TVN Al

ME 2453 PROJECT WORK
VIBRATION REDUCTION IN VEHICLE

COMPONENTS USING TUNED VIBRATION
NEUTRALIZER
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
RAGUL BALAJI R
SATISH K R
VISHNUSANKAR H
( 11310114071 )
( 11310114086 )
( 11310114118 )
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
RMK ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KAVARIPETTAI
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2014
i
Data published in this document is the property of Ashok Leyland Ltd., No part in full or partial of this
documents may be reproduced or transmitted in any form without the written permission of Ashok Leyland Ltd.,
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report VIBRATION REDUCTION IN VEHICLE
COMPONENTS USING TUNED VIBRATION NEUTRALIZER is the
bonafide work of RAGUL BALAJI R (11310114071), SATISH K R
(11310114086) and VISHNUSANKAR H (11310114118) who carried out the
project work under my supervision.
SIGNATURE
SIGNATURE
Dr. K. R. SENTHIL KUMAR M.E, PhD
Mr. P. RAJESH M.E
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
SUPERVISOR
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
R.M.K. Engineering College

Kavaraipettai 601 206
R.M.K. Engineering College

Kavaraipettai 601 206
Submitted for the project viva voce held on . at RMK Engineering

College, Kavaraipettai 601 206
Internal Examiner
External Examiner
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would express our gratitude to our beloved chairman SHRI.

R.S.MUNIRATHINAM, RMK ENGINEERING COLLEGE, Kavaraipettai 601
206 for having arranged to do this project.
We would also like to express our sincere thanks to our beloved principal
Dr. ELWIN CHANDRA MONIE and the head of the department of Mechanical
Engineering Dr. K. R. SENTHIL KUMAR for having made the guidance and
counseling throughout this project.
We express our sincere thanks to Mr. P. SIVARAMAN & Mr. ROHIT

RAVINDRAN of NVH Attribute Engineering, Ashok Leyland Technical Center
and our internal project guide Mr. P. RAJESH for their valuable guidance and
encouragement for finishing the project successfully.
iii
ABSTRACT
The Project aims in the development of vibration neutralizers, for potential

application towards tactile vibration mitigation. Tuned Vibration Neutralizers are
used to reduce the vibrational excitation felt at a structure. They are tuned to
address excitation frequencies produced by a source (Engine) and usually not used
for resonance based phenomenon. Tuned vibration neutralizers are in essence
spring-mass systems which are attached to a primary structure. The neutralizer is
tuned to operate at a particular frequency, at which it act as a sink of energy, thus
taking vibration energy away from the primary structure, in effect reducing the
amplitude felt at the primary structure. Neutralizers operate only at their tuned
frequency, so they are effective in a very narrow bandwidth. The project will
provide insight and competency development in vibration neutralizers allowing
for future implementation of TVNs as quick fixes for Tactile Vibration related
problems in automobiles.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER No.
TITLE
PAGE No.
ABSTRACT
iv
ii
LIST OF FIGURES
vii
iii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
ix
iv
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS
xi
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Tuned Vibration Neutralizer (TVN)
1.2 Selected Vehicle Component
REVIEW OF NVH BASICS
LITERATURE REVIEW
3
21
3.1 Equations of motion for TVN
21
3.2 Comparison between Absorbers and Neutralizers
23
3.3 Acceleration of a system with and without a
24
TVN installed
3.4 Design of TVN
25
3.5 Types of TVN
25
GEAR SHIFT LEVER (GSL)
28
4.1 Introduction
28
4.2 Gear Shift Lever Baseline Vibration
29
4.3 Inferences from Baseline Vibration FRF
31
v
TUNED VIBRATION NEUTRALIZER (TVN)
32
5.1 Selecting the appropriate TVN
32
5.2 Design of Cantilever type TVN
32
5.3 CAE Analysis of designed TVN
34
5.4 Impact testing of designed TVN
35
GSL WITH TVN LAB LEVEL VALIDATION
38
6.1 Installation of TVN
38
6.2 Gear Lever Vibration with TVN Installed
38
6.3 Inferences
42
CONCLUSION
44
FUTURE SCOPE
45
REFERENCES
46
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE No.
TITLE
PAGE NO
1.1
Gear Shift Lever
2.1
Noise, Vibration and Harshness
2.2
Sensing Vibrations
2.3
Vibration
2.4
Cycle
2.5
Dissipation of energy from a single impact
2.6
Frequency
2.7
Amplitude
2.8
Resonance
10
2.9
Resonance Point
10
2.10
Varying the Frequency to Modify Resonance
11
2.11
Simple plate excitation/Response Model
12
2.12
Simple Plate response
13
2.13
Frequency Response Function of simple plate
13
2.14
Mode shapes of simple plate
14
2.15
A Model of beam
15
2.16 a
Drive point FRFs for reference 3 of the beam model
16
2.16 b
Cross FRFs for reference 3 of the beam models
17
2.16 c
17
2.17
Impact Test Method
17
2.18 a
Impact force and Response signal
18
2.18 b
Impact FRF
18
2.19
Shaker Test Method
19
vii
3.1
Model of a tuned vibration neutralizer

attached to a vibrating primary structure
21
3.2
TVA FRF
23
3.3
TVN FRF
24
3.4
Acceleration of a system with and without

a TVN installed
24
3.5
Cantilever Beam type Neutralizer
25
3.6
Curved Beam type Neutralizer
26
3.7
Pneumatic springs
27
4.1
Gear Shift Lever Location
28
4.2
GSL Baseline Vibration - Experimental Setup
29
4.3
Amplifier
30
4.4
Laptop and DAQ
30
4.5
Baseline FRF of GSL
31
5.1
First mode of Designed TVN
34
5.2
Second mode of Designed TVN
35
5.3
Third mode of Designed TVN
35
5.4
Impact Testing of Designed TVN
36
5.5
FRF of Designed TVN
37
6.1
TVN installed GSL
38
6.2
GSL Vibration with TVN Installed
39
6.3
FRF of GSL with TVN
39
6.4
Vibration Level at 55 Hz X axis
40
6.5
Vibration Level at 55 Hz Y axis
41
6.6
Vibration Level at 55 Hz Z axis
41
viii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
SYMBOLS
DEFINITION
dB
Decibel
Matrix Notation
Matrix Notation
Mass
Stiffness
Viscous Damping Co-efficient
Displacement
Acceleration due to gravity
Frequency
Tonal Force
Damping Factor
Youngs Modulus
Moment of Inertia
Length
Area of cross section
Ratio of specific heat
Pressure
Volume
Diameter
Density
Pi
Natural Frequency
Newton
ix
Meter
cm
Centimeter
mm
Millimeter
Seconds
kg
Kilogram
Hz
Hertz
x
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
ABBREVIATION
DEFINITION
NVH
Noise Vibration and Harshness
GSL
Gear Shift Lever
TVN
Tuned Vibration Neutralizer
FRF
Frequency Response Function
FFT
Fast Fourier Transform
DAQ
Data Acquisition System
CAE
Computer Aided Engineering
xi
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Tuned Vibration Neutralizer
Tuned vibration neutralizer (TVNs) is a device that is attached to a primary
structure to reduce its vibration. The idea was patented by Frahm in 1911 and has
been used in automotive, marine and aerospace applications. They are a rigid mass
attached to a primary structure through an elastic spring. The spring component has
been implemented using several mechanisms such as: a cantilever beam, a curved
beam, air-spring (bellows), shape memory alloy beams, and so on. These devices
have also been implemented to reduce torsional vibration, and in these
applications, the spring element is realized using a torsional stiffness element.
Although the terms Tuned Vibration Absorber / Damper / Neutralizer are often
used interchangeably, they can be differentiated by the mechanism that they
operate to reduce the vibration of a primary structure. If the device is installed to
reduce a structural resonance in a primary structure, the device is tuned to a
frequency slightly lower than the structural resonance frequency and is constructed
with an appropriate amount of damping; it is called a tuned vibration damper or
absorber. If the device is installed to reduce the vibration in a primary structure due
to forced excitation at a particular frequency, the device typically has low damping
to provide the greatest vibration attenuation; the resonance frequency of the device
is tuned to the forcing frequency and is referred to as a tuned vibration neutralizer.
1.2 Scope of Present work

The project aims in proving the principle of TVN by installing it on a single
selected component. The final results of the selected component will serve as proof
of concept for vibration reduction in vehicle components using TVN.
1
1.3 Selected Vehicle Component

Various components which serve as a source of tactile vibration were identified
and gear shift lever was selected.
Fig.1.1 Gear Shift Lever

Since the gear shift lever is mounted on top of the engine, the firing frequency of
the engine serves as the excitation frequency of the gear shift lever. This excitation
causes vibration in the gear shift lever which is tactile.
2
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF NVH BASICS
We reviewed the basics of NVH in order to attain in-depth understanding in the

science and art behind experimental testing for vibration related properties of a
system.
Noise, Vibration and Harshness (NVH)

Noise and vibration normally exist in the operation of a vehicle. When they
become unpleasant to the senses they may be regarded as problems by the
customer. NVH (Noise, Vibration and Harshness) is the term used when discussing
these conditions
Fig.2.1 Noise, Vibration and Harshness

Noise is defined as any unpleasant or unexpected sound created by a vibrating
object. Vibration is defined as any objectionable repetitive motion of an object,
back and forth or up and down. Harshness is defined as an aggressive suspension
feel or lack of give in response to a single input.
We experience vibration by our senses of touch and vision. We experience sounds
by our sense of hearing. People can perceive the same noise and vibration
differently. To some it may be annoying, to others merely unpleasant while others
may not notice it until it is pointed out.
3
Fig.2.2 Sensing Vibrations

Vibration
The up and down movement of the weight and spring model shown below
represents a vibration. This movement or vibration exists as a result of a weight
suspended by a spring and an external force.
Fig.2.3 Vibration
The factors that determine movement or vibration are:
The size of the spring
The size of the weight
The amount of force pulling on the weight starting it in motion
4
The model consisting of the suspended weight and spring is called the vibrating
system. Anything that vibrates is a vibrating system including:
A string on a musical instrument
A bell
A tuning fork
The weight and spring model or vibrating system can be started into motion by
pulling on the weight. This action is known as the vibrating force. A vibrating
force is the external force or energy putting a vibrating system into motion.
Plucking a string on a guitar or striking a bell or tuning fork are the vibrating
forces that cause these vibrating systems to vibrate and make noise.
Cycle
If a constant vibration or movement in any vibrating system is plotted over time a
pattern appears. This pattern consists of the repetitive movement of the weight.
Tracing this pattern from the resting position through each extreme and back to the
resting position will produce one cycle.
Fig.2.4 Cycle
5
Cycle comes from the word circle. The travel of the weight on either side of the
resting position is half of a circle. The distance the weight travels from either side
of the resting position will be the same as long as the vibrating force remains
constant (A = B).
The movement/vibration will continue until the energy in the system is dissipated
and the system is at rest.
Fig.2.5 Dissipation of energy from a single impact
Another example of frequency or cycle is rotating a crankshaft 360 starting at

TDC. This movement is one revolution. We measure the speed of an engine by
counting these revolutions in one minute (RPM). Rotating the crankshaft from
TDC through 360 and back to TDC is also one cycle of the crankshaft. As defined
above the crankshaft starts at a specific point, travels in a circle and returns to the
same point. Plotting the movement of a crankshaft over time will result in a similar
pattern to the movement of the spring and weight model. (Fig.2.4)
6
Frequency
The number of cycles in one sec
second
ond is the frequency of the vibration. The unit for
frequency is Hertz (Hz).
Fig.2.6 Frequency
The number of cycles in a second or the frequency (Hz) can be changed by

changing the vibrating system. If the strength of the spring is changed or the size of
o
the weight is changed the frequency will change
change. (All
All other aspects of the vibrating
system unchanged)
A stronger spring will increase the frequency (Hz)
- More tension will move the weight at a faster speed
A weaker spring will decrease the frequ
frequency (Hz)
- Less tension will move the weight at a slower speed
7
documents may be reproduced or transmitted in any form without the writ
written
ten permission of Ashok Leyland Ltd.,
A heavier weight will decrease the frequency (Hz)

- More weight will increase the resistance on the spring and it will
move at a slower speed
A lighter weight will increase the frequency (Hz)
- Less weight will decrease the resistance on the spring and it will
move at a faster speed
Amplitude
The amount of vertical movement of the spring and weight (vibrating system) is
the amplitude of the vibration. The amplitude is determined by the external force
or energy applied to the vibrating system.
Amplitude is the size of the wave and is measured two ways.
Total amplitude from peak to peak (A)
Half amplitude from resting position to the peak (B)
The higher the amplitude, the more noticeable the condition.
Fig.2.7 Amplitude
8
Vibration Measurement
A vibration is measured in two ways:
Frequency (Hz)
Amplitude (dBg)
Frequency is a function of the system design and amplitude is the result of the
energy on the system.
Both of these features can be measured with a vibration analyzer which senses,
processes and displays the vibrations in a vehicle. The information from a vibration
analyzer can help the technician determine the:
Frequency of vibration (Hz) which can indicate the source
Amount of energy/amplitude (dBg) which indicates the level of the
vibration the customer feels
Natural Frequency
All vibrating systems have a specific vibrating frequency unique to that system
design. This frequency is called the natural frequency. If the characteristics of the
vibrating system are changed then the natural frequency changes. If the external
force on a vibrating system is changed then the amplitude changes but the natural
frequency remains the same.
Resonance
Resonance occurs when the vibrating force (external force) on a vibrating system
is moving at the same frequency (Hz) as the natural frequency of that vibrating
system. The frequency (Hz) at which this occurs is the resonance point. The
amplitude (dBg) of the vibrating system increases dramatically when the resonance
point is reached.
9
Fig.2.8 Resonance
Fig.2.9 Resonance Point
10
written
Varying the Frequency to Modify Resonance
Fig.2.10 Varying the Frequency to Modify Resonance

Basics of Modal Analysis
Modal
analysis is
the
study of
the
dynamic
properties
of
structures
under vibrational excitation. Modal analysis is a process whereby we describe a

structure in terms of its natural characteristics which are the frequency, damping
and mode shapes.
11
Lets consider a freely supported flat plate (Figure 2.11). Lets apply a constant
force to one corner of the plate. We usually think of a force in a static sense which
would cause some static deformation in the plate. But here we apply a force that
varies in a sinusoidal fashion. Lets consider a fixed frequency of oscillation of the
constant force. We will change the rate of oscillation of the frequency but the peak
force will always be the same value only the rate of oscillation of the force will
change. We will also measure the response of the plate due to the excitation with
an accelerometer attached to one corner of the plate.
Fig.2.11 Simple plate excitation/Response Model
Now if we measure the response on the plate we will notice that the amplitude
changes as we change the rate of oscillation of the input force (Figure 2.12). There
will be increases as well as decreases in amplitude at different points as we sweep
up in time. This seems very odd since we are applying a constant force to the
system yet the amplitude varies depending on the rate of oscillation of the input
force. But this is exactly what happens, the response amplifies as we apply a force
with a rate of oscillation that gets closer and closer to the natural frequency
(Or resonant frequency) of the system and reaches a maximum when the rate of
oscillation is at the resonant frequency of the system.
12
Fig.2.12 Simple Plate response
This time data provides very useful information. But if we take the time data and
transform it to the frequency domain using the Fast Fourier Transform then we can
compute something called the frequency response function (Figure 2.13). Now
there are some very interesting items to note. We see that there are peaks in this
function which occur at the resonant frequencies of the system. And we notice that
these peaks occur at frequencies where the time response was observed to have
maximum response corresponding to the rate of oscillation of the input excitation.
Fig.2.13 Frequency Response Function of simple plate

Now lets see what happens to the deformation pattern on the structure at each one
of these natural frequencies. Lets place 45 evenly distributed accelerometers on
the plate and measure the amplitude of the response of the plate with different
13
excitation frequencies. If we were to dwell at each one of the frequencies each one
of the natural frequencies we would see a deformation pattern that exists in the
structure (Figure 2.14). The figure shows the deformation patterns that will result
when the excitation coincides with one of the natural frequencies of the system.
We see that when we dwell at the first natural frequency, there is a first bending
deformation pattern in the plate shown in blue (mode 1). When we dwell at the
second natural frequency, there is a first twisting deformation pattern in the plate
shown in red (mode 2). When we dwell at the third and fourth natural frequencies,
the second bending and second twisting deformation patterns are seen in green
(mode 3) and magenta (mode 4), respectively. These deformations patterns are
referred to as the mode shapes of the structure.
Fig.2.14 Mode shapes of simple plate
Frequency Response Function

A frequency response function (FRF) is a transfer function, expressed in the
frequency domain. Frequency response functions are complex functions, with real
14
and imaginary components. They may also be represented in terms of magnitude

and phase. A frequency response function can be formed from either measured
data or analytical functions.
A frequency response function expresses the structural response to an applied force
as a function of frequency. The response may be given in terms of displacement,
velocity, or acceleration. Furthermore, the response parameter may appear in the
numerator or denominator of the transfer function.
Lets first evaluate a simple beam with only 3 measurement locations (Figure
2.15). Notice that the beam has 3 measurement locations and 3 mode shapes. There
are 3 possible places that forces can be applied and 3 possible places where the
responses can be measured. This means that there are a total of 9 possible complex
valued frequency response functions that could be acquired; the frequency
response functions are usually described with subscripts to denote the input and
output locations as , (or with respect to typical matrix notation this would
be
, ).
Fig.2.15 Model of beam
15
Lets drive the beam with a force from an impact at the tip of the beam at point 3
and measure the response of the beam at the same location (Figure 2.16). This
measurement is referred to as . This is a special measurement referred to as a
drive point measurement. Some important characteristics of a drive point

measurement are:
All resonances (peaks) are separated by anti-resonances.
The phase loses 180 degrees of phase as we pass over a resonance
and gains 180 degrees of phase as we pass over an anti-resonance.
The peaks in the imaginary part of the frequency response
function must all point in the same direction.
Fig.2.16 (a) Drive point FRFs for reference 3 of the beam model
16
Fig.2.16 (b)
Fig 2.16 (c)
Impact Test Method

With the ability to compute FRF measurements in an FFT analyser, impact testing
was developed during the late 1970s, and has become the most popular modal
testing method used today. Impact testing is a fast, convenient, and low cost way of
finding the modes of machines and structures.
Fig.2.17 Impact Test Method

17
Impact testing is depicted in Figure 2.17. The following equipment is required to

perform an impact test
1. An impact hammer with a load cell attached to its head to measure the
input force.
2. An accelerometer to measure the response acceleration at a fixed point &
direction.
3. A 2 or 4 channel FFT analysers to compute FRFs.
4. Post-processing modal software for identifying modal parameters and
displaying the mode shapes in animation.
A wide variety of structures and machines can be impact tested. Of course,
different sized hammers are required to provide the appropriate impact force,
depending on the size of the structure; small hammers for small structures, large
hammers for large structures. Realistic signals from a typical impact test are shown
in Figure 2.18
Fig.2.18 (a) Impact force and Response signal
Fig.2.18 (b) Impact FRF

18
Shaker Test Method

Not all structures can be impact tested, however. For instance, structure with
delicate surfaces cannot be impact tested. Or because of its limited frequency range
or low energy density over a wide spectrum, the impacting force is not be
sufficient to adequately excite the modes of interest. When impact testing cannot
be used, FRF measurements must be made by providing artificial excitation with
one or more shakers, attached to the structure. Common types of shakers are
electro-dynamic and hydraulic shakers. A typical shaker test is depicted in Figure
2.19. A shaker is usually attached to the structure using a stinger (long slender
rod), so that the shaker will only impart force to the structure along the axis of the
stinger, the axis of force measurement. A load cell is then attached between the
structure and the stinger to measure the excitation force.
Fig.2.19 Shaker Test Method

19
At least a 2-channel FFT analyser and a single axis accelerometer are required to
make FRF measurements using a shaker. If an analyser with 4 or more channels is
used, then a tri-axial accelerometer can be used and 3D motion of the structure
measured at each test point.
20
CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE REVIEW
Various technical papers (mentioned in References Page 46) related to TVN
were reviewed and the following are the inferences from it.
3.1 Equations of Motion for TVN
Consider the system shown in Figure 1 of a tuned vibration neutralizer attached to
a primary structure.
Fig.3.1 Model of a tuned vibration neutralizer

attached to a vibrating primary structure.
The equations of motion for the system, which are available from most vibration
textbooks, are given by
= + + + + 1
0 = + + (2)
21
Where m, k, and care the mass, stiffness and viscous damping coefficients,
respectively,is the frequency is radians/sec, and is tonal force. By rearranging
(2) to find an expression for and substituting it into (1), results in the expression
+ +

=
3
+

+ + +
Hence, the primary structure is stationary ( =0) when the numerator in (3) equals
zero. The numerator in (3) is recognizable as the form of the homogeneous

differential equation of motion for a single degree of freedom mass-spring-damper
system. In other words, when the tuned vibration neutralizer is resonant (for the
case of the single degree of freedom system), the vibration of the primary structure
is minimized. The damped resonance frequency of the TVN is given by
" = #1 $
(4)
Where = / is the natural frequency and the damping factor is defined

as$ = / 2#
The vibration attenuation A of the primary system due to the attachment of the
TVN is calculated as the ratio of the dis-placement after attachment divided by the
displacement without the TVN as
' = (with TVN0/ (without TVN0
(5)
The equation of motion +of the primary system without a TVN is given by
22
= + +

(6)
Eq. (6) can be rearranged for the displacement normalized by the driving
drivi force
as
(without TVN0
1
=

+ +
7
Assuming that the driving force on the primary structure remains the same after the
attachment of the TVN,
VN, the vibration attenuation from Eq. (5) is calculated as Eq.
(3) divided by Eq. (7) and is given by
+ + + +
'=
+ +
+
8
3.2 Comparison between Absorbers and Neutralizers

Tuned Vibration Absorbers (TVA)
- They are tuned to suppre
suppress the response at atroublesome resonance frequency.
Fig.3.2 TVA FRF

23
written
Tuned Vibration Neutralizer (TVN)

- They are tuned to suppress the response at a troublesome forcing frequency.
Fig.3.3 TVN - FRF
3.3 Acceleration of a system with and without a TVN installed
Fig 3.4 Acceleration of a system with and without a TVN installed

24
3.4 Design of TVN

The basic feature of a tuned vibration neutralizer is its capability to alter its
resonance frequency. If the device has low damping then its resonance frequency is

=5

Where k is the stiffness and m is the mass of the vibrating part of the device. The
resonance frequency of the device can be tuned by altering either the stiffness or
the mass of the device. There are several designs described in the technical papers
that permit alteration of the stiffness of the device and are described below.
3.5 Types of TVN

Beam type neutralizers
Perhaps the most common implementation of the tunable vibration neutralizers is a
mass on the end of a beam as shown in Figure 3.3.1.1. The cantilever beam and
attached mass vibrate transversely. The double ended arrow indicates the direction
of vibration of the base structure.
Fig.3.5 Cantilever Beam type Neutralizer
25
The effective stiffness of the cantilever beam is

=
367
8
Where E is the Youngs modulus, I is the second moment of area, L is the distance
between base and the mass. The stiffness of the device can be altered by changing
E, I, or L.
Curved Beam type neutralizers

Virgin and Davis (2003) described the use of buckled beams as a vibration isolator
and Bonello et al. (2005) implemented this method in vibration absorber, as shown
in Figure 3.3.2.1
Fig.3.6 Curved Beam type Neutralizer
Pneumatic springs
This type of device has been experimentally demonstrated by Brennan (1997).
This device is an application of fluid power.
26
Fig.3.7 Pneumatic springs
The effective stiffness k of a pneumatic spring is
9:'
=
;
Where P is the pressure in the device, A is the cross sectional area of the piston, V
is the air volume within the device, and is the ratio of specific heat (=1.4 for
air).The force exerted by the mass under gravity (g) is balanced by the pressure
acting over the face of the piston so that
< = :'
The resonance frequency of the system is then
9<'
9<'
= 5
=5
;
;
Which is independent of the mass m in the device.
27
CHAPTER 4
GEAR SHIFT LEVER (GSL)
4.1 Introduction
A gear shift lever is the device used to change gear in a manual transmission
vehicle. This will normally be done while depressing the clutch pedal with the left
foot to disengage the engine from the drive train and wheels.
GSL
Engine
Fig.4.1 Gear Shift Lever - Location

28
4.2 Gear Shift Lever Baseline Vibration

We need to find the Frequency Response Function (FRF) of the GSL without TVN
and this will be taken as baseline FRF for the GSL. The Experimental setup is as
shown in the figure 4.2
Accelerometer
GSL
Force
sensor
Electromagnetic
shaker
Fig.4.2 GSL Baseline Vibration - Experimental Setup
As seen in the figure 4.2 the GSL is mounted on a rigid base using C-clamps and a
piezoelectric accelerometer is placed on the top of GSL. The Shaker is connected
to the bottom of the GSL through a force sensor. The shaker is powered through an
amplifier. The inputs or outputs from the accelerometer, force sensor, and
amplifier are connected to the Data Acquisition System (DAQ). The DAQ is
connected to the laptop. Laptop processes the data using LMS software package
and baseline FRF for GSL is obtained.
29
Amplifier
Fig.4.3 Amplifier
Laptop with
LMS
DAQ
Fig.4.4 Laptop and DAQ
From the processed data the Baseline FRF for the Gear Shift Lever (GSL) is
obtained and the Figure 4.5 is the obtained FRF.
30
Fig. 4.5 Baseline FRF of GSL
31
CHAPTER 5
TVN - DESIGN AND TESTING
5.1 Selecting the appropriate type of TVN

Based on inferences made from our literature review, we have selected cantilever
beam type TVN as the most appropriate and feasible TVN for the Gear shift lever
(GSL) for the following reasons
Simplicity in Design and fabrication
Ease in frequency tuning
Easy installation of TVN to host structure
5.2 Design of Cantilever type TVN
The following are the design calculations for a Cantilever beam with an end
mass of 0.3 kg and Natural Frequency of 55 Hz.
The cross section of the beam is Circular,
Diameter, = = 6 = 0.006
The Material Properties are
Youngs Modulus, 6 = 200 10A

Density, D = 7850
FG
H
C
End Mass = 0.3 <

Mass of the beam = D
= 8 = 7850 2.827 10JK 8 <
Equivalent Mass of the Beam = LMM NO PQ RQL 0.2235

32
= 0.0496 8 <
Effective Mass , U = 6VWXYLZQ[P ULMM NO PQ RQL + 6[= ULMM
Moment of Inertia, 7 =
= =
0.006
= 6.361 10J
Stiffness, ] =
^_
`H
aa ab \.\ acdd

`H
e.\\ B
`H
The natural frequency of the beam,

O =
1
]
5
2f
U
e.\\
1
`H
O = 55 gh =
5
0.0496 8 + 0.3
2f
55 2f = 5
119422.2133 =
e.\\
`H
0.0496 8 + 0.3
38.166
0.0496 8 + 0.3 8
5923.34 8 + 35826.66 8 38.166 = 0

On solving this Equation we get,
33
8 = 0.050 + 0.088 X
8 = 0.050 0.088 X
8 = 0.101
8 = 6.048
Since the length of the beam cannot be negative or imaginary,
Length of the beam, j = k. lkl m = lk. l nm = lkl mm
5.3 CAE Analysis of Designed TVN
The CAE verification of the designed cantilever is done using ANSYS modal
analysis to find the first and second modes of the designed TVN. The CAE Results
are shown in figures 5.1 to 5.3. The first frequency is at 55.7 Hz
Fig.5.1 First mode of Designed TVN
34
Fig.5.2 Second mode of Designed TVN
Fig.5.3 Third mode of Designed TVN

35
5.4 Impact Testing of Designed

igned TVN
The Testing Setup is as shown in the figure 5.4
Fig 5.4 Impact Testing of Designed TVN
The hammer is used to excite the TVN and the accelerometer is placed on the end
of TVN. The hammer includes a force sensor which is connected to the Data
Acquisition System (DAQ). Also the accelerometer is connected to the Data
Acquisition System (DAQ). The DAQ is connected to the tough book which
processes the data using LMS software.
The processes results (FRF) is shown in the figure 5.5.
Based on the FRF the first frequency matches with our theoretical design
frequency of 55 Hz. Hence by theoretical calculations, CAE analysis and
Experimental Impact Testing the design of TVN is validated.
36
written
Fig 5.5 FRF of Designed TVN
37
CHAPTER 6
GSL WITH TVN LAB LEVEL VALIDATION
6.1 Installation of TVN

The designed TVN is installed to GSL through welding as shown in the following
figure 6.1
GSL
Welded Joint
TVN
Fig.6.1 TVN installed GSL
6.2 GSL Vibration with TVN Installed

The GSL with TVN is clamped in such a way that it simulates the real time
Vehicle conditions. The experimental Setup for the is as shown in the following
figure 6.2. One accelerometer is placed on the top of the GSL and the other on the
overhanging end of the TVN. Initially the setup is exited to random frequencies
from 1 Hz to 256 Hz. This is to find the FRF of the GSL with TVN which is shown
in Figure 6.3
38
Accelerometer - 1
Accelerometer - 2
Force Sensor
Electromagnetic
shaker
Fig 6.2 GSL Vibration with TVN Installed
Fig 6.3 FRF of GSL with TVN

39
Then, the setup is exited at 55 Hz which is the design frequency of the TVN. In
this frequency of excitation the reduction in amplitude of vibration in the X, Y and
Z axis are found using the shaker test method.
Using the following data, the effectiveness of the TVN can be calculated
Fig 6.4 Vibration Level at 55 Hz X axis
In Figure 6.3 the red colour indicates the amplitude of vibration without TVN and
green colour indicates the amplitude of vibration with TVN at 55 Hz along X axis.
green colour indicates the amplitude of vibration with TVN at 55 Hz along Y axis.
green colour indicates the amplitude of vibration with TVN at 55 Hz along X axis.
40
Fig 6.5 Vibration Level at 55 Hz Y axis
Fig 6.6 Vibration Level at 55 Hz Z axis

41
6.3 Inferences
Based on the results from testing, the following inferences are made
The Vibration attenuation ',
Along X direction is
'o =
'pZXPW=Q NO YXRqLPXN[ LZN[< r =XqQPXN[ sXP t;u

'pZXPW=Q NO YXRqLPXN[ LZN[< r =XqQPXN[ sXPNWP t;u
'o =
1.32
7.13
'o = 0.185
Along Y direction is
'v =
'pZXPW=Q NO YXRqLPXN[ LZN[< w =XqQPXN[ sXP t;u

'pZXPW=Q NO YXRqLPXN[ LZN[< r =XqQPXN[ sXPNWP t;u
'v =
1.35
25.35
'v = 0.05
Along Z direction is
'x =
'pZXPW=Q NO YXRqLPXN[ LZN[< y =XqQPXN[ sXP t;u

'pZXPW=Q NO YXRqLPXN[ LZN[< y =XqQPXN[ sXPNWP t;u
'x =
0.26
= 0.05
4.87
'x = 0.05
Based on the Vibration Attenuation ', the percentage vibration reduction along
each direction can be found.
:QqL[PL<Q ;XRqLPXN[ qQ=WPXN[ = 1 ' 100
Where A is the amplitude of vibration
42
The Percentage reduction in vibration

Along X direction is = 1 'o 100
= 1 0.185 100
= 81 .5 %
Along Y direction is = 1 'v 100
= 1 0.05 100
= 95 %
Along Z direction is = 1 'x 100
= 1 0.05 100
= 95 %
43
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
Based on the inferences, there has been a significant reduction in the amplitude
vibration along the X, Y and Z directions of the Gear Shift Lever due the
installation of the cantilever type Tuned Vibration Neutralizer to the Gear Shift
Lever. Hence, we have successfully developed vibration neutralizers, for potential
application towards tactile vibration mitigation. The results achieved serve as a
proof of concept for effective implementation of TVN in order to reduce vibration
in vehicle components. This project provides insight and competency development
in vibration neutralizers allowing for future implementation of TVNs as quick fixes
for Tactile Vibration related problems in automobiles.
44
FUTURE SCOPE
This project has laid the foundation necessary for development of Adaptive tuned
vibration Neutralizers (ATVN). By implementing a mechanism for varying the
stiffness or mass of the TVN, it can be developed into ATVN. These ATVN helps
in active vibration control where a single vibration neutralizer can be used to
address various excitation frequencies. Variation of stiffness can be achieved either
through varying geometries elements like curved beams or variable stiffness
elements like Shape memory alloys. Variation of mass can be achieved using a
simple mechanism to vary the intensity of the mass or to vary the location of the
mass.
45
REFERENCES
1. Carl Howard, Review of adaptive tuned vibration neutralizers, Proceedings

of Acoustics, pp.1-6 (2009).
2. Bonello, P., Brennan, M.J. and Elliott, S.J. 2005, Vibration control using an
adaptive tuned vibration absorber with a variable curvature stiffness
element, Smart Materials and Structures, 14, p1055-1065.
3. Brennan, M.J., Elliot, S.J., Long, T., 1996, Automatic control of multiple
tuned vibration neutralizers, in Proceedings of Internoise 96, Liverpool, UK,
p1597-1602.
4. Brennan, M.J., 1997, Vibration control using a tunable vibration neutralizer,

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of
Mechanical Engineering Science, 211 (2), p91-108.
5. Cronje, J.M., Heyns, P.S., Loveday, P.W., 2005, Development of a variable

stiffness and damping tunable vibration isolator, Journal of Vibration and
Control, 11, p381- 396.
6. DiDomenico, E., 1994, Passive Vibration Tuning with Neural Networks,

Proceedings of Smart Structures and Materials, SPIE, p152-162.
7. Frahm, H. 1911, Device for damping vibrations of bodies, US Patent

989,958.
46
8. Johnson, M., Diggs, E.C., 2005, Development of an analog controller for

tuning an adaptive-passive control device, Proceedings of 2005 ASME
International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, November
5-11, Orlando, Florida, USA, IMECE2005-82879.
9. Lai, J.S., Wang, K.W., 1996, Parametric control of structural vibrations via
adaptable stiffness dynamic absorbers, Transactions of the ASME, Journal
of Vibrations and Acoustics, 118, p41-47.
10. Long, T., Elliot, S.J., Brennan, M.J., 1995, Semi-active control using
tunable vibration absorbers, in Proceedings of Internoise 95, Newport
Beach, California, USA, p709-712.
11. Nagaya, K., Kurusu, A., Ikai, S., and Shitani, Y. (1999), Vibration control
of a structure by using a tunable absorber and an optimal vibration absorber
under auto-tuning control, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 228 (4), p773792.
12. Rustighi E., Brennan, M.J. and Mace, B.R., 2003, Design of an adaptive
vibration
absorber
using
shape
memory
alloy,
ISVR
Technical
Memorandum No. 920.
13. Ryan, M.W., Franchek, M.A., Bernhard, R., 1994, Adaptive-passive

vibration control of single frequency excitations applied to noise control, in
Proceedings of Noise-Con 94, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA, p461-466.
47
14. Virgin, L.N. and Davis, R.B., 2003, Vibration isolation using buckled struts,
Journal of Sound and Vibration, 260 (5), p965-973.
15. Von Flowtow, A.H., Beard, A., Bailey, D., 1994, Adaptive tuned vibration
absorbers:
tuning
laws,
tracking
agility,
sizing
and
physical
implementations, in Proceedings of Noise-Con 94, Fort Lauderdale, Florida,

USA, p437-454.
16. Walsh, P.L. and Lamancusa, J. S. 1992, A variable stiffness vibration

absorber for the minimization of transient vibrations, Journal of Sound
Vibration, 158 (2), p195-211.
48

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ME 2453 PROJECT WORK

VIBRATION REDUCTION IN VEHICLE

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

Dr. K. R. SENTHIL KUMAR M.E, PhD

Mr. P. RAJESH M.E

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

R.M.K. Engineering College

R.M.K. Engineering College

Submitted for the project viva voce held on . at RMK Engineering

We would express our gratitude to our beloved chairman SHRI.

We express our sincere thanks to Mr. P. SIVARAMAN & Mr. ROHIT

The Project aims in the development of vibration neutralizers, for potential

1.1 Tuned Vibration Neutralizer (TVN)

1.2 Selected Vehicle Component

REVIEW OF NVH BASICS

3.1 Equations of motion for TVN

3.2 Comparison between Absorbers and Neutralizers

3.3 Acceleration of a system with and without a

3.4 Design of TVN

3.5 Types of TVN

GEAR SHIFT LEVER (GSL)

4.2 Gear Shift Lever Baseline Vibration

4.3 Inferences from Baseline Vibration FRF

TUNED VIBRATION NEUTRALIZER (TVN)

5.1 Selecting the appropriate TVN

5.2 Design of Cantilever type TVN

5.3 CAE Analysis of designed TVN

5.4 Impact testing of designed TVN

GSL WITH TVN LAB LEVEL VALIDATION

6.1 Installation of TVN

6.2 Gear Lever Vibration with TVN Installed

Gear Shift Lever

Noise, Vibration and Harshness

Dissipation of energy from a single impact

Varying the Frequency to Modify Resonance

Simple plate excitation/Response Model

Simple Plate response

Frequency Response Function of simple plate

Mode shapes of simple plate

Drive point FRFs for reference 3 of the beam model

Cross FRFs for reference 3 of the beam models

Cross FRFs for reference 3 of the beam models

Impact Test Method

Impact force and Response signal

Shaker Test Method

Model of a tuned vibration neutralizer

Acceleration of a system with and without

Cantilever Beam type Neutralizer

Curved Beam type Neutralizer

Gear Shift Lever Location

GSL Baseline Vibration - Experimental Setup

Laptop and DAQ

Baseline FRF of GSL

First mode of Designed TVN

Second mode of Designed TVN

Third mode of Designed TVN

Impact Testing of Designed TVN

FRF of Designed TVN

TVN installed GSL

GSL Vibration with TVN Installed

FRF of GSL with TVN

measurement is referred to as . This is a special measurement referred to as a

respectively,is the frequency is radians/sec, and is tonal force. By rearranging

Where = / is the natural frequency and the damping factor is defined