible sources. Information gathering took the following chronological
outline, which lead to a final research and compilation of data:
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Planning Procedure
Water Requirements
Gathering of data
The gathering of information that is critical in the calculation of
water demand is an important aspect of the design. Information
on the speculated size of households could be useful given and
variations from the predicted value of four. One key factor that is
revealed in this stage is the expected rate of development of the
area, regarding the optimum supply of water. A slow
development rate could mean overproduction of the plant in
which case a smaller water pump will be useful, or a larger
storage unit (see well development page), in order to buffer
excess water produces.
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180 L
/day 800
capita
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Hydrological Survey
The presence of ground water in the area of questioning is a limiting
factor in the planning stages of the GWSS. In its absence, the engineer may
have to consider alternative options. The hydrological survey will reveal the
presence of water in the area, and how well the location of the aquifer best
influences the position of the well.
Well location
It is optimum for the well to be located in the center of the
housing scheme, since this would reduce water travelling
distance to the residents, and improve the systems efficiency in
general. This location will also influence the network layout of the
primary mains. The well is expected to be located where ground
water is readily accessible, and where drilling depths are short. A
radius of possible location spots can be overlaid on the site plan
of the area and the optimum location can be determined.
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Network planning
For sufficiently pure ground water, there are only mandates for
the aeration and chlorination of water. The planning of the network
between the pumping phase, to the treatment phase, to distribution,
thence to the consumers, requires the use of primary and secondary
mains. Based upon the initiation time of the system, a storage buffer
tank will need to be pre-installed to cater for downtime due to off peak
times.
Network plan: An efficient network plan will promote permissible
service to the customer, reduce water losses by leaks and improve the
systems productivity. The advent of information technology has led to
the use of software tools such as WaterGems in the planning of water
supply networks. Employing this tool will be useful.
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Measurement
The objective of measuring the output and consumption of the system
is compare the actual production to the planned production. If the plant is
under producing, then it would be important to consider upgrading of the
planning process or investigating the population consumption.
Monitoring
Monitoring is post-construction planning that deals with the outside
development of the system. A successful GWSS extends to assessing the
plants performance, intermittently. The need to identify possible sources of
exaggerative water losses, blockages, or inefficiencies would mean a
complete and thorough water system planning. Also considered is the quality
of water that the consumers receive. There is always a need to improve
where possible and the most relevant and excusable time to do so is when
water quality assessments have been made.
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lakes, rivers, reservoirs and natural underground systems. As such, only this
amount is readily and regularly renewed by the hydrological cycle and is
therefore available on a sustainable basis. In fact, a great deal of water
precipitation falls directly in our oceans hereby limiting fresh water renewal
to a near fixed amount, and the process of fresh water recycling through
ground water percolation and filtration is slow and takes a few hundred years
to complete and made available to be tapped from aquifers etc.
The problem with global fresh water supplies is that population is
growing rapidly, putting more pressure on fresh water supply (an ever
increasing demand), and the amount of natural fresh water is being
effectively reduced by pollution, contamination, and ground water depletion
in almost every part of the planet. Therefore, global natural fresh water
quantities are steadily being reduced, at a faster rate than its natural
renewal, and will continue to decrease, especially in the agriculture sector for
an increasing demand for food.
However, with the boom in technological advancements, many
processes have been developed to convert contaminated water back into
fresh water. This is being employed in large cities where sewage water is
being converted back into useable water supplies, thus adding to the global
fresh water quantity. Artificial fresh water recycling will need to be an
adopting mean of obtaining fresh water in the coming years if ground water
supplies continue to reduce.
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References
A, Megan. ology blog, ask a scientist. www.amnh.org. [Online] [Cited:
2 19, 2015.]
http://www.amnh.org/ology/features/askascientist/question12.php.
Coleridge. 2006. Human Approximation of the world's Fresh water
Supply. www.globalchange.umich.edu. [Online] University of Michigan , 4 1,
2006. [Cited: 2 23, 2015.]
http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/freshwat
er_supply/freshwater.html.
Stewart, Prof. lian. How can our blue planet be running out of fresh
water? www.bbc.co.uk. [Online] [Cited: 2 21, 2015.]
http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/z3qdd2p.
Water. www.climate.org. [Online] [Cited: 2 21, 2015.]
http://www.climate.org/topics/water.html.
World fresh water supply. www.worldwildlife.org. [Online] [Cited: 2 23,
2015.] http://www.worldwildlife.org/industries/freshwater-systems.
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