I-INTRODUCTORY MODULE MDULO INTRODUCTORIO

SINTAXIS
La sintaxis estudia la manera en que las palabras, frases u oraciones se ordenan. Por
medio de la sintaxis podemos discernir que funciones gramatical cumplen los distintos
elementos constitutivos (las palabras y/o frases) en una oracin, segn su posicin en la
misma.

Las palabras se clasifican de la siguiente manera:

-

Sustantivos.

Verbos

Adjetivos

Adverbio

Pronombre

Preposicin

Conjuncin

Articulo

Sustantivos: palabras que evocan un concepto por si mismo. Se refieren a las cosas o
personas de las que se habla en la oracin. El sustantivo es siempre el ncleo del sujeto en una
frase nominal.
El adjetivo es la palabra que modifica al sustantivo, lo califica.
-

an important painter.

Un pintor importante un importante pintor

an extremely difficult technique.

Una tcnica extremadamente difcil

El adverbio modifica al verbo o frase verbal en la oracin

-

The sculptor prepares the material quickly.

..

El verbo o frase verbal es toda palabra o frase, respectivamente, que va inmediatamente

despus del sujeto en la oracin. No puede existir oracin sin verbo ni sujeto. Ambos elementos
son indispensables en la oracin, tanto en ingls como en espaol.
Pronombre

Articulo

sustantivo

verbo

Adjetivo

adverbio

LA ORACIN EN INGLES Y EN ESPAOL

Qu es una oracin?

Por definicin, una oracin es un conjunto de palabras que puede concebirse como una
unidad del lenguaje primaria, y que consta de un sentido mnimo de integridad, capaz de
expresar un pensamiento completo. 1
Toda oracin en ingles posee dos ncleos. El primero se encuentra dentro de lo que se
denomina Frase Nominal (FN) o Noun Phrase (NP). El segundo se encuentra dentro de la
Frase Verbal (FV) o Verb Phrase (VP) en ingles, la cual est compuesta por un verbo o un
conjunto verbal que puede o no estar seguido de componentes.
FN

The artists

are in the workshop.

FV

Lea las siguientes oraciones, tradzcalas y demarque las Frases Nominales y las
Frases Verbales:
a. The great collections of Art is on display at the Second annual Exhibition Hall in
Buenos Aires.
1

, Tom Mc. Arthur (Ed.). (1.992) The Oxford Companion to the English Language
New York: Oxford University Press.

b. Mosaics and wall paintings are very important in this period.

c. Greece and Rome are the homes of classical antiquity.
d. This contemporary artist is an example of post revolutionary styles.

La oracin en Espaol

The sentence in English

FN

FV

NP

VP

Ntese que contrastando los dos idiomas, debemos tener en cuenta que en ingles el
orden sintctico nico y aceptable es S (FN) + V (FV) + C (complementos) mientras que en
espaol ese orden es variable.
La oracin en Espaol

The sentence in English

1) S + V + C
2) V + S + C
3) C + V + S
1) S + V + C
1) Los documentos estn en el antiguo museo.
2) Estn, los documentos, en el antiguo museo.
3) En el antiguo museo estn los documentos.

1) The documents are in the old museum.

LA FRASE NOMINAL
Es importante saber reconocer la FN y su ncleo en particular debido a que en ingles
sta determina el gnero y nmero de la oracin. En ingles siempre encontraremos a la frase
nominal delante de la frase verbal.
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La Frase Nominal o NP puede estar compuesta de diferentes componentes tales como:

a) Pronombre (pronoun):
She is one of the most important impressionists of the period.
b) Sustantivo (noun):
He Sistine Chapel houses Michelangelos masterpieces.
c) Articulo + sustantivo:
The landscapes are very real.
d) Sustantivo + sustantivo:
Summer dance programmes are offered in the University.
e) Adjetivo + Sustantivo:
Distorted shapes of African Negro sculpture are in display.
1- Subraye SUJETO y VERBO en cada oracin en ingles. Luego exprese el significado de
las mismas en espaol.
a) This contemporary artist is in the encyclopaedia.

b) These great collections of art are from the Gothic period

2-Observe las siguientes frases nominales; identifique NUCLEOS y MODIFICADORES

del mismo. Luego, traduzca las oraciones.
The second annual exhibition.
A pair of shimmering red pointe shoes in a shoemakers shop.
Trio sonata the prevalent form of baroque chamber music.
Choreographic workshops.
Renowned guest master teacher.
Some architectural effects.
The Bolshoi Ballets full-length Nutcracker.
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 Raphaels frescoes.
Some cave paintings.
Post revolutionary styles.
Pas de deux the partnerships between man and woman.
Unexpected human shapes.
A deep intensive feeling of movement.
Two distinguishing characteristics.
His most famous work.

Toccata - The title in use since the end of the sixteenth century for keyboard works
of a free improvisational nature.

The home of classical antiquity.

An integrating element.
The peasant genre.
The Dutch Baroque landscape.
Mosaics and wall painting.
Wood engraving.
An increasing interest in realism.
Balance of one of the dancers most crucial skills.
The self-discipline of the dancer.
Americas dance history.
The changing cultural, social, and political face of Athens.
A musical and textual extension of the Alleluia settings.

FORMAS DEL VERBO TO BE EN INGLES Y EN ESPAOL

El verbo to be en ingles expresa las nociones de ser y estar conjuntamente.
Dicha diferencia semntica estar determinada por el contexto en donde este se encuentre y por
los complementos verbales.
THE VERB TO BE

VERBO SER O ESTAR

I am (not)

Yo (no) soy / estoy

He is (not)

El (no) es / est
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She is (not)

Ella (no) es / est

It is (not)

Eso (no) es / est

They are (not)

Ellos (no) son / estn

You are (not)

Tu (no) eres / estas

We are (not)

Nosotros (no) somos / estamos

They are (not)

Ellos (no) son / estn

3- Observe las oraciones a continuacin. Subraye SUJETO, VERBO y COMPLEMENTO

en cada una de las mismas..

One of the most important movements of the 20th century is impressionism.

Hyper realism is not a Renaissance movement.

Original, simple designs are derived from the artists experience.

Original, simple designs are not, in this case, derived from the artists experience.

An intense study of Michelangelos drawings takes the sculptor to Italy.

It is an intense study of Michelangelos drawings that takes the sculptor to Italy.

Relaxation techniques are very important in intensive training in a professional

atmosphere.
Physical and mental tension are not good in an intensive training atmosphere

4- Cmo expresara las siguientes ideas en espaol?

The artist is 50 years old.

The fresco and tempera paintings are 10 m. high.

The picture is 15 kg.

The presentation is 100 pages long.

The lake is 20 m. deep.

PRONOMBRES PERSONALES ADJETIVOS Y PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS

Pron.

Personales Pron. Personales (obj)

Adjetivos posesivos

Pronombres posesivos

My (mi)

Mine (mio)

(sub)
I (yo)

Me (para, por, de mi)

You (tu)

You (para, por, de Your (tu)

Yours (tuyo)

vos)
He (el)

Him (para, por, de el)

His (su)

She (ella)

Her (para, por, de Her (su)

His (suyo)
Hers (suya)

ella)
It (el-eso)

It (para, por, de esto)

Its (su)

Its (de el)

We (nosotros)

Us

Our (nuestros)

Ours (nuestro)

(para,

por, de

nosotros)
You (uds.)

You (para, por, de Your (tus)

Yours (suyos)

uds.)
They (ellos)

Them (para, por, de Their (sus)

Theirs (de ellos)

ellos)

5- Lea las siguientes oraciones prestando especial atencin a las palabras y frases
subrayadas. Luego, traduzca las oraciones.
a. The great collections of Art are on display at the Second annual Exhibition Hall
in Buenos Aires.
b. Mosaics and wall paintings are very important in this period.
c. Greece and Rome are the homes of classical antiquity.
d. This contemporary artist is an example of post revolutionary styles.
e. These cave paintings are from Native American Art.
f.

Rafaels frescoes are in exhibition at the Royal Museum of Arts.

g. His most famous work has two distinguishing characteristics.

h. It has two distinguishing characteristics.
i.

That Dutch Baroque landscape is worth two million dollars.

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j.

Those major artists belong to the 19th century American Movement.

k. They are talented engravers.

l.

They paint oil on canvas.

m. She does wood engraving.

n. This marble statue has the two outstanding features of Renaissance sculpture.
6- Traducir.

a. He is a musician. He rents his workshop near the theatre. Five other pianists work with
him. They form a sextet.
b. We have a collection of portraiture, landscapes, and religious works in our country
house. Our collection is the most important one in the area. It is very difficult for us to
sell it.

FORMAS DEL VERBO HABER EN INGLES

El verbo haber en ingles se forma al combinar la palabra There + una forma
conjugada del verbo to be. A diferencia del espaol, el verbo haber en ingles debe
coincidir en nmero con la frase nominal en cuestin.

7- Lea los pares de oraciones a continuacin y tradzcalas.

a- in the first there is a constant balance of the dancers skills.

b- in the first there is not a constant balance of the dancers skills.
a- There are three performers in a trio.
b- There are not five performers in a trio.
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a- Notoriously, there are wide differences of opinions as to how the dancer accomplished
an astonishing speed, lightness and precision.
b- Notoriously, there are not wide differences of opinions as to how the dancer
accomplished an astonishing speed, lightness and precision.
a- Today there are so many exploratory and experimental attitudes in modern arts, music,
and dance.
b- Today there are not so many exploratory and experimental attitudes in modern arts,
music, and dance.
8- Observe las frases subrayadas y traduzca las oraciones.
a- There can be more distorted perspectives and unconventional lighting.
b- There may still be original, simple pieces of music.
c- However, there may not be enough talented engravers in the exhibition.
d- There cannot be any doubts the trio sonata flourished in all centres of European music
from about 1625 to 1750.

WH- WORDS EN PREGUNTAS

Los siguientes palabras son frecuentemente usadas en lo que en ingles se denominan
information questions; es decir preguntas que elicitan la informacin que se encuentra
implcita en el significado de las WH- words. Estas son:

WHO

QUIEN

Who is the Artist?

WHERE

DONDE

Where is the workshop?

WHEN

CUANDO

When is a person called an artist?

WHICH

CUAL

Which course is better?

WHAT

QUE

What course are they taking up?

WHY

POR QUE

Why is she called a modernist?

HOW MUCH

CUANTOS

How much is the engravers fee?

HOW MANY

CUANTO

How many exhibition halls are there in the museum?

WHOSE

DE QUIEN

Whose sculpture is this?

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Ntense otras combinaciones posibles con how:

How long?

Qu tan largo, qu longitud?

How deep?

Qu profundidad qu tan profundo?

How old?

Qu edad qu antigedad?

How far?

A qu distancia cun lejos?

How big?

Qu tamao cun grande?

How often?

Con qu frecuencia?

Texto 1: Museums and libraries2

Vienna has a wide variety of museums and historic houses. Among them are the
Albertina, with its immense collection of graphic arts, including engravings by Drer and
Rembrandt; the Kunsthistorisches Museum with the largest Bruegel collection outside The
Netherlands; the Academy of Fine Arts, housing the superb Habsburg collection of old masters,
especially rich in Flemish and Dutch paintings; the Imperial Treasury, with the imperial crown
and the regalia of the Holy Roman emperors and the house of Habsburg; the museums of natural
history, ethnology, military history, and technology; the Clock Museum; and the Museum of the
City of Vienna, with its exhibits of Viennese history.
1-Lea el texto y subraye FRASES NOMINALES y FRASES VERBALES.
2-Responder.
a. Are there many museums and historical houses in Vienna
b. Where is Vienna?
c. Is Vienna a country or a city?
d. Are Rembrandts pieces in Albertian House or in the Kunsthistorisches
museum?
e. Where is the superb Habsburg collection of old masters, according to the
text?
2

Copyright 1994-2000 Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc._

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f.

Is there a museum of Natural History in Vienna? Where is it?

g. What is there in the Museum of the City of Vienna?

3-Complete las oraciones a continuacin en espaol.
a. The Albertina has .......................................................................
b. The Habsburg collection is rich .................................................
c. The Imperial treasury contains..................................................

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Texto 2: Cave Art3

Lea el texto y realice los ejercicios a continuacin.
The old paintings in the caves of Altamira, Spain, are wonderful. Why? Firstly they are
natural. Secondly, the colours are surprisingly good although they are 20,000 years old, and the
use of colour is very clever. There are reds, browns, yellows, blacks and violets.
The paintings are usually a long way inside the cave so that they are protected from
weathering near the mouth of the cave. So the cavemans art is 50 metres or more from the
entrance of the cave. Because they are deep inside the caves, they are almost intact. Their
colours are wonderfully fresh.
3

Hilda S. de Chanta et al. (2005) Reading Ccomprehension for Humanities Tucumn: Fac. de Filosofa y Letras,
UNT (p. 13)

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1-Responder.
a. Why are the caves in Altamira wonderful?
b. How old are they?
c. How far are the paintings from the entrance?
d. What are their colours like?
2- Traduzca el texto.

Texto 3: Looking at paintings4.

Lea el texto y realice los ejercicios a continuacin.

Abigail Wheatly (2007) The Story of Painting. China: Usborne Publishing Ltd. p. 80.

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1-Observe texto e imgenes y explique el significado de las imgenes.

2-Complete las oraciones a continuacin en espaol.
a. According to the text, you can find.........................................................................
b. Clues help you.......................................................................................................
c. Labels are useful because....................................................................................
d. Near each painting, there is always......................................................................
3-Tradzca el texto

Texto 4: Music
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Lea el texto con la vista prestando atencin a las palabras subrayadas. Luego exprese con
sus propias palabras que es la msica, segn las ideas expresadas en el texto.

Music is an art, entertainment, or other human activity that involves organized and
audible sounds and silence. It is expressed in terms of pitch, rhythm, harmony, and timbre.
Music involves complex generative forms in time through the construction of patterns and
combinations of natural stimuli principally sound. As a human activity, music may be used for
artistic or aesthetic, communicative, entertainment, or ceremonial purposes. The definition of
what constitutes music varies according to culture and social context.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Texto 5: Dance
Dance (from Old French dancier, perhaps from Frankish) generally refers to human movement
either used as a form of expression or presented in a social, spiritual or performance setting.
Dance is also used to describe methods of non-verbal communication (see body language)
between humans or animals (bee dance, mating dance), motion in inanimate objects (the leaves
danced in the wind), and certain musical forms or genres.
Choreography is the art of making dances, and the person who does this is called a
choreographer.
Definitions of what constitutes dance are dependent on social, cultural, aesthetic artistic and
moral constraints and range from functional movement (such as Folk dance) to codified,
virtuoso techniques such as ballet. In sports, gymnastics, figure skating and synchronized
swimming are dance disciplines while Martial arts 'kata' are often compared to dances.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedi

1-Answer.
a. What does dance refer to?
b. Whats choreography?
c. What does a definition of dance depend on?
d. What do you understand by functional and codified movements?
e. What dance disciplines are mentioned in the text?

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