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What is DHCP?
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network protocol used to assign
IP addresses and provide configuration information to devices such as servers, desktops,
or mobile devices, so they can communicate on a network using the Internet Protocol
(IP). ISC DHCP is a collection of software that implements all aspects of the DHCP
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) suite. It includes:
A DHCP client, which can be bundled with the operating system of a client
computer or other IP capable device and which sends configuration requests to the server.
Most devices and operating systems already have DHCP clients included.
A DHCP relay agent, which passes DHCP requests from one LAN to another so
that there need not be a DHCP server on every LAN.
The DHCP server, client and relay agent are provided both as reference implementations
of the protocol and as working, fully-featured sample implementations. Both the client
and the server provide functionality that, while not strictly required by the protocol, is
very useful in practice. The DHCP server also makes allowances for non-compliant
clients that need to be supported. The ISC DHCP server will answer requests from any
client that complies with the protocol standards, and the ISC DHCP client can interact
with any server that complies with those standards. The components of ISC DHCP need
not all be used together. That is, after all, the purpose behind the published standards. The
latest ISC DHCP software includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young
(eay@cryptsoft.com) of OpenSSL
History of DHCP
DHCP was first defined as a standards track protocol in RFC 1531 in October 1993, as an
extension to the Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP), a network protocol used by a network
client to obtain an IP address from a configuration server. The motivation for extending
BOOTP was that BOOTP required manual intervention to add configuration information
for each client, and did not provide a mechanism for reclaiming disused IP addresses.
Many worked to clarify the protocol as it gained popularity, and in 1997 RFC 2131 was
released, and remains as of 2013 the standard for IPv4 networks. To support IPv6
protocol, DHCPv6 was introduced and documented in RFC 3315. DHCPv6 is
an extensible protocol. Currently there are over 80 options defined, with many more
undergoing standardization process. RFC 3633 added a DHCPv6 mechanism for prefix
delegation. DHCPv6 was further extended to provide configuration information to clients
configured using stateless address auto configuration in RFC 3736. To see a list of
approved options and message types, please visit here. The ISC DHCP server was
originally written for Internet Systems Consortium by Ted Lemon and Vixie Enterprises,
and maintained it through Release 3.0, which had its alpha release in March 1999 and its
final release in January 2003. Since 2004, a dedicated ISC engineering team has
been maintaining and developing the ISC DHCP, including IPv6 support and failover
support.
/etc/dhclient.conf
The configuration file used by dhclient. Typically, this file contains only comments as
the defaults are suitable for most clients.
/sbin/dhclient
/sbin/dhclient-script
The FreeBSD-specific DHCP client configuration script. It is described in dhclientscript(, but should not need any user modification to function properly.
/var/db/dhclient.leases.interface
The DHCP client keeps a database of valid leases in this file, which is written as a log
and is described in dhclient.leases(
What is DHCP?
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client/server protocol that
automatically provides an Internet Protocol (IP) host with its IP address and other
related configuration information such as the subnet mask and default gateway.
RFCs 2131 and 2132 define DHCP as an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
standard based on Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP), a protocol with which DHCP
shares many implementation details. DHCP allows hosts to obtain necessary TCP/IP
configuration information from a DHCP server.
The Microsoft Windows Server 2003 operating system includes a DHCP Server
service, which is an optional networking component. All Windows-based clients
include the DHCP client as part of TCP/IP, including Windows Server 2003,
Microsoft Windows XP, Windows 2000, Windows NT 4.0, Windows
Millennium Edition (Windows Me), and Windows 98.
Benefits of DHCP
In Windows Server 2003, the DHCP Server service provides the following benefits:
The lease duration, or the length of time for which the IP address can be used
before a lease renewal is required.
Requested DHCP options, which are additional parameters that a DHCP server is
configured to assign to clients. Some examples of DHCP options are Router
(default gateway), DNS Servers, and DNS Domain Name. For a full list of DHCP
options, see DHCP Tools and Settings.
DHCP is used for Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4), as well as IPv6. While both versions
serve the same purpose, the details of the protocol for IPv4 and IPv6 are sufficiently
different that they may be considered separate protocols.[2] For IPv6 operation, devices
may alternatively use stateless address autoconfiguration. IPv4 hosts may also use linklocal addressing to achieve operation restricted to the local network link.
History[edit]
DHCP was first defined as a standards track protocol in RFC 1531 in October 1993, as an
extension to the Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP). The motivation for extending BOOTP was
that BOOTP required manual intervention to add configuration information for each
client, and did not provide a mechanism for reclaiming unused IP addresses.
Security
The base DHCP protocol does not include any mechanism for authentication.[10] Because
of this, it is vulnerable to a variety of attacks. These attacks fall into three main
categories: