Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
N.R. Bhaskar
Email: bhaskar@louisville.edu
@
Phone: 502-852-4547
Table of Contents
Topics:
1)
2)
R i f ll Hi
Rainfall:
Historical
t i l Storms
St
Design Storms
3)
Abstractions:
4)
Runoff Methods:
Rainfall Excess
Small Catchments:
Rational Method
A
Appendices:
di
A:
B:
C:
D:
Precipitation/Rainfall.
Discharge of water
from the atmosphere.
Rainfall excess.
excess
S f
Surface
runoff.
ff
Runoff which travels over the soil surface to the nearest stream.
Acre-foot:
Cfs:
Cumec:
Cfs-day (sfd): Volume from a flow of 1 cfs for 1-day (24 hours)
= 86,400 cubic feet or 1.98 acre-feet.
Hydrologic Budget
Inflows - Outflows
S = S2 S1
{
I - Q } t
or
Change in Storage
Time Interval
Can be applied
pp
to:
1. Watershed System
y
2. Reservoir System
5
Compute:
1) Volume of Annual Runoff from the watershed in acre-feet and sfd
2) Rate of runoff in cfs
S l ti
Solution:
Watershed area in
Note: 1 sq. mi = 640 acres
= (3833.28x106 ft3)/(365x86400 s)
= 121.55 cfs
Continuity Equation: S2 = S1 + Q W E
( ll volume
(all
l
units)
it )
Note: Time period t = 30 days = (30x86,400)
(30x86 400) sec
7
(Note: 1.0
1 0 sq.
sq mi = 640 acres; 1.0
1 0 ac-ft
ac ft = 43,560
43 560 ft3; 1.0
1 0 MGD = 3.07
3 07 ac-ft/day;
ac ft/day; 1.0
1 0 ft3 = 7.48
7 48 gal;
1.0 cfs = 1.9835 ac-ft/day))
a) 16,333
b) 24,586
c) 392,000
d) 55,600
b) 1,248,000
1 248 000
c) 99
99,667
667
d) 266
266,580
580
Note: Watershed area not adjusted for reservoir area of 4000 acres
b) 143.7
c) 550.0
d) 85.6
b) 304,000
c) 12,667
d) 85,000
c) 185,250
d) 265,500
b) 112,055
6 Net
6.
N t lloss/gain
/ i off reservoir
i storage,
t
S in
i acre-ft/yr:
ft/
a) -16,280
b) 12,500
c) -11,721
d) 0
10
11
Inflow, Q
MG/month
40
54
90
10
7
8
2
28
42
108
98
22
50
12
Cum
m. Q or D in
n
MG
G / Month
400
Required Critical
Reservoir Storage
(Capacity)
=(350-230)
(350 230) = 120 MG
P2
300
P1
200
T1
Cumulative
Inflow
100
Cumulative
Draft
0
1
10
11
12
13
Month
13
MG/month
40
54
90
10
7
8
2
28
42
108
98
22
50
Draft, D
Cum. Q
Cum. D
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
40
94
184
194
201
209
211
239
281
389
487
509
559
35
70
105
140
175
210
245
280
315
350
385
420
455
Cum Q - Cum D
MG/month
5
24
79 P1
54
26
-1
-34
-41 T1
-34
39
102 P2
89 T2
104 P3
RAINFALL
T
Two
types
t
off rainfall
i f ll events:
t
1) HISTORICAL:
1.8
Ra
ainfall ((cm)
1.75
1.5
1.25
1
0.75
0.5
0.8
05
0.5
0.4
9-12
0.40
0
0.13
13
0.25
0
0-3
3-6
6-9
9 - 12
Time (h)
Standardized temporal
p
rainfall distributions (design
(
g storm hyetographs)
y g p )
Based on regionalized historical rainfall data for select duration and
frequency
15
Design Rainfall
Intensity-Duration-Frequency
Intensity
Duration Frequency (IDF)
Requires the following:
1) Frequency (FR) or average return period (T) (see Appendix A)
Example: For T = 100 years, FR = 1/T = 1/100 = 0.01 or 1%
2) Duration,
Duration td
Obt i d from:
Obtained
f
a)
b)
Rainfall Hyetograph
17
18
T=100 yr
T=50 yr
100-yr, 60 min
i = 2.8 in/hr
19
b) From the IDF Map and Table (Slides 17 and 18) Louisville is in
Region 3
3.
Regional IDF equation for T =100 yr :
i (mm/hr) = { 7370/(t+31) } where t = td in minutes
i = 7370/(60+31)
= 80.989 mm/hr
= 3.2 in/hr
From Louisville IDF Curve P = 2.80 in
Rainfall Depth = 3.2 in
(see previous slide)
30
Determine:
1. The 100-year, 60 min rainfall intensity for Chicago in in/hr is:
a) 2.5;
b) 3.2;
c) 3.0;
d) 6.0
2. The 100-year, 30 min rainfall intensity (in in/hr) using the Chicago IDF
Equation i (mm/hr) = 7370/(t+31) (from region 3; see slides 17 and 18):
a) 4.5;
b) 3.5;
c) 2.8;
d) 4.8
3. The 100-year, 30 min rainfall depth in inches is:
a) 3.0;
b) 4.0;
c) 2.4;
d) 1.5
21
Abstractions
Effective Rainfall ((or rainfall excess),
), Pe equals
q
Rainfall (P) minus
Abstractions due to:
Infiltration
f
Depression Storage
Interception
22
Abstractions (Cont.)
(
)
________________________________________
Time Period (1/2 hr):
1
Rainfall Intensity, i (in/hr): 2.7
Direct Runoff, Q (cfs):
430
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
4.30 4.10
1920 5300 9130 10625 7830 3920 1845 1400 830 310
________________________________________________________
24
25
Runoff Methods
1. Peak Discharge, Qp, Methods:
Rational Method
SCS Curve Number Method
(and TR 55 Graphical Peak Discharge
Method)
R ti
Rational
l Method
M th d
Id l ffor small
Ideal
ll catchments
h
(l
(less than
h 100 acres))
c) Time of Concentration, tc
Refer
f to Slides
S
17 and 18
i in in/hr
Area A in acres
SI units:
it
Qp = 0.278
0 278 C i A (i
(in m3/s)
/ )
i in mm/hr
Area A in km2
29
Time of Concentration, tc
Definition:
tC = travel times from the
hydraulically remotest point in a
catchment
= (Overland flow time)
+ (Channel or Pipe flow) time
t4
t3
Example:
p tc at this outlet
= max (t1 + t2) or t3 or t4
30
A = 100 acres
C1 = 0.42
t1 = 20 min
B = 200 acres
C2 = 0.38
t2 = 60 min
Inlet Manhole
Concrete Pipe
Outlet Manhole
31
Pipe EB
Elv. E = 498.43 ft; Elv. B = 495.55
Length of pipe EB = 450 ft
33
b) 5.2;
c) 4.3;
d) 3.5
b) 10.3;
c) 15.2;
d) 75.5
c) 0.0002;
d) 0.0064
b) 0.00034;
4) Th
The required
i d diameter
di
t off sewer pipe
i EB (in
(i inches)
i h ) to
t
handle peak flow Qp is (assume n =0.015):
a) 15.2;
From Mannings (US Units)
D = (2.16xQpn/So)3/8
b) 32.6;
c) 25.8;
d) 20.5
34
36
Cumulative
C
l ti 24-hour
24 h
Design
D i Rainfall
R i f ll depth,
d th P (in
(i inches)
i h ) for
f a selected
l t d
return period, T (frequency)
37
38
Q = (P Ia)2/(P-I
/(P Ia+S);
Note:
Pe is same
as Q
39
Given:
Rain falls on a 0.05 square miles (32 acres or 12.95 ha) urban
catchment with an intensity of 0.85
0 85 in/hr (2
(2.16
16 cm/hr) for a
duration of 3 hours. The soil is classified as SCS hydrologic
soil group (HSG) C in the entire catchment.
Land use within the catchment is as follows:
1) 20% area is business district (85% impervious; HSG =C)
2) 80% area is residential district (1/3 acre lots with 30%impervious)
40
S l ti
Solution:
Business District
CN = ( 0.85x98 + 0.15x74 ) = 94
Residential District (1/3 acre lots)
CN = ( 0.30x98 + 0.70x74 ) = 81
Composite CN for Catchment
CN = ( 0.20x94 + 0.80x81 ) = 83.6
Note: In computing Composite CN in urban areas any area not
urbanized is assumed to be open space in good hydrologic condition
(see SCS Curve Number, CN Table foot-note 4 Slide 38).
41
b)78.6
c) 83.9
d) 89.5
2)) The p
pre-development
p
direct runoff Q associated with a 10year, 24-hour rainfall of P = 3.2 inches is (Note: CN =74) :
(Use Figure Slide 39 or Equation: Q = Pe = (P Ia)2/(P- Ia + S)) :
a) 2
2.5
5
b) 1.5
15
c) 1
1.0
0
d) 2.1
21
3) The post-development direct runoff Q associated with a 10year, 24-hour rainfall of 3.2 inches is:
(Use Figure Slide 39 or Equation: Q = Pe = (P Ia)2/(P- Ia + S)) :
a) 3.2
b) 2.8
c) 1.3
d) 1.7
qu =
A =
Q =
F =
unit
it peak
k di
discharge
h
(cfs/sq.
( f /
mi/in)
i/i )
watershed size in sq. miles
Volume of direct runoff in inches
Pond Factor (depends on % natural storage in ponds
and
d lakes.
l k
Assume
A
1.0
1 0 if storage
t
negligible)
li ibl )
Requires:
Unit
U it peak
k di
discharge,
h
qu, based
b
d on Graphical
G
hi l Method
M th d
Time of Concentration,, tc = (
(Overland +
Channel Flow)
45
46
t = 0.007(nL)0.8
P20.5S0.4
SI Units:
t = 0.02887(nL)0.8
P20.5S0.4
where:
h
t = travel time in hours;
S = average land slope in feet/foot (or meters/meter in SI)
n = Manning
Manning's
s overland roughness coefficient (see Slide 48)
L = overland flow distance in feet (or meters for SI units)
P2 = 2-Year, 24-hour rainfall depth in inches (or cms for SI units)
47
0.17
48
2.
path
Given overland flow p
slope use Figure to get
overland flow velocity, v
given the overland flow
surface as paved or
unpaved.
Given the length L of the
overland flow path Travel
time =
Example: Unpaved
15 % slope = 0.15
Average
Velocity
v = 6 ft/s
t2 = L / V
49
Flow Time
Procedure:
Step 1: Use Mannings Formula to compute velocity in pipe or channel:
V = (1.49/n) R2/3S01/2 (US Units)
V = (1.0/n) R2/3S01/2
(SI Units)
(Note:
(N
t F
For full
f ll pipe
i flow
fl
condition
diti
R = d0/4 where
h
d0 pipe
i
diameter)
Step 2: Compute travel time = Pipe or channel length / velocity = L/V
50
table below. Determine the time of concentration, tc using SCS TR55 method
Hydraulic Path
ED
DC
CB
BA
Type of Flow
Overland Sheet Flow
Overland Gutter Flow
(unpaved)
Pipe Flow (d0 = 24 in; n = 0.015)
Open Channel Flow (y = 2 ft; n = 0.02)
Slope (%)
Length (ft)
5.0
1.5
100
300
1.0
0.5
3000
5000
Note:
51
2.
Travel time, tDC = L/V = 300/1.8 = 166.67 s = 2.78 min = 0.046 hrs.
52
57
58
Given:
Solution:
Peak Discharge, qp = qu Q A F
= 285x3.28x0.39x1 = 364.6 cfs.
60
(Adapted from
Ponce 1989)
61
Superposition
Linearity
Lagging
62
N=M+J-1
Uj = unit
it hydrograph
h d
h ordinates
di t cfs/in
f /i or m3/s/cms)
/
)
Qn = Direct runoff ordinates (cfs)
N = number of non-zero direct runoff ordinates, Qn
M = number of rainfall excess pulses in the hyetograph, Pm
J = number of Unit Hydrograph ordinates, Uj
63
p with:
Storm of 6 inches total rainfall excess depth
2 inches first half hour (P1),
3 inches in the second half hour (P2)
1 inch in the third half hour (P3)
Determine:
Direct Runoff and the Streamflow Hydrograph.
64
Us
Qs
Ps
M= 3
N = 11
N = 11
65
Time (hrs):
Ti
(h )
Rainfall intensity, i (in/hr):
1-hr Unit Hydrograph (cfs/in):
1
1.0
50
2
1.5
200
3
0.5
150
4
50
b) Time (hrs):
Direct Runoff, Q (cfs)
Hydrologic Routing
2.
y
gy Well Hydraulics
y
Groundwater Hydrology
3.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3
3.
Domenico Schwartz,
Domenico,
Schwartz 1998
1998. Physical and Chemical Hydrogeology
Hydrogeology.
4.
5.
6.
68
Answers
1) a;
2) a .
3) b;
4) c;
5) b;
6) c .
1) b;
2) d;
3) c.
1) c;
2) b;
3) d;
4) d
d.
1) c;
2) c;
3) d.
1) Overland sheet flow: 0.296 hrs;
2) Overland Shallow Concentrated flow: 0.229 hrs
3) Stream Flow: 0.991 hrs
4) Total Time of Concentration = 1.515 hours.
a) Time (hrs):
0.5
1.0
0 (M=2)
b) Time (hrs):
25
150
c)) V
Volume
l
off direct
di
t runoff,
ff Vd = 675 cfs-hours
f h
= 2430,000
2430 000 ft3
275 175
5
50 (N=5)
(Hint: use volume under unit hydrograph = 1 inch or Volume under direct runoff
y
g p
hydrograph
69
APPENDIX A
Hydrologic
y
g Design
g
Components for
SCS TR55
70
71
Louisville, KY
100-yr, 6-hr Rainfall
= 4.5 inches
40
adapted from Chow, Handbook of Applied Hydrology, McGraw - Hill 1964
72
Approximate Velocities
73
74
76
APPENDIX B
Hydrologic Routing
77
St
Storage
Indication
I di ti
Method:
M th d Used for routing flood
Information Required:
1.
2.
3.
topographic
p g p
map)
p)
78
79
80
57
227
519
1330
2270
________________________________________________________________________
Solution:
81
Reservoir Routing
Example 8: Developing a Storage Indication Curve (cont
(cont.))
(Adapted from: Chow et al, 1988)
Storage-Outflow, S vs Q
82
83
Solution:
From
Storage
Indication
Curve Table
Slide 73
outflow
hydrograph
inflow
hydrograph
Column 6
84
Reservoir Routing
Example : Reservoir Routing Using Storage-Indication
Method.
Method
(Adapted from: Chow et al, 1988)
Problem Statement:
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
0
500
1000
1500
Discharge, Q (m3/s)
2000
2500
85
2S/dt+Q(m3//s)
Storgae Indicattion,
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
0
S l ti
Solution:
Column:
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Discharge, Q (m3/s)
1
Time
( i )
(min)
2
Inflow
((cfs)
f )
Ij + Ij+1
(cfs)
( f )
2Sj/t - Qj
((cfs)
f )
+
+
86
APPENDIX C
Groundwater:
Well Hydraulics
87
Confined
C fi d Aquifer
A if an aquifer
if located
l
t d between
b t
two
t
layers
l
off low
l
permeability or impermeable strata (aquitard)
88
Fundamental Principles
Darcys Law: q = K i
q specific discharge {L/T}
K hydraulic conductivity {L/T},
(ft/s, m/s)
i hydraulic gradient = dh/dL
{dimensionless, L/L}
h = hydraulic head, h
=+z
gage pressure head or water
pressure = pgage/ {L}
Note: = 0 in saturated
zone
Darcys Law: v = q = K i
v = q = flux rate or velocity (ft/s or m/s)
i = hydraulic gradient
gradient, dh/dL = (h2 h
h1)/(L2-L
L1)
K = hydraulic conductivity (ft/s or m/s)
Well Hydraulics
Thiems Steady State Solution
Unconfined Aquifer:
Confined Aquifer:
where,
Q = Discharge
g from pumping
p p g well in cfs ((m3/s or gp
gpm);
);
h = hydraulic or piezometric head = p/ in ft (or m);
Kf = hydraulic conductivity in gpd/ft2 (or ft/s);
r = distance to observation well from center of the puping well in ft
(or m)
m = thickness of the confined aquifer in ft (or m)
91
92
Solution:
Hydraulic heads: h1 = 100 23 = 77 ft (at r1 = 90 ft);
h2 = 100 21.5
21 5 = 78.5
78 5 ft
ft. (at r2 = 240 ft);
2
Kf = 1400 gpd/ft x ((1.55x10-6 cfs/gpd) = 2.17x10-3 ft/s
Q = 3.14 K f (h22 h12) / loge(r2/r1) - all in consistent units
= 3.14 x 2.17x10-33 ( 78.52 772 ) / loge(240/90)
= 1.62 cfs = 725.9 gpm
93
94
Theis Unsteady
y State Solution
96
r S
u =
4 Tt
Variables:
Drawdown: s = ho h
hydraulic conductivity: K
aquifer transmissivity: T = K b
aquifer thickness (confined) or
saturated
t
t d thickness
thi k
(unconfined)
(
fi d) : b
Storativity: S
well function: W(u)
r = radial distance from center of well
97
98
Q
W (u)
h0 h = s =
4T
Drawdown, s = {5400/(4x3.14x2200)} x 12.99 = 2.53 m
99
APPENDIX D
Unit Hydrograph
Additional Examples
101
Example:
p Unit Hydrograph
y
g p Derivation
Problem Statement: Determine 1/2hr Unit Hydrograph using the
excess rainfall hyetograph
y
g p and Direct Runoff Hydrograph
y
g p shown
in the Table below. (Adapted from Chow el al (1988)
102
hr UHG
103
104
105
106
Solution:
107
Example:
p Unit Hydrograph
y
g p Derivation
Problem Statement: Determine 1/2hr Unit Hydrograph using the
excess rainfall hyetograph
y
g p and Direct Runoff Hydrograph
y
g p shown
in the Table below. (Adapted from Chow el al (1988)
108
hr UHG
109