Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Turbulent Mixing
Combustion requires mixing at the molecular level
Turbulence: convective transport molecular mixing
Surface Area
diffusion
fuel
oxidizer
diffusion
Course Overview
Part II: Turbulent Combustion
Turbulence
Favre decomposition
Types of turbulence
Turbulent Non-Premixed
Mean-flow Equations
Combustion
k-Equation
Turbulence Models
Scales of Turbulent Flows/Energy Cascade
Kolmogorov Hypotheses
Scalar Transport Equations
Large Eddy Simulation
3
Transition to turbulence
From observations: laminar flow becomes
turbulent
Characteristic length d
Flow velocity u
Viscosity
Course Overview
Part II: Turbulent Combustion
Turbulence
Favre decomposition
Types of turbulence
Turbulent Non-Premixed
Mean-flow Equations
Combustion
k-Equation
Turbulence Models
Scales of Turbulent Flows/Energy Cascade
Kolmogorov Hypotheses
Scalar Transport Equations
Large Eddy Simulation
6
Time average
N and t
sufficiently large
Reynolds-Zerlegung
Mean of the fluctuation is zero (applies for all quantities)
Favre averaging
10
Course Overview
Part II: Turbulent Combustion
Turbulence
Favre decomposition
Types of turbulence
Turbulent Non-Premixed
Mean-flow Equations
Combustion
k-Equation
Turbulence Models
Scales of Turbulent Flows/Energy Cascade
Kolmogorov Hypotheses
Scalar Transport Equations
Large Eddy Simulation
11
Types of Turbulence
Statistically Homogeneous Turbulence
All statistics of fluctuating quantities are invariant
under translation of the coordinate system
for averaged fluctuating quantities
(more generally
) applies
12
Mean velocities = 0
Isotropy requires homogeneity
Relevance of this flow case:
Simplifications allow theoretical conclusions
DNS of statistically homogeneous and isotropic
about turbulence
turbulence: x1-component of the velocity
Turbulent motions on small scales are typically
assumed to be isotropic (Kolmogorov hypotheses)
13
Quelle: www-ah.wbmt.tudelft.nl
Temporally evolving shear layer: Scalar dissipation rate (left), mixture fraction Z (rechts)
14
15
Close-up/detail
inhomogeneous
Scalar
dissipation rate
statistically
homogeneous
Statistically homogeneous
16
Course Overview
Part II: Turbulent Combustion
Turbulence
Favre decomposition
Types of turbulence
Turbulent Non-Premixed
Mean-flow Equations
Combustion
k-Equation
Turbulence Models
Scales of Turbulent Flows/Energy Cascade
Kolmogorov Hypotheses
Scalar Transport Equations
Large Eddy Simulation
17
Mean-flow Equations
Starting from the Navier-Stokes-equations for incompressible fluids
(continuity)
(momentum)
Reynolds decomposition
18
and
19
Convective term
Contin.
Time-averaging yields
Contin.
22
Course Overview
Part II: Turbulent Combustion
Turbulence
Favre decomposition
Types of turbulence
Turbulent Non-Premixed
Mean-flow Equations
Combustion
k-Equation
Turbulence Models
Scales of Turbulent Flows/Energy Cascade
Kolmogorov Hypotheses
Scalar Transport Equations
Large Eddy Simulation
23
24
25
26
27
28
C: Convective transport
29
30
In this balance production and dissipation are the most important terms
The mean velocity gradients are responsible for the production of turbulence (P)
31
32
Course Overview
Part II: Turbulent Combustion
Turbulence
Favre decomposition
Types of turbulence
Turbulent Non-Premixed
Mean-flow Equations
Combustion
k-Equation
Turbulence Models
Scales of Turbulent Flows/Energy Cascade
Kolmogorov Hypotheses
Scalar Transport Equations
Large Eddy Simulation
33
34
35
can be interpreted just as the transport equation for the Reynolds stress
tensor
Local change and convection of turbulent kinetic energy (lhs)
Production, dissipation and diffusion (rhs)
PSC 0
36
example: pipe-flow
37
38
Course Overview
Part II: Turbulent Combustion
Turbulence
Favre decomposition
Types of turbulence
Turbulent Non-Premixed
Mean-flow Equations
Combustion
k-Equation
Turbulence Models
Scales of Turbulent Flows/Energy Cascade
Kolmogorov Hypotheses
Scalar Transport Equations
Large Eddy Simulation
39
Turbulence Models
Turbulent Viscosity
The derived averaged equations are not closed turbulent stress tensor has
to be modeled
Turbulent-viscosity models
Algebraic models: e.g. Prandtls mixing-length concept
41
42
43
Two-equation-model: k--model
Eddy viscosity
dissipation
44
Two-equation-model: k--model
Assumptions:
Turbulent transport term
Production
45
Course Overview
Part II: Turbulent Combustion
Turbulence
Favre decomposition
Types of turbulence
Turbulent Non-Premixed
Mean-flow Equations
Combustion
k-Equation
Turbulence Models
Scales of Turbulent Flows/Energy Cascade
Kolmogorov Hypotheses
Scalar Transport Equations
Large Eddy Simulation
46
x+r
and
Correlation Function
Homogeneous isotropic turbulence:
,
Two-point correlation normalized by its variance
correlation
function
48
49
Energy Spectrum
Energy Spectrum (logarithmic)
Energy Cascade
energy density
Energy
Transfer
of Energy
wave number
50
Dissipation
of Energy
Course Overview
Part II: Turbulent Combustion
Turbulence
Favre decomposition
Types of turbulence
Turbulent Non-Premixed
Mean-flow Equations
Combustion
k-Equation
Turbulence Models
Scales of Turbulent Flows/Energy Cascade
Kolmogorov Hypotheses
Scalar Transport Equations
Large Eddy Simulation
51
Kolmogorov Hypotheses
First Kolmogorov Hypothesis
At sufficiently high Reynolds numbers, small-scale eddies have a universal
form. They are determined by two parameters
Dissipation
Kinematic viscosity
Dimensional analysis
Length
Time
Velocity u
52
Inertial subrange
Integral length scale
Ratio /lt
53
Course Overview
Part II: Turbulent Combustion
Turbulence
Favre decomposition
Types of turbulence
Turbulent Non-Premixed
Mean-flow Equations
Combustion
k-Equation
Turbulence Models
Scales of Turbulent Flows/Energy Cascade
Kolmogorov Hypotheses
Scalar Transport Equations
Large Eddy Simulation
54
Favre averaging
not closed
molecular
transport
55
turbulent
transport
56
57
not closed
58
Typically proportional to
and
This leads to
59
Temperature equation
Source term
60
61
and averaging of
leads to
not closed
molecular
transport
63
turbulent
transport
averaged
source term
64
Course Overview
Part II: Turbulent Combustion
Turbulence
Favre decomposition
Types of turbulence
Turbulent Non-Premixed
Mean-flow Equations
Combustion
k-Equation
Turbulence Models
Scales of Turbulent Flows/Energy Cascade
Kolmogorov Hypotheses
Scalar Transport Equations
Large Eddy Simulation
65
Large-Eddy Simulation
Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS)
Solve NS-equations
No models
For turbulent flows
Computational domain has to be at least of order of integral length scale l
Mesh spacing has to resolve smallest scales
Minimum number of cells per direction nx = l/ = Ret3/4
Minimum number of cells total nt = nx3 = Ret9/4
66
Large-Eddy Simulation
Example: Turbulent Jet with Re = 15000
67
Large-Eddy Simulation
Large-Eddy Simulation (LES)
Spatial filtering as opposed to RANS-ensemble averaging
Sub-filter modeling as opposed to DNS
68
Large-Eddy Simulation
69
Large-Eddy Simulation
Spatial filtering rather than ensemble average
Computational Grid
Scales smaller than filter scale absent from the filtered quantities
Filtered signal can be discretized using a mesh substantially smaller than the DNS
mesh
70
Large-Eddy Simulation
For example:
Box filter in 1D:
71
Large-Eddy Simulation
72
Large-Eddy Simulation
Filtered momentum equation:
73
Large-Eddy Simulation
Sub-filter Modeling
Eddy viscosity model for
Filtered strain rate tensor
74
Large-Eddy Simulation
Smagorinsky model for
(in analogy to mixing length model)
Sub-filter eddy viscosity
75
Large-Eddy Simulation
Smagorinsky length scale
76
Summary
Part II: Turbulent Combustion
Turbulence
Favre decomposition
Types of turbulence
Turbulent Non-Premixed
Mean-flow Equations
Combustion
k-Equation
Turbulence Models
Scales of Turbulent Flows/Energy Cascade
Kolmogorov Hypotheses
Scalar Transport Equations
Large Eddy Simulation
77