type of intake is used in regions

with shallow water depths, with considerable littoral drift, drift ice and where
fish
protection is of concerns. The velocity cap creates a horizontal flow path which
was
s sites, some intakes were designed with settling basins, some with sediment
exclusion and by-passing. The intake presented in this paper is located in a ver
y
narrow river channel and the river has a very low flow during the drought season
.
actor that must be considered in the design is wave induced forces on the struct
ure.
Intakes on mountainous streams require special designs to exclude or to separate
the heavy sediment load that can be carried by the flow which occurs as a flash
flood.
Sand can form bars during the flood and cause extensive deposits which can block
the flow path. During the low flow season these streams carry generally low flow
which can affect water availability at the intake. Therefore an intake must be
designed to abstract water under all conditions without excessive sediment load.
In
most cases, particularly when water is pumped, sand exclusion must be made befor
e
reaching the pumps.
eloped through experimental work to preclude fish entrapment( Reference-1). The
general velocity of approach is in the range of 0.30 m/s to 0.45 m/s. In therma
l power
plants it has the advantage of creating a selective withdrawal and therefore
minimizes warm water recirculation from the discharge into the intake. An import
ant
factor that must be considered in the design is wave induced forces on the struc
ture.
Various wave theories must be examined to determine the applicable condition for
determining the forces. Buried offshore pipes must be protected against movement
by waves and currents action. This protection is in the form of granular backfil
l
covered with riprap. Riprap sizing is based on consideration for the wave induce
d
currents in addition to the ambient current following several analy
This concept was used to supply cooling water to a thermal power plant in the
Mediterranean Sea, as shown on Figure - 4. Three conditions were encountereThere
fore, the design is based on abstracting all the river low flow and by-passing t
he
extra flow with the sediment. The intake consists of a diversion dam across the
stream with inlet grating. Sand is by passed through a sluicing pipe to the stre
am.
The de-sanded water flows over a weir, through a pipe before reaching the pump
foThese requirements were applied in the design of several intakes in Andes Moun
tain.
The approach consisted of estimating the low flow and 100 Cyear flood flows and
water levels. Sediment samples from the river beds were collected and analyzed f
or
gradation. Based on these information and considering space availability at thed
ev
variourawal of water by gravity from the
sea, lakes and in some situations from rivers to a shoreline pump intake. This t
ype of
intake consists of a velocity cap connected to an offshore buried pipe that conv
eys
the flow to the on shore pump intake structure. This type of intake is used in r

egions
with shallow water depths, with considerable littoral drift, drift ice and where
fish
protection is of concerns. The velocity cap creates a horizontal flow path which
was
rebay. This concept is shown on Figure -3.Offshore intake is a submerged structu
re for withdrawal of water by gravity from the
sea, lakes and in some situations from rivers to a shoreline pump intake. This t
ype of
intake consists of a velocity cap connected to an offshore buried pipe that conv
eys
the flow to the on shore pump intake structure. This Various wave theories must
be examined to determine the applicable condition for
determining the forces. Buried offshore pipes must be protected against movement
by waves and currents action. This protection is in the form of granular backfil
l
covered with riprap. Riprap sizing is based on consideration for the wave induce
d
currents in addition to the ambient current following several analytical procedu
res
such as PIANC (Reference-2) and others.is based on abstracting all the river low
flow and by-passing the
extra flow with the sediment. The intake consists of a diversion dam across the
stream with inlet grating. Sand is by passed through a sluicing pipe to the stre
am.
The de-sanded water flows over a weir, through a pipe before reaching the pump
forebay. This concept is shown on Figure -3.Offshore intake is a submerged struc
ture for withddeveloped through experimental work to preclude fish entrapment( R
eference-1). The
general velocity of approach is in the range of 0.30 m/s to 0.45 m/s. In therma
l power
plants it has the advantage of creating a selective withdrawal and therefore
minimizes warm water recirculation from the discharge into the intake. An import
ant
fd,
namely : littoral drift, flat bathymetry, and severe wave conditions. From the
hydrographic and bathymetric survey it was concluded that a shoreline intake wit
h a