Cost of Ownership

Considerations
When Purchasing a
Scrubber-Sweeper

Aspen Project 41181

Prepared for

Tennant Company
April, 2006

Executive Summary:
Obtaining low cost, effective cleaning with a scrubber-sweeper type of floor cleaning
machine is relatively simple when attention is paid to specific operating features of
the machine. Safety for the machine operator, other building occupants, and the
building itself will reduce costs. New design scrubber-sweeper machines have
improvements that reduce maintenance expenses at the same time increasing cleaning
effectiveness and enhancing safety. These improvements include changes in machine
layout to reduce complexity, simplify machine clean-up and servicing, and allow
more time for floor cleaning.
Selection of the optimum scrubber-sweeper is easier when comparison is made of
those machine features that enable the most time to be spent in floor cleaning. A list
of machine features and how they affect time available for floor cleaning is included
in this paper. The realistic goal of reducing total cost of floor cleaning in terms of
$/1,000 sq. ft. of floor space is achievable when comparisons are made of all of the
direct and indirect costs associated with floor cleaning.
A machine comparison results worksheet is attached to this report. Feel free to add
those items unique to your facility to the worksheet. The goal is to enable you to
reduce and control the costs in your facility while improving floor cleanliness and
safety.

Quick Reference:
Effective cleaning, safety, and total costs are important when choosing a scrubbersweeper for your facility. The following points need to be examined carefully to
ensure the best choice in a cleaning machine. These points are:
Safety
Safety issues are involved with many machine features. Safety
factors vary from safety of the operator when operating and when
maintaining the machine. Safety is also enhanced for persons in the
facility by a clean and dry floor after cleaning.
Cost
The total costs of labor and operation over a five year period far out
weigh the initial cost of a machine. Cost factors cover items from the
cost of cleaning materials, the labor cost of operating and
maintaining the machine, repair of the machine, as well as the initial

PN A41181 Cost of Ownership When Purchasing a Scrubber-Sweeper

cost of the machine. Attention to these total costs will help in

selection of the best machine for a given facility.
Features

Configuration and Complexity.

New style machines with integrated scrubbing-sweeping design
and action have fewer parts and thus lower maintenance costs.
Fewer parts allows less time for repair. Integrated machines
simplify changing brushes and resetting squeegees.
Steering configuration.
Front wheel steering allows for less operator training and experience.
Less required training translates into faster results with personnel
changes. Another effect is the ability to turn around in narrower
aisles without hitting walls. Front wheel steering results in more
effective dirt and water pick up. The net result is more floor cleaned
per hour and better safety.
Fuel consumption.
Integrated machines with fewer brushes, moving parts, and lower
weight reduces fuel consumption. Safety and cost is improved by
fewer fuel cylinders needed.
Brush usage.
Integrated sweeper-scrubbers with pre-set brush down pressure have
longer brush life than other machines.
Solution tanks and fluid handling.
An important factor in total cost of floor cleaning is the size and
operation of the solution tanks. Tanks which can be easily drained
and that reduce hand cleaning of debris allow quicker turn around.
Debris hopper.
Dry debris is collected in the debris hopper. Easy and quick clean out
allow the machine to return to the work area sooner.
Filter.
Selection of a machine with a high quality filter will reduce filter
costs. Seals on both sides of the filter will prevent the escape of dust
and dirt and result in cleaner operation.
Hydraulic System.
Hydraulics are the key mechanical elements in most scrubbersweepers today.
When selecting a machine, close attention to
the quality and layout of the hydraulic system can significantly affect
total costs for maintenance. Hydraulic failures that result in leaks and
down time may have a far greater cost than higher quality parts.

PN A41181 Cost of Ownership When Purchasing a Scrubber-Sweeper

Routine maintenance.
Routine maintenance is required to keep a scrubber-sweeper
operating at the lowest cost. Selection of a machine where attention
is paid to reducing maintenance expenses gives the operator more
time for cleaning. Location of access doors and required
maintenance points have a great effect on reducing labor costs for
maintenance.
Squeegee.
Squeegee location and mounting are important. Protection from
damage and ease of rotating and changing of squeegees will again
reduce labor costs.
Exterior skin.
Materials that keep the machine looking like new will cost less over
time than materials that need repainting. A clean looking machine
will also give the perception that floor cleaning tasks are being done
well.
Instrument panel / Control Panel.
Operator efficiency improves when a well designed
instrument/control panel enables the operator to quickly select
machine settings. Improper settings are avoided resulting in less
rework. Diagnostics enable the operator to verify proper machine
operation. Optimization of settings by a supervisor allow for the
lowest cost settings while meeting established cleaning expectations.
_____________________________________________

Considerations When Purchasing a Scrubber-Sweeper

The time has come when the task of cleaning floors in your facility needs an upgrade.
This may be caused by an expansion in the business, a need to reduce costs
associated with the present cleaning methods, or an increase in the need for cleaner
floors.
This paper hopes to guide you through the task of selecting a scrubber-sweeper floor
cleaning machine for your facility. Many different types of floor cleaning methods
and equipment are available, including manual sweeping and mopping, powered
sweepers, and up to dedicated power scrubbers. Each class of equipment has a place
in the history of floor cleaning. Requirements for floor cleaning have changed over
the years. The expectation for clean floors in most facilities has evolved so scrubbing
or mopping on a daily basis is the norm. With large areas to clean, powered
equipment is the most cost effective method of handling these cleaning tasks.
Sweeping alone does not remove grime adhered to the floor surface from foot traffic
and wheeled or powered traffic. Scrubbing on a frequent basis is now a requirement.
Sweeping before scrubbing or mopping is often required to remove loose debris.

PN A41181 Cost of Ownership When Purchasing a Scrubber-Sweeper

Past attempts to produce a machine that could do both the sweeping and scrubbing
tasks essentially took a powered sweeper and attached a powered scrubber to it. This
resulted in a larger machine that could do both tasks. Facilities that at one time used
separate machines for sweeping and scrubbing, have changed to sweeper-scrubbers to
reduce the labor cost of using two machines in succession. There are facilities where
separate machines may still be the most effective.
Facilities have changed over the years from a large number of factory
(manufacturing) buildings where sweeping was the predominant cleaning task to
cleaner manufacturing and combination plants where office areas are a significant
portion of the building. Cleaner manufacturing in combination with office areas have
resulted in a need for frequent scrubbing.
To meet the needs of modern facilities, a new generation of scrubber-sweepers has
evolved. These new scrubber-sweeper machines are optimized for scrubbing on a
regular basis yet have the capability of sweeping when required. The goal of a
scrubber-sweeper is to produce the maximum clean floor area at the lowest cost.
Safety of the facility, the occupants, and the machine operator is essential to keep
costs low. Maximizing the amount of time in the cleaning area increases the
performance of the machine. The less time spent in servicing the machine and in
repairs allows more time to be spent cleaning.

This guide takes one through the process of determining the need for a floor
cleaning machine, the selection of features required, evaluation of various
vendors models, set-up of the facility requirements, daily scheduling,
maintenance, and, finally, replacement at the end of the life of the machine.
The main purpose of the guide is to include all aspects of the decisions and
costs involved so that the best choices are given their due consideration. Each
facility has different requirements and characteristics. The best choice and
selection for one site may not be the best for all sites.
In this guide, the base model machine being used for comparative purposes
will be a combination sweeper-scrubber capable of meeting both sweeping
and scrubbing of floors typically located in the interior of a building such as
an office building, a distribution warehouse, a manufacturing plant, an
educational facility, or a shopping center. Each of these structures has varying
usages, occupancy loads, cleaning needs, and safety needs which vary from
building to building.
Many other types of buildings and occupancies exist, i.e. food processing
plants, hospitals, etc., that have distinctly differing needs that will not be
addressed here, although the same basic principles still apply.
Cleaning of premises is an important part of managing a facility for an
enterprise.

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No matter what the type of building, or its use, the need for the cleaning and
safety ranks high on the priority list.
Different requirements that have an effect on cleanliness requirements include
safety and health of the occupants, government rules such as OSHA, and other
state and federal ordinances.
Safety:
Safety affects several areas: safety of the operator, safety of the premises, and safety
of the occupants of the building.
Safety of the operator. Many of the safety aspects are inter-related. A simple and
coordinated controls layout means that the operator can pay more attention to driving
and be less distracted by looking frequently at the control panel to make sure that the
proper selections have been made. Operator safety is also directly related to the ease
of steering and operation the machine. A more complicated machine has more
chances of unsafe actions. Safety is also important in repair and maintenance of the
scrubber-sweeper. Again, a simpler machine has fewer chances for injury.
Safety of the premises. Steering, turning, backing are opportunities to interact with
walls and objects. A machine that is easy to operate reduces chances for adverse
impacts with the premises. Fuel usage that reduces fuel consumption also reduces the
hazards associated with handling of fuel cylinders.
Safety of the occupants. Dry, clean floors reduce safety hazards from slipping and
tripping. A quality scrubber-sweeper that can complete the cleaning tasks in
minimum time reduces exposure of the occupants to a large machine traveling in the
same areas as the building occupants. A machine that reduces the number of trips
between the working area and the service area also reduces the risk of interacting
with the building occupants.
Cost
Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) is defined as the total cost to a company or
organization for a given piece of equipment, a process operation, or a facility. A
thorough Total Cost of Ownership will include all direct and indirect costs over the
lifetime of the item, including those indirect expenses that are sometimes overlooked.
This is closely related to the concept of Return on Investment (ROI) that has been
calculated for many years.
The phrase Total Cost of Ownership was created by the Gartner Group in 1987 and
initially related to the costs associated with software and computers. The concept of
TCO can be applied to a wide variety of processes and equipment, usually where
there are hidden costs not readily obvious to the owner or purchaser. The purpose of
this discussion is to capture some of the less obvious aspects of the total cost. The
breakdown of direct and hidden cost distribution and cost relationships is most
accurately defined separately for each industry and type of application. For example
the TCO values for vehicles used by Honda and Toyota differs from the TCO or ROI
for cleaning machines.

PN A41181 Cost of Ownership When Purchasing a Scrubber-Sweeper

In the modern world, costs have an ever increasing importance in the operation of a
company. A significant portion of the business costs are the costs of operating the
physical plant involved in conducting the business. Keeping the facilities clean
affects the safety, health, and welfare of the employees as well as maintaining
cleanliness of the materials and products that move through the facility. Productivity
is another factor greatly influenced by cleanliness. Events that disrupt the cleaning
schedule may have far ranging effects on other portions of the business.
In terms of floor cleaning with motorized equipment, these total costs include the
following:

Cost of planning
Cost of the selection process and the purchasing activity
Initial cost of the cleaning machine
Cost of delivery and installation
Sales and use taxes
Cost of taxes, interest, and depreciation during the life of the equipment
Cost of floor space and equipment for storage, supplies, and maintenance
Cost of administration and supervision
Cost of operator and maintenance training
Cost of operation
Cost of insurance
Cost of cleaning supplies and water
Cost of wear-out items (brushes, squeegees, etc.)
Cost of fuel
Cost of routine maintenance
Cost of repairs (non-routine)
Cost of administration and supervision
The cost of waste disposal of recovered water and debris
Cost related to unscheduled downtime or out-of-service conditions
The cost of machine disposal when end of life is reached
The cost of money as affected by the preceding points

These factors are comprised of both hard and soft costs; both direct expense dollars
and indirect cost dollars that may be hidden within other operating costs.
Product Features:
Product features are why a user buys a given product or machine. In a scrubbersweeper floor cleaning machine the features first looked at are those that affect the
ability to clean. Cleaning features may be called the top level of tangible features.
Before final selection of a specific machine is made however, additional tangible and
intangible features are considered. The features that affect safety and cost are those
that we wish to consider in this context. Other items may be important in certain
facilities and it is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss them other than to point
out that all aspects that have an effect on total costs over the life of machine be given

PN A41181 Cost of Ownership When Purchasing a Scrubber-Sweeper

consideration. A worksheet listing cost related and operation related details of the
purchase decision will enable the most cost effective choice.
The interrelationship of product features with overall facility operation is commonly
underestimated. Adverse effects of normal and abnormal machine operation can have
far reaching consequences. A wet area left behind could have a person slip or fall. A
hydraulic leak can result in slips or falls as well as a hazardous clean-up and possible
repair of a damaged floor covering. Turning and backing of a machine can result in
personal injury or wall damage costly to repair. When filling in the worksheet
attached to this paper, consideration of the costs associated with each machine feature
in terms of direct cost, indirect costs, and adverse consequences will help the overall
reduction of costs and the selection of the optimum scrubber-sweeper.
The discussion starts with a description of product features that affect cleaning
ability, safety, and costs of cleaning. These three factors are interwoven and all are
impacted by even the smallest detail. Features of a scrubber-sweeper that impact on
operation and costs are identified below:
Configuration and Complexity.
Some units have the traditional design consisting of separate scrubbing and sweeping
sections combined into one machine with a common power plant. Newer style
machines have the scrubbing-sweeping action integrated with the main brushes
serving both functions, reducing the number of brushes, and also reducing the labor
required to change or rotate brushes. Brushes which can be changed without tools,
and do not require the operator to lie on the floor to reach under the machine, result
in more time available for cleaning. A simplified and integrated machine has fewer
moving parts, less items to wear out and lower maintenance costs.
Steering configuration.
Traditional scrubber-sweepers use rear wheel steering with the operator seated at the
rear of the machine. Rear wheel steering is effective for dedicated sweepers and fork
lift trucks, but is less productive for scrubbing. Existing sweeper-scrubber machines
with rear wheel steering require more extensive training and experience to avoid
damaging both the machine and the facilities they are used in. Front wheel steering is
more natural for newer operators to master and is a good fit for facilities that have
frequent changes in personnel.
The change in steering also has a significant effect on cleaning performance and
results. When turning tight corners, rear steer machines may leave a trail of water or
debris that requires one or more additional passes to pick up. Front steer scrubbersweepers keep the water and debris closer to the center of the machine when turning
and saves time by eliminating the need for repeated passes. A time savings in turning
and in repeated passes could add up to 20 to 30 minutes per shift in increased
performance.
Reduced wear and tear on the machine will also reduce operating costs and
maintenance costs. With limited operator experience, front steer scrubber-sweepers
can be turned in a narrower aisle than rear wheel sweeper-scrubbers without

PN A41181 Cost of Ownership When Purchasing a Scrubber-Sweeper

compromising the cleaning path. The difference in steering configuration affects

safety of the building and of the building occupants. Less water left behind the
machine will reduce slipping and easier turning will reduce potential damage to walls
and other objects when turning.
The change to front wheel steering has the operators position moved to the front
right side of the machine. This gives the operator a clearer view of the steering path
and the right side of the cleaning area. Increased visibility assists in reducing damage
to walls and other objects and brings a higher level of safety to the facilities it is used
in.
Fuel consumption.
Scrubber-sweepers with simplified and integrated components have fewer brushes,
moving parts, and a lower total machine weight which reduces fuel consumption
compared to a conventional sweeper-scrubber. The integrated scrubber-sweeper uses
less down pressure on the brushes, which also saves on fuel usage. Reduced fuel
consumption reduces cost and enhances safety by reducing the number of fuel
cylinders needed.
Brush usage.
Brush life on traditional sweeper-scrubbers is dependent on down pressure. Higher
down pressure shortens brush life. Integrated scrubber-sweepers have a higher brush
life due to the down pressure being preset (albeit adjustable). Preset down pressure
compensates for temperature and brush wear, giving a more constant cleaning action
over the life of the brushes.
Another important factor in total brush cost is the availability of newer brush designs
and materials for optimized cleaning.
Solution tanks and fluid handling.
When scrubbing, one of the important features of a machine is how the machine
handles the fluids used in scrubbing. A supply of water and cleaning chemicals is
provided to the brush system and the waste material, including the debris removed
from the floor, is then suctioned up into a recovery tank. The scrubber must return to
its re-supply base to drain the waste materials and to replenish the supply tanks.
Operating time spent cleaning is determined by the size of the tanks as well as by the
type of cleaning action used. Quick turn around time means more time for cleaning.
Larger tanks will allow longer time on the job, but they will also result in a larger and
heavier machine. The optimum tank size will result in the most efficient machine.
Refilling the supply tank with water and cleaning solutions is quicker when the tank
has a means of holding the fill hose in position so the operator can do other chores
while the tank is filling. Draining the recovery tank may be a difficult task if the drain
hose is a smaller diameter than the drain opening. Debris picked up may clog the
hose and require manual cleaning.
Careful attention to the details in the fluid handling area will save time. Things to
watch for when selecting a machine are large diameter drain hoses, clog proof valves,

PN A41181 Cost of Ownership When Purchasing a Scrubber-Sweeper

good visibility into the recovery tanks to verify that they have drained completely,
and the ability to drain and refill the machine quickly and cleanly.
Units with front steering also minimize debris from the sweeper action being picked
up by the scrubber suction and thus keep the recovery tanks cleaner.
Debris hopper.
The sweeper action on a scrubber-sweeper uses brushes to pick-up debris and move it
to a debris hopper. The material picked up by the sweeper is dry and is collected in a
hopper which is usually emptied by raising it hydraulically. The operators view with
the hopper raised should not be obscured. Safety features for emptying the hopper are
essential.
Machines that have the dumping position at the rear of the machine offer a time
savings in that the hopper can be dumped when the machine is parked in its service
location without repositioning of the machine.
Filter.
Air flow from the sweeping action picks up fine dust and debris. Larger particles are
deposited in the debris hopper with the remaining fines being trapped by a filter.
Cleaning of the filter is required as well as replacement. Selection of a machine
which has a high quality filter, especially one that can be washed and reused, will
reduce filter costs. It is important that the filter arrangement have seals on both sides
to prevent the escape of dust and dirt.
Hydraulic System.
Most scrubber-sweeper machines use hydraulic power for both the brushes and
vacuums, reducing the need for extensive mechanical drives and drive belts.
Integrated scrubber-sweepers have fewer hydraulic hoses, fittings, motors, less
leakage and parts to maintain. Note that various machines use varying types of
hydraulic controls. Hydraulic control valves controlled by a console controller enable
the operator to clearly and efficiently operate the machine. Steady current to control
valves enables a consistent hydraulic down-force on the brushes. Hydraulic hoses can
be a source of leaks and repairs. Selection of a scrubber-sweeper with hydraulic steel
tubing and high PSI rated hoses will reduce wear on the hydraulic system. Hydraulic
hoses, fittings and lines should be designed with low maintenance in mind and will
avoid many of the common leaks and failures found on some sweeper-scrubbers.
Routine maintenance.
Tasks like oil, hydraulic, and coolant level checks, fluid changes, and filter changing
or cleanings are regular items that take time to keep the machine operating in top
condition. Selection of a scrubber-sweeper that makes these tasks as easy and rapid
as possible will reduce non-productive costs. Scrubber-sweepers with access panels
and swing-out covers allow ready access and improved visibility for routine checks.
These panels and covers provide clear access to parts and functions that may need
replacement and/or repair. The improved accessibility can result in a time savings of
1 to 3 hours per week, depending on the work environment. The less time spent on
maintenance, the more time spent cleaning!

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Squeegee.
Squeegees located within the frame outline where they are well protected from
bumping and hooking will reduce operator time spent in fixing squeegees. A
squeegee blade that can be changed without tools and can easily be rotated to even
out the wear on the four edges is a definite advantage. Impacts to the squeegee from
the side and rear can cause permanent damage. Selection of a scrubber-sweeper with
mountings that give without damage reduces repair costs and reduces down time
and maintenance expense.
Exterior skin.
The main purpose of a scrubber-sweeper is to keep a facility clean. A machine that is
easy to keep clean and looking like new will enhance the perception of the entire
cleaning operation. Painted exterior panels scratch easily and often need repainting.
Some of the newer scrubber-sweepers have molded exterior materials with a textured
surface finish which do not show scratches and wipe clean easily to keep the machine
looking good. This eliminates the time and cost associated with repainting and touchups that metal panels might require.
Instrument panel / Control Panel.
An easy to see console control panel that has one step functions for scrubbing and
sweeping enables even a new operator to use the proper settings. A complicated
instrument panel may confuse a new operator and require additional cleaning to make
up for poor selection of operating conditions. When scrubbing is selected, the related
functions of water, detergent flow, and brush pressure are also selected based upon
the last settings used. Quicker resumption of work saves time and avoids improper
operating settings, further reducing the cost of the cleaning process.
Diagnostics built into a control system enable the operator to verify when the unit
needs maintenance and reduces the possibility of major machine damage and the
resulting repair expense. Optimization of the settings for a given facility can be made
by a supervisory setting mode. This feature allows the scrubber-sweeper to be set
appropriately for specific conditions, regardless of the operators skill level,
minimizing excessive brush wear and lost cleaning time. Multiple optimization
settings allow for various facility conditions to help ensure that the lowest cost
operation is maintained.
When selecting a scrubber-sweeper machine, the instrument panel/control console is
an important consideration.
Summary
The optimum selection of a scrubber-sweeper involves a great number of factors.
These factors start with the needs for cleaning, the total costs that are acceptable to
meet those needs, and finally the purchase price of the scrubber-sweeper machine. In
the total cost picture, the purchase price of the machine is a small fraction of the total
costs over a five year anticipated life of the machine. Safety issues for the facility,

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11

labor costs, and cleaning materials costs are of major importance. Routine and nonroutine maintenance costs need to be taken into account.
Total costs of any cleaning machine are highly dependent on actual operating
conditions. It is important for each machine owner to ascertain the specific conditions
in their facility and investigate the savings that can be realized from a designated
cleaning schedule when matched to a well designed and functional cleaning machine.
A low purchase cost of a basic machine is only one factor over the total lifecycle of
costs. Ongoing operational costs and an examination of normally hidden costs will
show the true long-term benefit of matching the machine to the job.
It is suggested that a building or facility owner look carefully at each of the above
factors and details for their own operation and work out a plan that puts cost and
importance values on each factor and for each machine being considered. A
worksheet that calculates the total cost of cleaning into a cost per 1,000 sq. ft. is one
way of comparing scrubber-sweepers. A sample comparison worksheet is attached.

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The Comparison Results Worksheet

For purposes of comparison of several available scrubber-sweepers, let us assume that the machine will be
operated one shift per day and five days per week. An average month has 173 hrs or 21.625 days per shift.
Allowing for breaks and end of shift cleanup leaves 153 hours (9180 minutes) available for cleaning per month.
Fixed Cost Factors:

Machine A

Machine B

Machine C

Purchase price of machine

Expected life of the unit, years
Hourly Worker Rate, $/hr.

$________
________
$________

$________
________
$________

$________
________
$________

Warranty: (warranty periods are not all equal)

Parts. months
_________
Labor. months
_________
Travel. months
_________

_________
_________
_________

_________
_________
_________

_________

_________

_________

_________
_________
_________
_________
_________

_________
_________
_________
_________
_________

_________
_________
_________
_________
_________

_________
_________
_________
_________

_________
_________
_________
_________

_________
_________
_________
_________

_________
_________
$________
$________

_________
_________
$________
$________

_________
_________
$________
$________

Total monthly basic tasks

$________
(Parts) + ((Total Minutes / 60) * (Labor Rate))

$________

$________

$________
$________
$________

$________
$________
$________

$________
$________
$________

Direct monthly cleaning labor cost

Cleaning time in job area, minutes. _________
Area cleaned per month, sq. ft.
_________

_________
_________

_________
_________

Estimated time (minutes) spent per month for basic tasks:

New operator training
Daily maintenance expense
Filling tanks
Rotating squeegee
Check fluid levels
Drain/clean tanks
FaST, ES, conventional scrub
Operation, daily basic tasks
Driving, turning
Total time to/from job area
Time to re-supply machine
Refueling labor
Less frequent maintenance
Oil / filter change (100 hr)
Brush change labor
Squeegee replacement
Brush replacement cost

Variable Costs per month:

LP Fuel cost
Cleaning supplies (a)
Non-routine maintenance (b)

Total monthly operations cost

$________
$________
$________
(Basic tasks) + (variable costs) + ((direct cleaning labor minutes / 60) * (Labor Rate))
Total monthly cleaning cost per 1,000 sq. ft. $________
$________
(Total monthly operations cost / area cleaned per month) / 1,000

$________

Total yearly costs (monthly cost * 12)

$________

$________

$________

Total Five year costs

$________

$________

$________

Notes: (a) This cost is dependent on the floor area cleaned per day, on the scrubbing type (FaSTTM, ES, or conventional), and on
cleaning quality expectations. (b) Maintenance costs typically increase after the warranty ends.

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