Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
(2011) 27(4):494501
DOI 10.1007/s10409-011-0471-7
RESEARCH PAPER
1 Introduction
Measurement and simulation of the two-phase velocity correlation in sudden-expansion gasparticle flows
However, the behavior of two-phase velocity correlation in highly sheared separating flows, such as suddenexpansion flows, is unclear. Laser Doppler velocimeter measurements of sudden-expansion gasparticle flows
were made by Shahnam and Morris [6] and Hishida and
Maeda [7], but no information about gasparticle velocity
correlation was reported. In a numerical simulation, Simonin
et al. [8] applied DNS and LES to validate their two-fluid
models, including the closure models of gasparticle correlation, but they did this only for isotropic homogeneous turbulent gasparticle flows. Thus, in this paper, the present
authors study gasparticle velocity correlations for suddenexpansion gasparticle flows by using phase Doppler particle
anemometer (PDPA) measurements and a large-eddy simulation (LES) with a two-phase subgrid scale stress model
proposed by the present authors. Also, a Reynolds-averaged
NavierStokes (RANS) modeling using a USM two-phase
turbulence model [1] was applied. The measurement results
are analyzed using theoretical expressions, and the numerical simulation results are validated by measurement results.
2 Experimental setup and measurement technique
The experimental setup for measuring sudden-expansion
gasparticle flows is shown in Fig. 1. It includes the test
section, a section for supplying air, and the measurement
instrumentation. The upper part of the test section is a
610 mm long tube made of plexiglass with an inner diameter of 120 mm. The diameter of the inlet on the top of the
test section is 50 mm. A piece of optical glass is mounted
on one side of the upper part of the test section in a slot.
495
496
Because the characteristic time of the two-phase velocity fluctuations is determined by both the particle relaxation
time and the time scale of gas turbulence, which is a variable
throughout the flow field, choosing the time interval for the
two-phase velocity correlation function is very important and
requires careful thought. The Eulerian time scales, which are
estimated from the correlation functions of time, are given
in Fig. 5, which shows that the Eulerian time scale changes
dramatically from the recirculation region to the downstream
region. Because the characteristic time of the two-phase fluctuation velocity decreases with particle relaxation time, the
characteristic time for the two-phase velocity correlation for
95 m particles is so small that it is difficult to be obtained.
The two-phase velocity correlation for 30 m and
50 m particles is shown in Figs. 2 and 3. The profiles of
hugi upi i are similar to those of hugi ugi i and hupi upi i. The functions hugi upi i, hugi ugi i, and hupi upi i have peaks in the shear
layer. In most regions, the two-phase fluctuation velocity
correlation for 50 m particles is slightly less than that for
30 m particles. In addition, the axial component of the gas
particle velocity correlation is much smaller than the normal
Reynolds stresses for gas and particles, and the same may be
said for the radial component, with the caveat that the difference is much smaller. Similar to normal Reynolds stresses
for gas and particles, the two-phase velocity correlation is
also anisotropic (its radial component is smaller than its axial component).
Measurement and simulation of the two-phase velocity correlation in sudden-expansion gasparticle flows
497
498
s = g, p,
(1)
(s s ) +
(s s usi ) = 0,
t
x j
(g g ugi ) +
(g g ugi ug j )
t
x j
=
pg g,i j gs,i j g g
+
+
+
(ugi upi ),
x j
x j
x j
r
(2)
(p p upi ) +
(p p upi pup j )
t
x j
=
p,i j ps,i j p p
+
+
(ugi upi ),
x j
x j
r
(3)
The gas and particle subgrid scale (SGS) stresses are defined
as
Xu and Zhou [9] proposed the following expression for
the two-phase fluctuation velocity correlation
hvgi vp j i = hvgi vg j i
Vp j
hvgi vg j i
,
p
x j
T gi j
p
T gi j + p
p2
T gi j
p
T gi j + p
(g Kgs,i j ) +
(g vg j Kgs,i j )
t
x j
e Kgs,i j
sgs
sgs
=
+ Ggk + Gpg,i j g g ,
x j k x j
(4)
Measurement and simulation of the two-phase velocity correlation in sudden-expansion gasparticle flows
(p Kps,i j ) +
(p vp j Kps,i j )
t
x j
p Kps,i j
sgs
=
+ Gpk + p p .
x j p x j
(s sm u0si u0s j )
t
(5)
The terms on the right-hand side of Eqs. (4) and (5) are similar in meaning to those in the two-phase turbulent kinetic
energy equations in RANS modeling. For example
mp
sgs
sgs
[np (Rgp,si 2kg )],
Gpg,i j =
r
499
(8)
The boundary conditions for solving Eqs. (7) and (8) can be
found in Ref. [10].
Rgp,si + (vk + v pk )
Rgp,si
t
xk
(e + p )
Rgp,si
=
xk
xk
1
[g Rp,si + g Rg,si (g + p )Rgp,si ]
+
g rp
vpi
vgk g
Rgp,sik
+ Rgp,ski
sgs Rgp,si i j .
xk
xk
kg
(6)
+
t
xk
= Dg,i j + Pg,i j + g,i j g,i j + Gg,gp,i j ,
(7)
500
Fig. 8 Two-phase RMS axial fluctuation velocities. a For gas; b For particles
Figure 9 gives the predicted axial and radial components of the gasparticle velocity correlation using LES-k-kp
and RANS-USM and compares them with the experimental
results. The results of both models give the same tendency
as the experimental results, and the values predicted by the
LES model are greater than those predicted by the RANS
model. In most regions, the LES results are closer to the experimental results than the RANS results. Comparing Fig. 9
with Fig. 8, it is seen that the gasparticle velocity correlation distribution is similar to the gas and particle root-mean
square (RMS) fluctuation velocities but smaller than the gas
and particle RMS fluctuation velocities.
It is found that the spatial distribution of the two-phase velocity correlation in sudden-expansion flows, like that in jet
and channel flows, is similar to that of Reynolds stresses
for gas and particles (i.e., it peaks in the shear region).
In addition, the two-phase velocity correlation in suddenexpansion flows is smaller than the Reynolds stresses of gas
and particles, as for jet flows, but it is different from that
in channel flows where the two-phase velocity correlation is
greater than the Reynolds stresses for particles. For suddenexpansion gasparticle flows, the relationship between the
two-phase velocity correlation and particle size is unclear.
However, in both jet and channel flows the two-phase velocity correlation decreases clearly with the increasing particle
size or particle Stokes number.
Measurements and theoretical analysis indicate that the
two-phase velocity correlation is not a simple function of
particle turbulent kinetic energy, and that it can not be neglected in the transport equation of the radial component of
Measurement and simulation of the two-phase velocity correlation in sudden-expansion gasparticle flows
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