Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
E. Velandia , A.Albarracin
CODENSA SA.ESP
Bogot, Colombia
evelandia@endesacolombia.com.co
aalbarracin@endesacolombia.com.co
M.Restrepo
CIDET
Medelln, Colombia
mauricio.restrepo@cidet.org.co
Abstract this paper analyses the need of reintroduce electric
transportation systems in countries that abandoned these modes
and brings a methodology to assess the effectiveness of the
electrification in terms of global warming mitigation. The
potential interaction of grid connected vehicles and Smart Grids
is presented among some ideas related to features that could be
developed for massive transportation systems based on electric
traction. As will be presented, Smart Grids could help to
accelerate the electrification of transportation systems and the
electrification could be used to accelerate the introduction of
Smart grids. As reference cases in Colombia and Ecuador will be
taken.
Keywords-component; Air pollution, Electric Vehicle,
Trolleybus, Smart Grids, Transport sector Electrification.
Resumen- Este artculo analiza la necesidad de reintroducir elctrica
los sistemas de transporte en los pases que abandonaron estos modos
y trae una metodologa para evaluar la eficacia de la
electrificacin en trminos de mitigacin del calentamiento global. la
interaccin potencial de los vehculos conectados a la red y las redes inteligentes
se presenta entre algunas ideas relacionadas con caractersticas que podran ser
desarrollada para los sistemas de transporte masivo basado en elctrica
traccin. Como se presentar, Smart Grids podra ayudar a
acelerar la electrificacin de los sistemas de transporte y la
batteries should have and their cost. For public service, vehicle
operation range is especially critic; because of batterys
storage capacity, small personal vehicles range is limited to
about 160 km. In average, a BRT vehicle has to be able to
cover at least 250 km per day. Another important aspect
appears when comparing the cost of the required batteries for
vehicles with the cost of the required infrastructure to supply
trolleybuses; for example, USD 2340.450 is the estimated
cost of the 6.4 km extension of the Electric BRT of Quito
Trole Quito [7], this money just cover batteries for 90 small
particular vehicles, if the reference cost of LiOn value given
by U.S Department of Energy [8] of USD 33.000 is taken.
The same reference allocates a cost of USD 33.000
(currently the cost of Li-Ion battery fluctuates between
400 USD/kWh and 1200 USD/kWh) for an electrical vehicle
battery that consumes approx. 0,2 kWh/km. In order to have
125 km of autonomy for this vehicle, a battery of 25 kWh is
required. Quitos articulated trolleybus consumes around
2,25 kWh/km, which means that the trolleybus must have a
battery of at least 250 kWh to have 160 km range, bringing a
cost of more than USD 300.000. Overweigh of the bus is also
matter of concern, for full range will be 4.5 tons by 2015,
supposed to be reduced to 1.1 tons by 2030, remaining still
unpractical.
This over cost puts the electrification infrastructure cost
equal to the cost of batteries for only 8 articulated buses, for
an estimated life span of 4 years, if is charged-discharged on
daily basis.U.S. Department of Energy [8] also considers that
the lithium batteries cost will be reduced to a third part by
2015; if this optimist estimates are fulfilled, remains been
insufficient for articulated buses.
Batteries charge time is another critical aspect, should be
performed at night or a complex replacement logistic has to be
implemented. A charging infrastructure is required and his
cost do not differ much of the required one for trolleybuses
operation, considering that includes substations and rectifiers.
Therefore, the installed capacity of trolleybuses is distributed
along the route, so its integration to the network is simpler and
more reliable.
If fast charging systems (30 m to 5 m) are considered, the
electrical infrastructure cost remarkably rises; in this case the
grid has to be able to supply around 48 kW per car. Installed
capacity of Quitos trolleybus would be enough to supply just
about 480 personal vehicles at the same time, one each half an
hour. By the other hand, in Quito, more than 250.000 people
are mobilized in daily basis using the trolleybus system.
Results of this analysis show that the battery technology is
currently out of feasible options, if profitable operation is
wanted [9], even considering a battery life span equal to
concession period, and a recharging infrastructure cost null.
On the other hand trolleybus profitable operation under
BRT scenario has been demonstrated in Quito and estimated
for Colombian case by other studies [9].
IV. BATERA O conectados a la red AUTOBUSES?
REFERENCES
[1] Vuchic, Vukan R. Urban transit system and techology John Wiley &
Sons, Hoboken, NJ. 2010. p. 69
[2] Snell, Bradford C. American Ground Transport: A Proposal for
Restructuring the Automobile, Truck, Bus and Rail Industries. Report
presented to the Committee of the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Antitrust
and Monopoly, United States Senate, February 26, 1974, United States
Government Printing Office, Washington, 1974, pp. 16-24.
[3] Black, Edwin "Internal Combustion: How Corporations and
Governments Addicted the World to Oil and Derailed the Alternatives,"
especially Chapter 10, St. Martins Press 2006.
[4] M. Gaitan, J. Cancino, E. Behrentz, Analysis of Bogotas Air Quality,
#26 Revista de ingeniera. Universidad de los Andes. Bogot, Colombia.
Rev.ing. ISSN. 0121-4993. November 2007.
[5] Bedoya, J., Martnez, E.. Calidad Del Aire En El Valle De Aburr
Antioquia -Colombia. DYNA, Norteamrica, 76, July 2009.
[6] Republica de Colombia, MINISTERIO DE MINAS Y ENERGA.
Balances Energticos Nacionales 1975-2006. Bogot 2007. ISBN 978958-98138-3-6
[7] Avils, Espinel, Morales. Diseo elctrico de la extensin al norte del
sistema trolebs del sistema Metropolitano de Quito.JIEEE, Vol 19,
2005.
[8] U.S. Department of energy. The recovery act: transforming Americas
transportation sector batteries and electric vehicles. Wednesday, 14th of
July 2010.http://www.whitehouse.gov/files/documents/Battery-andElectric-Vehicle-Report-FINAL.pdf Date of access: 10th of November
2010.
[9] Dez, A.E; Bohrquez, A.; Velandia, E.; Roa, L.F.; Restrepo,
M.; Modern Trolleybuses on Bus Rapid Transit: key for electrification
of public transportation . ANDESCON, 2010 IEEE.
[10] Steiner, D. M., Klohr, M., and Pagiela, S., "Energy storage system with
Ultracaps on board of railway vehicles," presented at 2007 European
Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, Aalborg,
DENMARK, 2007.
[11] Domnguez, M., Fernndez, A., Cucala, A. P., and Lukaszewicz, P.,
"Optimal design of metro automatic train operation speed profiles for
reducing energy consumption,"Proceedings of the Institution of
Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, pp.
2011
[12] Seong Ho, H., Yun Sub, B., Jong Hyen, B., Tae Ki, A., Su Gil, L., and
Hyun Jun, P., "An optimal automatic train operation (ATO) control
using genetic algorithms (GA)," in Proceedings of IEEE. IEEE Region
10 Conference. TENCON 99. `Multimedia Technology for Asia-Pacific
Information Infrastructure' (Cat. No.99CH37030), vol. 1: IEEE Inst.