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Causal systems:
Definition:
A system is said to be causal system if its output depends on present and past inputs only and
not on future inputs.
Examples:
The output of casual system depends on present and past inputs, it means y(n) is a function of
x(n), x(n-1), x(n-2), x(n-3)etc. Some examples of causal systems are given below:
1)
2)
3)
y(n) = 7x(n-5)
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Since future samples are not present; causal system is memoryless system.
B)
Definition:
A system whose present response depends on future values of the inputs is called as a noncausal system.
Examples:
In this case, output y(n) is function of x(n), x(n-1), x(n-2)etc. as well as it is function of x(n+1),
x(n+2), x(n+3), etc. following are some examples of non-causal systems:
1)
2)
Y(n) = 7x(n+2)
3)
Significance:
Since non-causal system contains future samples; a non-causal system is practically not
realizable. That means in practical cases it is not possible to implement a non-causal system.
But if the signals are stored in the memory and at a later time they are used by a system
then such signals are treated as advanced or future signal. Because such signals are already
present, before the system has started its operation. In such cases it is possible to implement
a non-causal system.
Some practical examples of non-causal systems are as follows:
1)
Population growth
2)
Weather forecasting
3)
http://myclassbook.wordpress.com/2013/07/06/causal-and-noncausal-system-causality-property/
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A system is said to be causal if its output depends on present and past values of the input
and not on the future inputs. If the input is applied at t = tm then the output at t = tm y(tm) will
be dependent only on the values of x(t) for t tm.
y(t) = x(t)*h(t)
Where * represents convolution and h(t) is the impulse response of the system. The condition
for causality in terms of the impulse response is as follows:
Solved problems:
Determine if the systems described by the following equations are causal or non-causal.
1)
Solution: the given system is causal because its output (y(n)) depends only on the present x(n)
and past x(n-3) inputs.
2)
y(n) = x(-n+2)
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(http://myclassbook.wordpress.com/2013/07/07/stable-or-unstablesystem-stability-property/)
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i
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and also i add ,
a signal that is zero for -ve time are causal signals while anticausal signals are zero
for all +ve/positive time .But for signals that have non zero in both negative and
positive are non-causal signals.
thanks
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