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= 81 x 101 = 810 N
c) In a medium the force between the
charges decreases by an amount K = r
Fm =
9 x 109 q1q2
k
r2
810
=
= 14.28 N
5.6
d) When put in water, the force between
Na+ and Cl- ions dereases by an amount
81 (r of water = 81). So they easily
seperates. m
4e x q
(x -d)2
+2
3
taking squareroot
=
x
x-d
3(x - d) = 2x
3(x-d) = -2x
3x - 3d = 2x
3x - 3d = -2x
x = 3d
5x = 3d
3d
Which is not possible
x= 5
Which is possible
So the third charge is placed at a
distance 3d from the charge 9e.
5
Q.7.In HCl molecule H + & Cl- ions are
separated by a small distance.
a) Name such an arrangement
b) How is it measured. What is its unit?
c) What is the net force acting on it when
placed in uniform Electrifield?
d) Derive an expression for torque acting
on it.
e) What happens when it is placed in a
non uniform electric field?
Ans.a) Electric dipole.
b) The strength of a dipole is measured
as dipolemoment. Its unit is Coulomb
metre ( c-m)
c) Zero, net force on eletric dipole is zero
in uniform E.F.
d) (Derivation of = Ep Sin from text)
e) In a non uniform Electric field there is
an unbalanced External force. So there
will be translatory motion in addition to
rotation.
2
3 x 10-6
(10-2)2
-6
= 9 x 109 x 3 x 10 = 2.7 x 104 V
-2
10
(ii) Inside the sphere electrifield is zero but
the potential is same as that of the
surface and is equal to 2.7 x 104 V.
Q.14. Why do we obtain neutral point in
the space between two like charges?
Ans. This is because net electrif field
intensity at this point is zero, the
intesities due to two charges being
equal and opposite.
(4x2) = -4 x 2x
x
= -8x = -8 x1
1 1 1 1
[ + + + ......]
40 1 2 22 23
Ans. If V(
r1 ) and V( r2 ) are electric potentials
at points r1 and
r2 where q1 and q2 are
held, then potential Energy =
q1 q2
q1.V(r ) + q2.V(r2) +
1
40|r1-r2|
Q.28.A sensitive instrument is to be shifted
from the strong electrostatic field in its
environment. Suggest a possible way.
Ans. For this the instrument must be
enclosed in a metallic cover. This will
provids electrostatic shielding to the
instrument.
Q29.Two conductors of identical shape and
size. One of copper and other of
aluminium are both placed in an identical
electric field. In which metal more charge
will be induced.
Ans.Maximum induced charge is given by
q1 = -q (1 - 1 ). For both metals Cu and
K
Al, K = ie in both metals induced
charge will be equal.
Q.30. Why is a spaceship entering the
ionosphere not sufficiently heated
though temperature at the top of the
ionosphere is nearly 700K.
Ans. This is because density of air in
ionosphere is so low that very few
molecules only bombard the spaceship.
Q.31.Calculate the equivalent capacitance
between the points P and Q. If a battery
of 10 V is connected between the points.
What will be the charge on each
capacitor.
C1 = C2 = C3 = C4 = 4 F
C5 = = 5F
C1
P
C5
C2
Q
C3
C4
C2
C5
C3
C4
C1
C3
=
as C1 = C2 = C3 = C4, the
C2
C4
bridge is balaced. The points R and S
are at the same potential. No charge
can accumulate on C5.
Between P & Q, there are two series
combinations
1
1
1
=
+
;
C1
C
C1
2
1
1
1
1
+
=
1 = 4
2
C
4
1
1
1
C11 = C3 + C4 ;
1
1
=
4+
C11
1
4=
C1 = 2F
1
11
2 C = 2F
20
=
20
0
+q
B
Ans. Zero, since it an equipotential surface,
work done in moving a point charge
from one point to another on it is zero.
Aswathy Books
PE
PE Cos =
2
1
Cos =
2
0
= 60
Aswathy Books
Max
Pp =
8
1
or P:Pp = 8 : 1
A0
d
on introducing a thin metal sheet in a
the middle it will act like a combination
of two capacitors in series with plate are
A & Seperation d/2. Capacity
2A0
C1 = C2 = A0 =
d
d/2
1
1
1
=
+
C2
C1
C
d/2 d/2
10
d
d
=
+ d
=
2A0
A0
2A0
A
C = 0 Thus the capacitance will not
d
be affected.
Q.17. Can a metal sphere of radius 1cm
hold a charge of one coulomb? Justify
your answer.
Ans. A metal sphere of radius R can hold
a charge Q provided the electric field E
around it does not exceed the break
down value for dry air which is 3 x 108
v/m.
For Q = 1 c, r = 10-2m, E = 9 x 109 q =
r2
1
13
9 x109 x
E
=
9
x
10
v/m.
As
(10-2)2
it is much larger than the break down
value of air, a metal sphere of radius
1cm cannot hold 1 c charge as charge
will leak away.
(K + 1)
d
Cd = (K + 1) A0
2d
Without dielectric C0 =
Cd
K+1
=
Co
2
Cd
5
4+1
=
=
Co
2
2
C0 = 5 Cd
2
5
=
x 10 F
2
= 4 F
Aswathy Books
1234567
1234567
1234567
1234567
1234567
1234567
1234567
1234567
A0
d
<
> P
<
= A
2
= E. ds = E ds Cos
= E. ds = E ds Cos q
linear charge density =
= or q = l
1
= q
0
= l
0
11
q
d) Since =
l
q =l
e) = E.S = E. 2rl
By Gauss Theorem =
E. 2rl =
0 x l
1
E=
20 l
EP
-q
Aswathy Books
+q
.A
.B
+
-
b) At A field = 0. At B EF =
12
10 cm
q
1
x
6
0
1
10 x10-6 (No. of faces
=
x
of a cube = 6)
6
8.85 x 10-12
>
>
12
12
12
12
12P
12
12
12
ds
6
5
>E
E. ds
0 q
E x 4r2 =
0 q
E=
40
Aswathy Books
q
r2
12F
= 1.88x105 Nm+2C-1
Q.6. Beside its use in storing charge a
capacitor is a key element of most ac
circuits.
a) What are the factors on which
capacitance of a parallel plate air
capacitor depends?
b) Define the term dielectric constant of a
medium.
c) Two capacitors C1 and C2 are connected
in series. Derive an expression for
capacitance of the combination.
d) Find the equivalent capacitance of
capacitors given in the network.
(March 2012)
4F
3F
B
C
A
13
V1
V2
V
q
q
and V2 =
C1
C2
is Cs is the effective capacitance, then
q
V =
Cs
But V = V1 + V2
q
q
q
=
+
C
Cs
C1
2
V1 =
1 = 1 + 1
C2
Cs
C1
d) Equivalent capacitance between
terminals A & B = 4 + 12 = 16F
Equivalent capacitance between
B & C = 3 + 6 = 9F
Equivalent capacitance of the
network is
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
6
9
/5
16
C
1
1
5
=
+
+
16
9
6
ie.
145
= 9 + 16 + 5 x 24 =
144
144
144
C=
F
145
Q7.How does atmosphere get charged?
Ans: By lightning and thunder storms the
atmosphere get charged.
Q8.A glass rod held in hand can be
charged by rubbing with silk. Why
cannot a metal rod be charged like this.
Ans:Metals and our body are good
conductors. So charges produced by
rubbing a metal are transferred to the
earth.
Aswathy Books
14
OE.
A
B
q
r
1
40
= 6 x 9 x 109 x 5 x 10-6
0.1
= 2.7 x 10 V
6
E
O
600
A
Aswathy Books
) 60
600 )
15
3. CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Q1. A wire is carrying a currrent. Is it
charged?
Ans: No. This is because at any time, the
number of protons in the wire is equal
to the number of electrons.
Q2.Determine the dimensional formula for
resistance
Work
V
Ans: R =
= Charge x Current
I
ML2T-2
= ML2T-3A-2
AT. A
Q3.Three conductors are connected in
parallel. Their conductances are G1, G2
& G 3 . What is their equivalent
conductance.
1
1
1
1
Ans:
=
+
+ R
R2
Rp
R1
3
=
Ans:
4
I
Q11.Two wires of equal lengths, one of
copper and the other of manganin, have
same resistance. Which wire is thicker?
Ans:Since two wires are of equal length and
equal resistance.
R1 = R2
l
1 l = 2 A
A1
2
A1 =
A2
1
2
16
I =
V
l /
R2 = 4R1
20 =
are
ml
Keeping v constant if l is doubled, vd is
halved. Again keeping cross sectional
area constant, if length is doubled, R
will be doubled [R l ].
Q14.Are the paths of electrons straight
lines between successive collisions in
the a) Absence of E.F b) Presence of
E.F.
Ans:a) In the absence of EF paths are
straight lines.
b) In the presence of EF, the path are
generally curved due to drif of the E.F.
Q15.How will you represent a resistance
of 3700 + 10% by colour code?
Ans: Orange violet red and silver.
Q16.A wire of resistance 8 is bent in the
form of a circle. What is the effective
resistance between the ends of the
diameter of this circle.
Aswathy Books
VA
l
20 =
R1 x 4R1
R1R2
R1+R2
R1+4R1
4R12
5R1
20 x 5
4
= 25
R2 = 4R1
= 4 x 25
= 100
R1 =
17
18
vvv
vv
v
5 vv
10
vvv
vvv
2
vvv
J
El
vvv
vvv
vvv
vvv
10
2
=
4
1
2
vvv
4 Here
Aswathy Books
18
vvv
vvv
vvvv
vvvv
B
r1 = 3
6
vvv
r2 = 1
E2 = 2v
Ans:
3
vvv
I1
4
vvv
I1
I1 + I2
I1 + I2
2
vvv
vvv
4v
vvv
I1
vvv
vvv
Aswathy Books
vvv
vvv
vvvv
vvv
vv
2 v
vvvv
vvv
I2
1
2v
19
(2)
(3)
I1 = 0.6192 = 0.206A
3
Current through 4v cell = .206A
Current through 2v cell = 0.0476 A
Current through 6 resistance = I1 + I2
= 0.254A
Potential difference across 6 resistance
= 6 x 0.254A = 1.52v
Terminal potential voltage across
E1 = IR
= E1 - I1r
= 4 - 0.206 x 3
= 4 - .62
= 3.38v
Important Questions
Q1. Two 120v light bulbs, one of 25w and
other of 200w are connected in series
across a 240v line. One bulb burnt out
almost instantaneously which one was
burnt and why?
V2
Ans:As P =
, 25w bulb has more
R
resistance. In series same current glow
through them. So the 25w bulb will
develop more heat and burnt out
instanteously.
Q2.A wire of resistivity is stretched twice
its length. What will be new resistivity.
Ans:Resistivity will not change as it is
independent of length or area.
Aswathy Books
20
PQ.
c) When the switch s is closed, will the
null point move towards P or Q? Justify
your answer?
(March 2010)
E1
J
r
vvv
I1 = 3.75 = .01875
s
1.02v
Ans:a) Potential gradient is defined as the
potential per unit length.
E1
b) Potential gradient across PQ =
1
= E1 v/m
c) The null point does not change. The
resistance connected in series to
galvanometer does not change the null
point.
100
vvv
Q2.
(.05-71)
50
vvv
vvv
Aswathy Books
I1
75
vv
v
vvv
I1
E
R
50
vvv
150
= 18.75
8
Effective resistance of the combination
is = 100 + 18.75 = 118.75
b)
vvv
.05A
6v
50
10
200
Current through 75 resistance
= .05 - 2 x .01875
= .05 - .0375
= .0125A
vvv
75
vv
v
vvv
50
6v
6 = .05A
118.75
Voltage across 75 = voltage across 50
75 r (.05 - 2I1) = 50I1
3.75 - 150I1 = 50I1
3.75 = 200I1
Effective current =
()
21
then E1 l2
E
E1 =
E
l1
l2
l1
x E1
l2
nale
l/v
i = nave
Q5. n equal resistances, each of value
R are combined in different ways.
a) What are possible values of maximum
and minimum equivalent resistances?
b) If the maximum and minimum values
are 40 and 2.5 respectively. Find n
and R.
(March 2008)
Ans:a) Maximum resistance is obtained
when connected in series
Aswathy Books
Rs = R + R + .... n times
Rs = nR
Minimum resistance is obtained when
connected in parallel.
1
1
1
=
+
... n times
Rp
R
R
n
1 =
R
Rp
R
Rp =
n
b) nR = 40
R
= 2.5
n
(1)/(2)
n2 = 16
(1)
(2)
40
2.5
ie n= 4
40
R = 4 = 10
Q6.An electric kettle has two heating coils.
When one of the coils is switched on the
kettle begins to boil in 6 minutes and
when the other is switched on the boiling
begins in 8 minutes.
a)The working of an electric kettle is based
on which principle? State the principle.
b) Find the ratio of the resistances of the
two coils in the above problem.
c) If the two coils are connected in series,
find in what time will the boiling begin for
the same quantity of water.
d) Suggest a method to reduce the boiling
time. Find the boiling time then.
(March 2009)
Ans:a) Joules law. The amount of heat
developed in a conductor by passage of
a steady current through it is directly
proportional to the square of the current,
resistance of the conductor and time of
flow.
b) Let Q be the heat required to boil the
kettle and v be the supply voltage.
2
v2
Q=
r t 1 = v r t2
R1
R2
t1
R1
3
6
R2 = t2 = 8 = 4
c) When connected in series let t be the
time taken
22
v2
xt
(R1 + R2)
7
R1 + R2 = 3 R2 + R2 =
R
4 2
4
v2 t
Q =
(1)
7/4 R2
Q =
d) Time t = 6 + 8 = 14 minutes
When the coils are connected in series,
the equivalent resistance increases and
hence more time is required. When
connected in parallel, equivalent
resistance becomes.
1
R
1
1
+
=
R1
R2
/4R2 x R2
/4R2 + R2
R =
=
1
1
+
R2
/4R2
7R2
7
R
11 2
4+
11
4
V2
xT
7 R
2
11
V2
xt =
7 R
4 2
(2)
V2
xT
7 R
11 2
t
T
1.75 = 0.63
14 x .63
T=
= 5minutes
1.75
Q7a) The resistance R of a conductor
depends on its length l area of cross
section A and resistivity of the material
. The correct expression connecting
R, l, A and is
A
l
Al
(i) R =
(ii) R=
(iii) R =
l
A
(iv) R = Al
b) The voltage-current graphs for two
resistors of the same material and
same radii with length L1 and L2 are
shown in the figure. If L1 > L2 state the
reason, which of these graphs
Aswathy Books
Ans:a) (iii) R =
l
A
Rl
(100 - l )
23
A
When length is doubled, area will be
halved
(2l )
l
ll
Rl = l =
=4
= 4R
A
A
A/2
ie the resistance increases.
Increase in resistance = 4R - R = 3R.
(ii) Resistivity will not change as it is
independent of the dimensions of the
wire.
Q9.Explain why Aluminium wires are
preferred for overhead power cables?
Ans:Aluminium wire is preferred because
i) It has low density (lighter) (ii) low
resistance
(iii) It is cheaper compared to copper.
Q10.n equal resistors are connected in
series, then in parallel. Find the ratio of
series to parallel combination.
Ans:In series Rs = R + R + ... n times
Rs = nR
1
1
1
In parallel,
=
+
+ .. n times
Rp
R
R
1
n
=
Rp
R
R
Rp =
n
nR
n2
Rs: Rp =
=
= n2:1
R/n
1
Q11.Explain why Copper is not used in
potentiometer
Ans: Resistance of Copper wire is very
small. Hence when Copper is used for
the potentiometer wire, it is as if short
circuited. No p.d will be available on the
wire.
Q12. Is the dimensional formula of
electromotive force same as that of
force?
Ans. No, the dimension formula of emf is
same as that of potential. (work/charge)
Aswathy Books
I
A
l
A
xI
= j, current density
V = l j
But potential V = E x l
E l = l j
E= j
E
j=
But
= , conductivity
j=E
24
t =
2(4m)
2 x2m
=
B(2q)
Bq
25
Ans:
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
The given system may be regarded as
a set of six current carrying pairs. The
contribution of each pair is zero. So the
net MF induction at the centre is zero.
Q12.Apply Amperes law qualitatively to the
three parts as shown below.
i
>
>
III
II
0I
2r
0(2I)
0I
=
4
= 4B
2(r/2)
2r
MF is increased by a factor 4.
Q18.The energy of a charged particle
moving in a uniform M.F does not
change.Why?
Ans:As M.F is a conservative field it does
no work in a charged particle. So the
energy of the particle does not change.
Q19.Two wires of equal lengths are bent in
the form of two loops. One is square
shaped while the other is circular. These
26
vxB=0
F = q (v x B) = 0
Q21.Which one of the two, an ammeter or
a milli ammeter, has a higher resistance
and why?
Ig x G
Ans:Shunt resistance s =
I - Ig
So the shunt needed to convert a
galvanometer into a milliammeter has
a larger value than that required to
convert into ammeter. As the shunt is
connected in parallel with the
galvanometer, the milliammeter will
have higher resistance than the
ammeter.
Q22.An electron beam is moving vertically
downwards if it passes through a
magnetic field which is directed from
south to north in a horizontal plane, then
in which direction the beam would be
deflected?
Ans:
N
S
The encircled cross represent the
dl
Sin
90
4r2
>
>
>
^ in a magnetic field
v = (7j^ + 4k)
^
^
B = (7j + 4k) Wbm-2. Find the force
acting on the charge.
>
=
=
0i
4r
30i
8r
dl
=
0 i
4r2
3
x 2r
4
3 x 4 x 10-7 x 60
8x .02
= 4500 x 10-7T
= 4.5 x 10-4T
Q26.An electron in an atom revolves around
the nucleus in an orbit of radius 0.5A0.
Calculate the equivalent magnetic
moment if the frequency of revolution of
the electron is 1010MHz.
Ans:M = iA
r = .5A0 = .5 x 10-10m
27
= e x r2
= 1010MHz
-19
10
= (1.6 x 10 ) x 10 x 3.14 x (0.5 x 10-10)2
= 1.26 x 10-23 Am-2
>
>
O
R2
>
>
0i
1
1
+
R2
R1
= i (A x B)
28
B.
Previous Questions
Q1. Oersted found that moving charges or
currents produce a magnetic field in the
surrounding space.
a) An electric current is flowing due south
along a power line. What is the direction
of MF (i) above it (ii) below it.
b) Draw a neat and labelled diagram of a
cyclotron. State the underlying principle
of its working.
c) A cyclotrons oscillator frequency is
10MHz. What should be the operating
MF for accelerating protons e = 1.6 x
10-19C and Mp = 1.67 x 10-27kg.
(March 2012)
Ans:a) (i) Towards west above the line.
(ii) Towards East below the line.
b) Working of cyclotron in NCERT text).
c) F = 10 x 106Hz
Bq
F=
2 m
2mf
B=
q
=
= 0.655T
Q2a) State Flemmings left hand rule.
b) Figure shows the section of a straight
conducting rod placed in an external
M.F, B. The number density of charge
carrier is n. Deduce the force
experienced by charge carriers. What
is the name given to this force? If the
Aswathy Books
(March 2008)
B
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
vd
q
l
Ans:a) If the middle finger, forefinger and
thumb of the left hand are stretched out
mutually perpendicular to each other
such that the middle finger is in the
direction of the current the forefinger in
the direction of MF then the thumb gives
the direction of the force on the
conductor.
b) Force on the current carrying conductor
is
F = i ( l x B)
But i = nAVde
F = nAVde ( l x B)
Al is the volume and neAl is the total
charge q.
F = nAle (Vd x B)
F = q (Vd x B)
This the Lorentz force.
For equilibrium, the charges accumulate
in the perpendicular direction to the field
constituting a Hall voltage. By measuring
the voltage we can find the force.
Q3.A galvanometer is used to detect current
in a circuit.
a) State the working principle of a
galvanometer.
b) How will you convert it into (i) an
ammeter and (ii) a voltmeter.
c) A galvanometer coil has a resistance of
12ohm. It shows a full scale deflection
for a current of 3mA. How will you
convert this into a voltmeter of range
0-18v.
(March 2010)
Ans:a) A current carrying loop when placed
in a magnetic field experience a torque.
At equilibrium this torque is balanced by
the torsional couple of the suspension
fibre.
nBiA = c
29
12 = 5988
0 B. dl = . i
0
b) Consider a solenoid of length l having
n no. of turns per unit length.
S
A
X
Aswathy Books
B=0
B
>
O Q
By the theorem 0 B. dl = 0 x i
Q
P
B. dl + Q B. dl +R B. dl +S B. dl
= 0 nli
Bl + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0nli
B = 0ni
c) i = 35A
d = 20cm = .2m
0
B=
x 2i
4
d
= 10-7 2 x 35
.2
= 350 x 10-7
= 3.5 x 10-5 T
Q5.A student claims that if lightening strikes
a metal flag pole, the force exerted by
the earths M.F on the current carrying
pole can be large enough to bend it.
(Lightning currents are very large of the
order of 104 to 105A).
a) What is your opinion about the students
above argument. Justify the above
statement.
b) Which law helps you to find the direction
of force on the pole. State the law.
c) Obtain an expression for force on the
pole by taking l as length, B as the
earths horizontal intensity and i as the
current due to lightning.
Ans:a) F = Bil Sin = Bil
= 0.38 x 10-4 x 105 x 10
= 38 N
B = 0.38 x 104
i = 105A
l = 10m
This force is so feeble that the pole will
not bend.
b) Flemings left hand rule:According to this rule, stretch the thumb,
forefinger and middle finger to represent
mutually perpendicular directions. If the
30
F = nAl e (v x B)
= nAl e vBSin
But current i = nAve
F = Bi l Sin
F = i (l x B)
Q6.Two conducting wires AB and CD are
connected to the battery.
B
C B
D
A
(a)
(b)
Aswathy Books
31
B = Bh2 + Br2
= 0.222 + 0.382
= 0.44 T
Q3. The angle of dip two places on the
surface of the earth are respectively 00
and 90 0. Where are these places
located.
Ans. At the magnetic equator angle of dip
is 00. At the magnetic pole, angle of
dip is 900.
Q4. The horizontal component of MF at a
place 3 times the vertical component.
What is the value of angle of dip at the
place.
B
Bv
1
tan = v =
=
Bn
3 B
3
= 300
S2
N1
<
S1
>
32
N1S12 + N2S22 =
L + L = 2 L
2
foce is F = q ( x B )
B.
magnetic lines of B cannot represent
the lines of force of a moving particle.
b) Magnetic field lines can be entirely
confined to the core of a toroid because
a toroid has no ends. It can confine
the field within its core.
A straight solenoid has two ends. If
the entire magnetic flux were fonfined
between these ends, the M.F lines will
no longer be continuous.
c) According to Gausss theorem in
magnetism, magnetic flux over any
surface is always zero ie 0 B . ds = 0
If monopoles existed, the magnetic flux
would no longer be zero, but equal to
Aswathy Books
ie 0 B . ds = 0 m
d) No three is no force or torque on an
element due to the field produced by
that element itsely. But their is a force
on an element of the same wire. For
special case of straight wire this force
is zero.
e) Yes, a system can have magnetic
moment even if its net charge is zero.
For eg. every atom of para and
ferromagnetic material has a magnetic
moment though atom is electrically
nuetral
Q12. What is the approximate distance
upto which earths MF extends.
Ans. 3.2 x 104 km
Q13. What is the basic difference between
magnetic and electric lines of force?
Ans. Magnetic lines of force are closed,
continuous but electric lines of force are
discontinuous.
Q14. If a compass box and dip circle were
to be taken to the magnetic north pole
of the earth, what would one observe
with regard to directions of their
respective needles & why?
Ans. The needle of compass box shall not
necessarily stand along north south
direction. If may point along any
arbitrary direction.
The needle of the dip circle shall
stand vertical with south pole pointing
upwards.
Q15. The susceptibility of magnesium at
300k is 1.2 x 10-5. At what temperature
will be susceptibility be equal to 1.44 x
10-5?
C
Ans. Xm =
T
Xm
T|
=
|
Xm
T
-5
T| = T Xm = 1.2 x 10 x 300 = 250K
X|m
1.44 x 10-5
33
Aswathy Books
34
0
4
m
r3
-7
= 8 x 1022 x 10
(6.4 x 106)3
= 0.3 x 10-4 T
r = radius of earth.
Q23. The hysterisis loop of a soft iron piece
has a much smaller area than of a
carbon steel piece. These materials are
to go through repeated cycles of
magnetization.
a) Which piece will dissipate greater heat
energy.
b) A system displaying hystensis loop is a
device for storing memory - Explain.
c) What are the difference between
permanent magnets and electro
magnets.
Ans. a) The area of the hysterisis loop is
proportional to the heat energy lost per
cycle of magnetization. Carbon steel
piece will dissipate more heat than soft
iron peice. Steel has greater area of
hysterisis loop than soft iron.
b) Magnetization of a ferromagnetic
depends on the field and number of
cycles of magnetization it has gone
through. The valve of magnetization is
a record (memory) of its cycles of
magnetization. If information bils can
be made to corresponding cycles. the
system displaying such a hysterisis loop
can act as a device for storing
information.
c) Permanent magnets have high
retentivity and high coercivity. They
have low loss of magnetisation. eg.
steel.
Aswathy Books
diving by H,
But
B
=
H
B
= 0 (1 + M )
H
H
M
&
=
H
35
= 0 (1 + )
= 1+
0
r = 1 +
m
P
P x 2l
=
=
a
v
a x 2l
P = Ma
M = 240
= 240 x 2 x 10-4
a = 2 x 10-4m2
= 480 x 10-4 Am
c) M =
Previous Questions
1. The captain of a ship sailing in the
Atlantic Ocean has to travel in the north
direction to reach the nearest port. He
finds that the magnetic declination of
the present position of the ship is 50 22
East.
a) What is meant by magnetic declination
b) The captain has a magnetic compass
needle with him. By how much angle
and in which direction should he deviate
his ship from the north direction, pointed
by the magnetic needle to reach the
port.
c) Suppose magnetic needle is capable
of rotating in a vertical plane about a
horizontal axes. If the ship reaches the
magnetic pole of earth in which
direction will be magnetic needle point.
(March 2011)
Ans. a) Magnetic declination at a place is
the angle between magnetic meridian
and geographic meridian at the place.
b) 50 22 towards West.
c) Vertical.
Q2.A magnetic needle made of iron is
suspended in a uniform external M.F.
It experiences a torque and needle
starts oscillating.
a) Write down the frequency of oscillation
of the magnetic needle.
b) If the magnetic needle is heated
beyond curie temperature while it is
oscillating, then its period a) increases
b) decreases c) remains the same d)
becomes infinity.
(March 2010)
Aswathy Books
Ans. T = 2
mB
1
f = 2
mB
b) Increases.
Beyond the curie
temperature the magnetic needle
becomes paramagnetic and its moment
m decreases.
3. How will you classify diamagnetic and
paramagnetic materials based on
magnetic susceptibilities?
(March 2009)
Ans. For diamagnetic substances is small
and negative.
For paramagnetic substances is small
and position.
Q4. Match the following.
Feriomagnetism
< 0 Aluminium,
Paramagnetism
>>0
Diamagnetism
>0
Calcium
Lead
Bismuth
Iron, Cobalt
(March 2011)
Ans.
Feriomagnetism
Paramagnetism
>0
Diamagnetism
<0
Aluminium,
Calcium
Lead
Bismuth
36
Ans: a) Diamagnetic
b) Ferromagnetic
c) Diamagnetic
d) Paramagnetic
Q6.An iron rod of 0.1m2 cross section is
subjected to a mangnetising field of
1000Am -1. Calculate the magnetic
permeability. Given susceptibility of iron
= 599.
Ans: = 0(1 + m)
= 4 x 10-7 (1 + 599)
= 4 x 10-7 x 600
= 7.54 x 10-4TmA-1
Aswathy Books
37
6. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Q1.Electromagnetic induction was first
discovered by Faraday. The direction
of this emf is given by Lenz.
a) State the laws of eletromagnetic
induction.
b) How will you find the direction of
induced emf, using this law.
c) Flux in a closed circuit of resistance
12 varies with time t as = 9t2+ 6t + 3
Milli Webber where t is in seconds.
Find the emf and current induced in the
coil in t = 3 s.
Ans.a)(i) Faradays law states that the
magnitude of the induced emf is equal
to the rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with it.
= d
dt
ii) Lenzs law, The direction of the induced
emf is such that it opposes the cause
producing the change.
= - d
dt
b) When a coil is brought near a north pole
of a magnet, the magnetic flux linked
with the coil begins to increase. The
coil generates an induced emf so as to
oppose the increase in flux. This is
possible if the coil can oppose the north
pole of the magnet. To oppose the face
of the coil near to the magnet shows a
north polarity. Similarly if the north pole
is moved away from the coil the face of
the coil shows south polarity which
attracts the north pole. Thus one can
determine the direction of induced
current in a coil.
c)
= - d
dt
= - d (9t2 + 6t +3)
dt
= -18t - 6
Aswathy Books
When t = 3 sec
= -18 x 3 - 6 = - 54 - 6 = -60v
60
=5A
R
12
2. The north pole of a magnet goes to and
fro and then away from the coil.
a) What is the direction of the induced
current in the coil in each case.
I=
I
=LI
When I = 1 A1 = L
38
Aswathy Books
0 I2
2r2
Flux through inner coil is ,
= B . A = B x r 2 =
1
2
2
1
But 1 = M12
0 r12
2r2
. I2
I2
M12 = 0 r12
2r2
Here M12 = M21 because r1 << r2
Q10.Take a strong cylindrical electro
magnet connected to AC source and
39
L
M
>
I
40
b)
dt
dt
dI
= -200 x
0.1
-5
=4H
()
a) When the key is switched on the bulb
attains the maximum glow after a short
interval of time. Which property of the
solenoid is responsible for the decay.
b) The flux linked with a solenoid changes
from 0 to 1wb in 2s. Find the induced
emf in the solenoid.
c) If 3v battery is replaced by ac source
of 3v with the key closed, what will be
observed? Justify your answer.
Aswathy Books
0.4
41
7. ALTERNATING CURRENT
Q1. Write the general equation for the
instantaneous emf of a 50Hz generator
whose peak voltage is 250Hz.
Ans.
Eo = 250v
= 50 Hz
w = 2 = 2 x 50 = 100
E = Eo sin wt
E = 250 sin 100 t
Irms =
I0
= 4.24 A
2
2
1
Q3. What is the SI unit of
c
Ans. ohm
Vp = 100v,
Vp Ip = 4 x 103 W
3
Ip = 4 x 10 W = 40 A
= Vs Is
Vp Ip
0.8
240 x Is
4 x 103
Is =13.33 A
Aswathy Books
100 v
20PF
.~.
42
2fc
decreases, the current in the circuit
increases and brightness increases.
Aswathy Books
43
20H
>
to receiver
>
0.1 F
vvvvvv
10
llllll
Secondary coil
Primary coil
Voltage Current Power Voltage Current Power
1 A .........
......... 1000V
200V 1 A
10
a) Identify the trasformer as step up or
step down.
b) How much power is wasted by the
transformer.
c) What are the possible energy losses
in a transformer.
d) If the input voltage is 48V and input
current is 1A is it possible to light 240V,
100W electric bulb using the above
transformer? Justify the answer.
Aswathy Books
1
2Lc
44
1
2 x 3.14 x 20 x 10-6 x 0.1 x10-6
= 112.6 KHZ
Z = R = 10
Q21.The given circuit diagram shown a
series LCR circuit connected to a
variable frequency 230V source.
80F
5 mH
40
vvv
.~.
i) Determine the source frequency which
driver the circuit in resonance.
ii) Obtain the impedance of the circuit and
the amplitude of current at the
resonating frequency.
iii) Determine the rms potential drops
across the three elements of the circuit.
iv) How do you explain the observation
that the algebraic sum of the voltages
across the three elements obtained in
(iii) is greater than the supplied voltage?
Ans. i) Resonant angular frequency,
l
l
w =
=
Lc
w
f=
2
5 x 80 x10-6
= 50 rad/sec.
25
=
Hz
+ ( L -
At resonance L =
Z = R = 40
l )2
VC
= 5.75 x 50 x 5
= 1437.5 V
l
= irms x c
VR
= 1437.5 V
= irms x R = 5.75 x 40
l
= 5.75 x 5 x 80 x10-6
= 230 V
iv) The voltage across R, L and C are not
in the same phase. Therefore they
cannot be added like an ordinary
number
in LCR circuit, V = VR2 + (VL- VC)2
Previous Questions
Q1a) Fill in the blanks
If W is the angular frequency of ac, then
the reactance offered by inductance L
and capacitance C are respectively, XL
- ............... and XC = ..................
b) An electric bulb B and a parallel plate
capacitor C are connected in series as
shwon in figure. The bulb glows with
some brightness. How will the glow of
bulb affected on introducing a dielectric
slab between the plates of the
capacitor? Give reason in support of
your answer.
B
C
l
c
= 8.13 A
Erms
The rms current is Irms =
Z
230
=
= 5.75 A
40
iii) The rms potential drop aross L, C & R
are
VL = irms x L
ac
45
XL = 3R
vvv
Cos A
Cos B
ac
XC = 3R XC = R vvv R
(March 2012)
l
Ans. a) XL = LW and XC =
cw
b) When dielectric slab introduced
capacitance C increases and
capacitive reactance XC = l
cw
decreases. So current through the
circuit decreases and brightness of the
bulb increases.
R
c) For A, power facter Cos=
R2 + X12
R
=
R2 + (3R)2
R
=
R2 + 9R2
=
10 R
For B, Cos =
10
R
R2 + (XL- XC)2
R
R2 + (3R - R)2
=
=
R2 + 4 R2
R
5R
Aswathy Books
5
l x 5
10
300v 300v v
A
~
220 v, 50 Hz
10
46
LC
l
2 f =
LC
l
f =
LC
=
220
V
=
R
100
c) Ammeter reading I =
=
2.2A
f2 =
2LC
1
42LC
c=
42Lf2
1
4 x 3.14 x 200 x 10-6 x (8 x105)2
2
1
4 x 3.14 x 200 x 10-6 x (12 x105)2
2
= 88.04pF
Q5.At a hydroelectric power plant, the
water pressure head is at a height
300m and the water flow available is
100m 3 s -1 . If the turbine generator
Aswathy Books
= 29.4 x 107W
Output power
=
Input power
Output power = x input power
= 0.6 x 29.4 x 107
= 176.4 x 106W
= 176.4 MW
Q6.AC is passing through a capacitor and a
bulb connected in series. What will
happen to the brightness when the
frequency of ac is increased?
1
. Therefore the
Ans:Impedence c =
2fc
bulb glow brighter when frequency is
increased as the imepdence is now
decreased.
Q7.A stone and a metal block are dropped
from the same height near the earthly
surface. Which will reach the earths
surface first?
Ans:The eddy current developed in the
metal block opposes its motion. Hence
stone reaches the ground first.
Q8.The peak value of an ac is 230v. What
value will an ac voltmeter read?
Ans:An ac voltmeter read only the rms value
230 v
vrms =
2
Q9.Which is preferred for long distance
transmission ac or dc; Why?
Ans:AC is preferred as it can be stepped up
or stepped down. Power loss is also
reduced if ac is used.
47
Aswathy Books
c)
~
E
Consider an ac circuit containing
inductor only.
Instantaneous emf V = Vmsint (1)
dI
But V = L
dE
dI
L
= Vm sint
dE
V
dI = m sintdt
L
Vm
sintdt
L
Vm -cost
I= L
I=
Sin(t - /2)
I = Im sin (t - /2)
(2)
48
8. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Q1. A plane electromagnetic wave of
frequency 25 MHZ travels in free space
along the X-direction. At a particular
point in space and time the electric
0 0
49
Ans. a) BY = BO Sin [2 ( x
= =
+ t )]
T
Comparing with the above equation
2
=
= 1.26cm
0.5 x 103
1
1.5 x 1011
= =
= 23.9GHZ
T
2
3 x 108
= 6m
C
50 x 106
b. Suppose em wave is moving along x
axis
b) E0 = B0C
= 2 x 10-7 x 3 x 108 60 V/m
E2 = 60 sin (0.5 x 103x + 1.5 x 1011t)V/m.
(iv)
2 x 3.14 x 50 x 106
= 2 =
8
C
= 1.05 rad/s
Aswathy Books
3.14 x 10
50
c=
1=
2 =
1
2
=
=
3x108
= 5.45 x 102m
0.55 x 106
3x108
1.6 x 106
= 1.87 x 102m
=
(ii) B . ds = 0
E.ds
-d
(iii) E. dl =
B. ds
dt
(i)
(iv)
B . dl =
0 0 dt
E. ds + 0
-7
51
Aswathy Books
52
9. RAY OPTICS
Q1. When a ray of light is passed through
a prism under what condition will the
angle of incidence be equal to angle of
emergence?
Ans. For angle of minimum deviation.
Aswathy Books
Sin ( A + m )
2
Sin A/2
Sin ( 60 + 30 )
2
=
Sin 60/2
= Sin 45 = 1.41
Sin 30
Q9. A convex lens is placed in water. Will
there be any change in focal length?
Give reason.
1 - 1
Ans. 1 = n2-n1
R2
R
n
f
1
)(
1 = ( - 1)
f
(R
1
= ( - 1)
R
(R
1
R2
-1
R
53
1
R
= (
- 1) x 2
R
= 1.5
Q12. An object is first seen in red light and
then in violet light through a simple
microscope in which case is the
magnifying power larger.
Ans. M = 1 + D
f
Since fV < fR, magnifying power is larger
when the object is seen in violet light.
Q13. Two plane mirrors arre placed at 600
to each other. How many number of
images would be formed.
Ans. n = 360 -1 = 360 -1 = 5
60
54
Aswathy Books
1
)
4/
3
= 30 ( 1 - 3/4)
= 30 x 1/4 = 7.5 cm.
Q26. The image of a candle formed by a
convex lens is obtained on a screen.
Will full size of the image be obtained if
the lower half of the lens is painted
completely opaque?
Ans. The full size of the image is obtained.
But the intensity of image will be
reduced. This is because the number
of rays of light refracted through different
parts of the lens will be reduced.
= 30 ( 1-
(R
1
R2
1
= 0
R
Q28. Within a glass bulb, a double convex
air bubble is formed. How would the
air bubble behave.
Ans.The air bubble would behave as a
diverging lens, because of air is less
than that of glass.
1
(R
= ( - 1)
Previous Questions
Q1. A spherical surface of radius of
curvature R, separates a rarer and a
denser medium as shown in the figure.
Rarer medium
Denser medium
)
O
I
U R
V
b) By snelly law
n
Sin i
= 2
n1
Sin
n1 sin i = n2 sin
n1 i = n2r ______(1) For small values of
i&r
From ONC, i = +
From CNI r + =
r= -
Substituting the value of i and r in (1)
n1 ( + ) = n2 ( - )
n1 + n1 = n2 - n2
n1 + n2 = (n2 - n1)
56
MN
MN
MN
, =
and =
U
V
V
MN
MN
MN
n1
+ n2
= (n2 - n1)
V
U
R
n1
n2
(n - n )
+
= 2 1
U
V
R
But =
n1
U
(n2 - n1)
R
c) f = 5 cm
D = 25 cm
m=1+D
f
25
=1+
=6
5
Q2. In figure PQ is a ray incident on a prism
ABC
A
3.
a)
b)
Q
c)
P
C
B
a) Complete the ray diagram showing the
passage of light. Mark angle of
incidence i, angle of emergence e,
angle of deviation and angle of
refraction r1 and r2.
b) Using the diagram obtain the relation
=i+e-A
c) The critical angle of diamond is 300.
What is the refractive index.
(March 2012)
A
Ans.
a)
m A
)S
Q
e
( )> ( )
i
r r
1
1
=2
0.5
A lens of a particular focal length is
made from a glass slab by adjusting the
radic of curvature. the formaula used
in this case is lens makers formula.
Write lens makers formula.
Derive lens makers formula assuming
formula for refraction at a spherical
surface.
Is it possible for a given lens to act as a
converging lens in one medium and a
diverging lens in another medium?
Why?
Compare the focal length of a given
converging lens for violet light with that
using red light. Are they equal or
different. Why?
=
d)
Ans.a) 1 = (n - 1)
f
A
b)
n1 n
Aswathy Books
U
C
1
R2
n1
N
B
(R
I1
V1
V
57
n2
V1
(n2 - n1)
-(n2 - n1)
R1
R2
1 - 1
n1
n1
= (n2 - n1)
R2
R1
U
V
1
1
n2
1 - 1
= (
-1)
R2
U
R1
V
n1
1
U
= (n - 1 )
(R
1
R2
...............(3)
(Considering first medium as air)
When U = , V = f
1 - 1
1
1
= ( n - 1)
R2
R
f
1
1
1 - 1
= (n - 1)
.........(4)
R2
f
R1
Aswathy Books
(R
1
<
f red
1
R2
1
f violet
Objective
I1 ^ >
O F
0
= ( -1)
-(n - n )
= 2 1 ................(2)
R2
1
d) f
F0
Fe
I
^
B
^
B
b) Magnification of a compound
microscope is the product of the
magnification produced by the objective
and that of the eye lens.
M = M0 x Me
V0
D
=
(1+
)
U0
fa
58
I1
V1
1
V
1
U
1
f1
1
f2
..........(3)
Power
Aperture
L1
1D
0.1m
L2
10D
0.05m
L3
10D
0.02m
L4
20D
0.02m
(March 2012)
59
f = 4cm
3
2+1
=
12
12
A
900 (
Al
Bl
1
4
ic
)
1
From figure Sin ic = a
w
ic = Sin-1
= Sin-1
( a )
w
(1.33 )
60
1.22 x 540 x 10
-9
= 9.1 x 104
Q17.The focal length of a lens is given by
1
=
f
n2
(n
) ( R1
1
R2
here R1 = R and R2 =
1
1 - 1
= (n - 1)
f
1
(n-1)
=
f
R
b) For double convex lens R1 = R, R2 = -12
1
1 - -1
= (n - 1)
R
R
f
1
1
= (n - 1)
+
R
R
1
2
= (n - 1)
f
R
(
(
)
)
61
<>>
<
<>
900
<>
<>
<>
b) State Brewsters law and prove that at
the polarising angle the reflected and
refracted rays are perpendicular to
each other.
c) The polarising angle for a medium is
570 what is the critical angle of the
medium.
Ans.a) The reflected ray is completely
plane polarised with vibration parallel
to the surface of the medium. The
Aswathy Books
<>>
< i=P
<>
)
)
900
<>
<>
<>
N1
Sin i
=
...........(1)
Sin r
by Brewsters law tan p =
Sin p
=
............(2)
Cos p
By Snells law
At polarising angle i = p
Sin p
Sin r
Sin p
Cos p
Cos p = Sin r
Sin (90-p) = Sin r
p + r = 900
RQS = 180 - (p + r)
= 180-90
= 900
So at the polarising angle, the reflected
and the refracted rays are perpendicular
to each other.
c) = tan p = 1
Sin c
1
1
Sin c = tan p =
tan 57
1
c = Sin-1 tan 57 = 410 30|
62
=
n
| = D
|
n d
4. Name the following wavefronts
according to their nature.
a) Wavefront due to point source.
b) Wavefront due to fluorescent lamp.
c) Emergent wavefront from a concave
lens.
d) Emergent wavefront from a prism,
when a plane wavefront is incident on
it.
Ans.a) Spherical
b) Cylindrical
c) Convex
d) Plane
Aswathy Books
63
I = 1
4
I0
ie reduces to one fourth.
Q12. Give the ratio of velocities of light
rays of wavelength 4000A0 and 8000
A0 in vacuum.
Ans. Light waves of all wavelength travels
with same velocity in vacuum. So the
ratio of velocities is 1:1.
Q13. Two slits in Youngs double slit
experiment have widths in the ratio
81:1. what is the ratio of the amplitudes
of light waves from them.
w1
81
Ans.
=
w2
1
w1
F1
a1 2
=
=
w2
F
a2
2
Aswathy Books
a1
=
a2
F1
F2
81
= 9:1
1
64
Imax
=
I min
(a1 + a2)2
(a1 - a2)2
9x2
=
=
(x - 2x)2
x2
(x + 2x)2
= 9/1
65
66
>
stopping potential
>
>
67
v =
= mc
=
=
12.27
v
12.27
54
A0
A0 = 1.67A0
h
=
p
c) For large bodies m is large so de
Broglie wavelength will be negligibly
small.
Aswathy Books
h
mc =
68
++++++++++++++++
>
>
l =
>
_______________
ie., it becomes
value of wavelength.
Q14.If the maximum kinetic energy of
electrons emitted in a photocell is 5eV.
What is the stopping potential?
1
Ans:
mv2 = eV0
2
eV0 = 5eV
V0 = 5V
Q15.What is the de Broglie wavelength of
a 3Kg object moving with a speed of
2ms-1.
Ans: m = 3Kg
V = 2ms-1
h
= mv
=
6.6x10-34
3x2
= 1.1 x 10-34m
Q16.Find the maximum frequency and
minimum wavelength of X-rays
produced by 30kv electrons.
Ans: Given V = 30kv
eV = h
eV
= h
1.6x10-19 x 30 x 103
=
6.63x10-34
= 7.24 x 1018Hz
c
=
3 x108
=
= 0.414 x 10-10m
7.24 x 1018
Aswathy Books
(1)
(2)
(3)
= 4125 x 10-10m
hc
Energy of incident light = h =
6.6x10-34 x 3 x 108
E =
= 3eV
4125 x 10-10 x 1.6x 10-19
For emission of photoelectrons E > 0
Thus only element c emit photo
electrons.
Q19. Monochromatic light of frequency
6x1014 Hz is produced by a laser. The
power emitted is 2x10-3W.
a) What is the energy of the photon in the
light beam.
b) How many photons per second, on the
average, are emitted by the source?
Ans:a) Each proton has an energy
E = h = 6.6 x10-34 x 6x1014
= 3.98 x10-19J
b) No. of photons emitted per second,
P
2x10-3
N =
=
E
3.98x10-19
69
>
Previous Questions
Intensity
>
h
( - 0)
e
-34
6.6x10
_
=
(8.2x1014 3.3x1014)
-79
1.6x10
= 2.03V
V0 =
54v
500
= 5x 1015protons/second.
>
a) Which is the above mentioned
experiment
b) What is de Broglies hypothesis.
c) Which wave phenomenon is exhibited
by the electron in the above experiment.
d) Explain the appearance of the peak at
scattering angle = 500 (March 2011)
Ans:a) Davisson Germer Experiment
b) According to de Broglie a wave is
70
(March 2010)
Ans:a) The minimum amount of energy
required to eject an electron from the
metal surface is called work function
(0 = h0)
1
b) h = h0 +
mv2
2
c
c
But =
and 0 =
hc
= 0.03 x 10-17J
0.03 x 10-17
= 2.4eV
1.6x10-19
The energy of incident wave is 2.4eV.
But the band gap is 2.8eV. Hence no
photocurrent is produced due to the
incident wave of energy 2.4eV. Hence
this diode cannot detect a wave of
wavelength 500nm.
=
1
mv2
2
> 0
ie,
< 0
h
=
c
6.6x10-34 x 3x108
E =
500 x 10-9
hc
6 x 10-20
3 x108
= 2x10-28Kgms-1
2
Ans:According to de Broglie wave concept,
only that orbit is possible for an electron
which contain an integral multiple of
wavelengths.
2r = n
h
h
, 2 r = n
mv
mv
This is Bohrs postulate.
But =
71
Aswathy Books
b) We have t =
log
N0
N
N0
when t = t1/2, N =
N
t1/2 = 2.303 log 0
N0
=
=
t1/2
2.303
2.303
x 0.3010
c) Activity =
=
=
=
log 2
0.693
dN
dt
0.693
xN
t1/2
0.693 x 25.3x1020
4.5 x 109
0.693 x 25.3x1020
4.9 x 109 x 365 x 24 x 60 x 60
= 1.23 x 104 units
72
A
A A A
1
A1
1/3
A2
1
27
1/3
1
3
R1:R2 = 1:3
73
1
1
2
n1
n2 2
Ans:We have
1
32
R
9
9
R
9
1.097x107
= 8.256x10-7 = 8256A0
For longest wave length in Paschen
Series.
n1 = 3 n2 = 4
1
= R
1
32
1
42
= R
1
9
1
16
= 144 =
7R
7R
144
144
7 x 1.097 x 107
Aswathy Books
=R
=R
+ 3 0n1 + energy
Q17.The value of ground state energy of
Hydrogen atom is -13.6eV.
(i) What does negative sign signify.
(ii) How much energy is required to take
an electron in this atom from the ground
state to the first excited state.
Ans:(i) The negative sign signifies that the
electrons are bound to the nucleus and
the force is attractive.
(ii) In ground state E1 = -13.6eV
-13.6
In first excited state E2 =
22
= -3.4eV
Energy required = -3.4 - (-13.6)
= 10.2eV
R = R0A1/3
74
mA
/3R03A
(m = mass of nucleon)
3m
=
4R03
Thus the density of nuclear matter is
independent of the size of the nucleus.
0eV
C
-2eV
-4.5eV
-10eV
b) Which transition corresponds to
emission of radiation of maximum
wavelength.
Ans:a) When = 275nm = 275 x 10-9m
E = h =
=
hc
= 4.5eV
Therefore transition B will result in the
emission of a photon of = 275nm.
b) Maximum wavelength has minimum
energy transition A provides energy of
2eV, which is minimum.
Q25.How are rays emitted from a nucleus
when it does not contain electrons?
Ans:During emission a neutron is
converted to a proton, electron and
antineutrino. The proton remains inside
the nucleus and the electron is emitted
as particle.
n1 1H1 + -1e0 +
0
75
Previous Questions
Q1a) In the following nuclear fission
reaction, N is the number of neutrons
emitted. What is the value of N?
U235 + 0n1 38Sr94 + 54Xe140 + N
92
b) Complete the following nuclear
reaction equation.
Be9 + 2He4 0n1 + .........
4
c) Two nuclei have mass numbers in the
ratio 1:8. What is the ratio of their
nuclear radii.
(March 2012)
Ans:a) 2 neutrons
U235 + 0n1 38Sr94 + 54Xe140 + 20n1
92
b) 4Be9 + 2He4 0n1 + 6C12
c) R = R0A1/3
1/3
A1 1/3
1
R1
1
= A
= 8
=
R2
2
2
R1:R2 = 1:2
Q2.Bohr proposed a new model of atom
to overcome a problem of Rutherfords
atom model.
a) Which specific problem of the
Rutherford model was attempted to be
solved by Bohr Model?
b) What are the basic postulates of Bohr
model.
c) The radius of the innermost electron
orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5.3x10-11m.
What are the radii of the n = 2 and
n = 3 orbits.
(March 2012)
Ans:a) In Rutherford atom model the
electron continuously revolving round
the nucleus which are accelerated
towards the centre. According to
Electromagnetic theory the electrons
would continuously raidate energy and
they would rapidly spiral in and fall into
the nucleus, and atom would collapse.
In practice atom do not collapse. Thus
Rutherford cannot explain the stability
of the atom. This problem was solved
by Bohr atom model.
b) Bohrs postulates are
(i) The positive charged particles of an
atom are concentrated at a point known
Aswathy Books
E2 - E1
n
This is Bohr frequency condition.
c) r1 = 5.3 x 10-11m
r = 5.3 x 10-11 x 22 = 21.2 x 10-11m
n = 3 , r = 5.3 x 10-11 x 32 = 47.7 x 10-11m
Q3.The total energy of an electron in the
ground state of a hydrogen atom is 13.6eV.
a) What do you mean by ground state of a
hydrogen atom.
b) The excitation energy required to raise
the electron in the first excited state of
hydrogen atom is .......... eV
(March 2010)
Ans:a) The lowest energy state that an atom
can occupy is called ground state.
-13.6eV
b) E =
n2
-13.6eV
E1 =
= -13.6eV
12
E2 =
-13.6eV
= - 3.4
22
E = E2 - E1 = -3.4 - (-13.6)
= 10.2eV
Q4.If the wavelength of spectral lines emitted
by hydrogen atom is generally exposed as
1
1
1
= R
2
n1
n 22
76
1
22
=R
1
n2
= R
1
1
22
4
R
4
1.097x107
= 3.646 x 10-7m
Q5.What is the a) momentum b) Speed and
c) de Broglie wavelength of an electron
with kinetic energy of 120eV.
(Say 2011)
Ans: Momentum P = 2mE
= 2 x 9.1 x 10-31 x 120 x 1.6 x 10-19
= 5.88 x 10-24 Kgms-1
P
5.88 x 10-24
Speed = m =
9.1 x10-31
= 6.53 x 106m/s
h
6.6 x 10-34
=
-31
6
mv 9.1 x10 x 6.53 x 10
= 1.112A0
Q6.a) Define mass defect and binding
energy. What is the relation between
them.
b) Nuclear process (fusion (z < 10) and
fission (z > 70) are possible only for light
and heavy nuclei. Why? (March 2007)
Ans:a) The difference between the total
mass of the nucleons and the actual
mass of the nucleus is called mass
defect (m).
The energy equivalent to the mass
defect in a nucleus is called its binding
energy.
Aswathy Books
B.E = mc2
= [Zmp + (A - Z)mn - M]c2
b) Binding energy per nucleon is smaller
for z < 10 and z > 70. For stable nucleus
binding energy is between 30 and 170.
To increase the binding energy and
stability nucleus undergo nuclear fission
and fusion.
Q7a)How many electrons and neutrons are
there is ZXA?
b) Can an electron reside inside a nucleus.
c) Can an electron be emitted from the
nucleus? Explain.
(Say 2009)
Ans:a) No. of electrons = Z
No. of neutrons = A - Z
b) No
c) Yes, during electron emission a neutron
is converted to proton, electron and
antineutrino.
Q8a)The half life of radon is 3.8 days.
a) Define half life.
b) Calculate how much of 15mg of Radon
will remain after 14.2 days?
(2010 March)
Ans:a) The time taken by a radio active
element to desintegrate to half the initial
number of particles is called half life.
Total time
b) Number of half lines n =
total half life
14.2
=
= 3.736
3.8
We know
N
=
N0
N = N0(1/2)3.736
= 15 x 10-3 x 0.075
N = 1.125mg
Q9.The radius of the first electron orbit of a
hydrogen atom is 5.3 x 10-11m. What is
the radius of the second orbit?
Ans: We know rn n2
2
r2
2
=
= 4
r1
1
r2 = 4r1 = 4 x 5.3 x 10-11m = 2.12 x10-10m
77
1
9
1
4
= R
5
R
36
36
(1)
5R
For second member of Lyman Series,
1 =
n1 = 1 and n2 = 3
1
1
12
8
R
9
2 =
(1)
(2)
1
32
= R
9
8R
1-
1
9
(2)
2
9
5
5R
=
x
=
8R
32
1
36
2 =
=R
5
32
5
x 6563
32
= 1025.5A0
Q11.Neutrons are the best projectiles for
artificial radioactivity. Why?
Ans:This is due to the fact that on account
of neutral character, neutrons are not
deflected by electric or magnetic fields.
Q12.How many and particles are
emitted when 92 U 238 changes into
Pb206 through a series of radioactive
82
decays?
Aswathy Books
78
a)
b)
c)
a)
b)
Si
+10v
+5v
.3
Si
+10v
-5v
+12v
(iii)
(iv)
.7 V
Ge
(ii)
(i)
----
----
+5v
R
a) What type of transistor is used.
b) Transistor is connected in CE mode.
Explain CE mode.
c) What changes would occur in the
brightless of the lamp when the resistance
R is decreased? Explain. Why?
Ans:a) npn transistor
b) In this mode input is connected between
the base and the emitter and output is
between emitter and collector. So emitter
is the common terminal.
c) If R is decreased the effective input
resistance r1 decreases and voltage gain
Rc
A = r increases and hence
1
brightness of the bulb increases.
79
1.
Pn diode
Voltage regulator
2.
Zener diode
3.
LED
4.
Photo diode
Rectification
1.
Pn diode
Rectification
2.
Zener diode
Voltage regulator
3.
LED
4.
Photo diode
Ans:
Vi
I=IZ
Vi = IR + VZ
IR = Vi-Vz = 12 - 9 = 3v
IR =
.25
R=3
9
3x 9
= 108
.25
Q6.Classify the following as conductors,
insulators and semiconductors.
GaAs, InP, Ni, Calcite, Graphite
Ans: Conductors: Ni and Graphite
Insulator: Calcite
Semiconductor: GaAs and InP
R =
Cooking time
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
Warning light
ON
ON
ON
OFF
80
b)
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
Gas ON/OFF
switch
Time adjustment
switch
Vi
VBE
Aswathy Books
b)
Rc = 4k
VCC
VI
VB
c) IB = 20A = 20 x 10-6A
VBE = .02V
7c = 2 x 10-3A
AV = ?
Ic
.02
=
20
x 10-6
I
= 1K
Rc
AV = r
1
4 x103
= 100 x
= 400
1 x 103
d) In npn transistor charge carriers are
electrons. Electrons have high mobility
and so have quick response with high
frequency source.
Q9.Can we take one slab of a p type
semiconductor and physically join it to
another n type conductor to get a pn
junction?
Ans:No, Any slab will have roughness much
larger than interatomic crystal spacing.
Hence free electrons and holes will not
migrate through the junction and no
depletion layer and barrier potential will
be formed at the junction.
Q10.The forbidden energy gap of a
semiconductor is 1.05eV. What does it
mean?
Ans:An energy of 1.05eV is required to
move an electron from the valence band
to the conduction band.
Q11.Is an N type conductor negatively
charged.
Ans:No, An N-type conductor is electrically
81
(1.5 x 1016)
ni2
=
= 5 x109/m3
nh
(4.5 x 1022)
B
Ans: Logic gate marked X is NAND gate
Logic gate marked Y is OR gate.
A
0
1
0
1
B
0
0
1
1
Z
1
1
1
1
82
Ans:a)
A
0
1
0
1
D
1
0
0
0
Y
0
1
1
1
B
Q3.A student made a circuit as shown in
the figure. S1 and S2 are switches and B
is a bulb a) He argues that this circuit is
equivalent to an AND gate. Do you agree
with him? Justify your answer?
E
S1
S2
C
1
0
0
0
Previous Questions
b)
B
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
83
Ll
+12V
Vcc
IR
Cl
vvvv
RB
IL
I2
RL
When supply voltage is switched on the
collector current start increasing which
charges the capacitor in tank circuit. A
part of it is fed back to the input by
inductor Ll. Thus sustained oscillations
are produced.
b) An oscillator produce ac signals without
the help of any input signal. Amplifier
is used for strengthening weak signals.
Q5.The band gap at 300k of crystals A, B,
C & D are 5.5, 1.2, 0.67 and 0.1 units
respectvely. Answer these questions
based on the information.
a) What do you understand by band gap.
b) What is the most common unit to
measure band gap.
c) In the above case, which crystal will
have the highest electrical conductivity
at 300K. Why?
(March 2009)
Ans:a) The range of energy possessed by
electrons in a solid is called energy
band. The energy difference between
valence band and conduction band is
called forbidden energy gap.
b) Its unit is electron volt (eV)
c) Crystal D, because energy gap is less.
Q6.Consider a Zener diode with break
down voltage 6.2V.
a) How is a Zener diode different from an
ordinary diode.
b) What is the significance of break down
voltage of a Zener diode.
c) Write any one application of Zener
diode.
d) What is the voltage drop across the
resistor R in the circuit shown below?
Aswathy Books
C
B
E
RC
VO
IE
84
IC
Sa
tur
ati
on
reg
ion
c)
IB = 20A
IB =10A
IB =0A
Active region
VLE
Saturation region-both junctions are
forward bias.
Cut off region-both junctions are
reverse
biased
Active region-emitter base junction is
forward bias and collector bias junction
is reverse biased.
Q8.Why radio transistors do not work
satisfactorily when used inside a
railway carriage?
Ans:The railway carriage is made of iron
which act as a magnetic screen. So it
does not permit electromagnetic waves
from radio broadcasting station to enter
the carriage.
Q9.Why common emitter configuration is
commonly used in Amplifier circuits.
Ans: (i) High current gain.
(ii) High voltage gain
(iii) Good impedance matching
Q10.Draw the energy band diagram of a
ptype and n-type semiconductor.
Ans:
C.B
Acceptor energy level
V.B
p-type semiconductor
Aswathy Books
C.B
Energy level
V.B
RL
Input a
b) During the positive half cycles of the ac
the diode is reverse biased and do not
conduct. Hence no current flows through
RL. During the negative half cycles the
diode is forward biased and conducts.
c) input
output
output
d) It is cheaper than the centre tap rectifier
since only four diodes are needed and
centre tap transformer is removed.
n-type semiconductor
85
700+300
400
= 0.4
1000
1.5 = 37.5cm
4
Area covered
= 71.6km
d2
= 3.14 x 715542
= 1.6 x 1010m2
86
= 67976m
= 67.97km
Q17.In the process of modulation, any one
of the quality of carrier is varied in
accordance with the message signal.
a) Give the parameters that can be used
to achieve modulation when one uses a
sinusoidal wave as carrier.
b) Convert the following circuit diagram of
a CE amplifier into a simple AM
modulator circuit.
C
2
C1
output
RB
VBB
input
VCC
output
RB
carrier
message
VCC
VBB
= 2RhT + 2RhR
Aswathy Books
87
Previous Questions
Q1.Television broad cast is done by space
wave mode of propogation?
a) What is the difference between sky
wave and space wave modes of
propogation?
b) A TV transmission antenna is 81m tall.
How much service area can it conver if
the receiving antenna is in the ground
level? (Radius of earth is 6400km)
(March 2011)
Ans:a) The reflection of electromagnetic
wave by ionosphere is used in short way
propagation. Corresponding mode is
known as sky propagation. But in space
wave propagation mode the
electromagnetic wave is propagated
straight from the transmitter to the
receiver.
b) d = 2Rh
Range = d2
= x 2Rh
= 3.14 x 2 x 6400 x 103 x 81
= 3258 Km2
Q2.Spectrum
Allocations
for
communication are arrived at by an
international agreement.
a) Name the agency which administers the
present system of frequency
allocations.
b) Draw block diagram of an AM (i)
transmitter (ii) Receiver. (March 2012)
Ans:a) ITV (International Tele communication
Union)
(b)(i) Transmitter
Radiated wave
antenna
O
R1
R2
R
R
Let OR1 = OR2 = d C
From right angled triangle CR2P,
(1)
CP2 = CR22 + PR22
From right angled triangle CR2P,
PR22 = OR22 + OP2 = h2 + d2
Also CR2 = CO = R, radius of the earth
From (1) (R+h)2 = R2 + (h2 + d2)
R2 + 2hR + h2 = R2 + h2 + d2
d2 = 2hR
d = 2hR
Q4.Match the following
Nature of Broadcast
a) FM radio
b) VHF TV
c) UHF TV
Frequency Band
(i) 47 to 230 MHz
(ii) 470 to 960MHz
(iii) 88 to 108MHz
Modulator
>
Amplifier
Receiver
Antenna
carrier wave
Loudspeaker
Tunable amplifier
Aswathy Books
Detector
audio amplifier
88