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Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
CONTENTS
SECTION
INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
SCOPE
FIELD OF APPLICATION
DEFINITIONS
COMPONENT PROPERTIES
4.1
4.2
General
Use of Component Properties for Mixtures
3
3
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
General
Generation of the Mixture Curves
Selection of Temperature Points
Extrapolation
4
4
5
6
IMMISCIBLE CONDENSATES
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
FIGURES
1
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
This Guide is one of a series on heat transfer produced for GBH Enterprises.
SCOPE
This Guide discusses how to provide physical property data for the computer
aided thermal design of heat exchangers.
It is NOT a guide to sources of property data, nor to methods of estimating such
data. If information is required on such items, a physical properties expert should
be consulted.
FIELD OF APPLICATION
DEFINITIONS
.
HTRI
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
COMPONENT PROPERTIES
4.1
General
4.2
5.1
General
The use of mixture profiles is the preferred way to input physical property data for
mixtures, as it allows for the user to model non-ideal behavior with more
precision. However, it does require the generation of a large quantity of data.
Some commercially available programs, (i.e., thermal rating programs) will
accept physical properties in the form of a matrix of values for all properties,
calculated at different temperatures, and in some cases also at different
pressures. Versions exist that will allow up to three sets of data at different
pressures. . Versions exist that will allow data at two pressures;
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
5.2
The properties at the chosen temperature points, when linked linearly, should be
a reasonable approximation to the actual curves. This is particularly important for
the weight fraction vapor and the specific enthalpy or heat load from entry, as
these properties often vary in a significantly non-linear manner with temperature.
Obviously, the more data points provided by the user, the better the
representation of the data will be.
Commercially available programs will interpolate linearly between values
supplied. The programs in general use a spline method of interpolation for
specific enthalpy and weight fraction vapor which will give better results than the
simple linear interpolation.
For two phase systems, condensing or boiling, the dew point and the bubble
point should always be included as points on the profile if they occur within the
temperature range selected. Usually, only one extra point will be required for the
superheated region, and one for the subcooled region unless there is a large
superheated or subcooled zone and the properties vary in a non-linear manner.
The majority of the points should be selected in the two-phase region, where,
because of composition changes, properties are changing rapidly.
One commercially available program, - has an option that first locates the dew
and bubble points, if they occur within the input temperature range, and then
divides the two-phase region into zones of equal enthalpy change.
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
For many mixtures, the equal enthalpy change approach is adequate. However,
it can lead to significant errors for mixtures with temperature/enthalpy curves with
regions of high curvature, for example, mixtures of mainly condensables, but with
a small quantity of inerts. In these cases, it is desirable to have more points in the
region of high curvature, if necessary at the expense of regions where properties
vary in a linear manner. See Figures 1 and 2. The difference between these two
approaches can lead to differences in performance prediction of more than 10%.
Following a preliminary run, the estimated weight fraction vapor and stream
enthalpy values should be plotted against temperature.
This may be done using the graph plotting option of commercially available
programs.
Further runs may be necessary at different temperatures to obtain the full shape
of the curves. Having obtained the full curve, a final set of temperatures can be
selected, including dew and bubble point if they occur within the temperature
range, and processed through the 'Manual' option to obtain the data files
for running the exchanger program.
5.4
Extrapolation
Mixture curves given should span the range of temperatures expected. If they do
not, the program will extrapolate from the points given, often in a linear manner,
which can result in significant errors or program crashes in some cases.
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
MMISCIBLE CONDENSATES
Some vapor mixtures condense forming two wholly or partially immiscible liquid
phases. A typical example is a mixture of steam and hydrocarbons. In general,
such a system will have two 'dew points'. As the vapor is cooled, the first dew
point will be reached where one liquid phase will condense. Further cooling will
produce a second dew point, below which two liquid phases will be present. At
present none of the heat exchanger programs available will handle this situation
rigorously. Indeed, there is some doubt as to how such a system does perform in
condensation. The recommended method for rating such exchangers, which is
believed to underestimate the heat transfer coefficient, and hence will generally
be safe, is as follows:
(a)
The two dew points should be selected as two of the temperature points
on the condensation curve.
(b)
(c)
For temperatures between the two dew points there is only one liquid
phase. Use the liquid physical properties of this phase.
(d)
Below the lower dew point, where there are two liquid phases, the liquid
phase used by the heat transfer program should be assumed to have the
transport properties of the phase with the worse properties, i.e. higher
viscosity and lower thermal conductivity. For a water/organics system, this
will almost certainly be the organics rich phase. For other systems, it may
not be obvious which will give the worse results, and it may be necessary
to try both options.
(e)
Below the lower dew point the specific heat and enthalpy of the liquid
phase has to be taken as the weighted mean of the two phases, to
conserve the heat balance.
Commercially available programs can be used to generate the values of
the properties, assuming that the non-ideality can be modeled. The
'Automatic' temperature point method cannot be used in these
circumstances, and the location of the two dew points and the bubble
point will need to be determined by trial and error.
Data for both liquid phases can be generated in tabular form
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com