Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Mallon, The Deplorable Standard of Living Faced by Farmed Animals in Americas Meat Industry and How to
There is currently no legislation that covers farm animals from birth until slaughter.
This oversight allows for factory farms to subject the animals to whatever standard of living they wish. Naturally,
CAFOs choose the cheapest standard of living . This is why the animals at feedlots are packed
together as tightly as possible to the point where they cannot move. This maximizes output and minimizes costs
are forced to grow around the wire because they get stuck to the bottom of the cage.173 These cruel cages serve
to immobilize the chicken trapped in it even more.
2011
I enjoyed listening to acclaimed grazing consultant, researcher and author, Jim Gerrish, when he stopped in ONeill
recently, courtesy of University of Nebraska Extension and the Nebraska Grazing Lands Coalition. One of the most
interesting points made by Gerrish was that our cows should be viewed as employees . So, we should
think of a job description for them and understand in detail what we want our cows to do on our farm. Gerrish came
a list of duties for the cows, like rustle their own grub, produce a live calf
every year, thrive where they live, and stay productive in the herd for 10 years or
more. His point was well made. Gerrish, who lives in Idaho, speaks about reaching the goal of year around grazing
up with
for his herds, so hes looking at consistent winter grazing of forages without a lot of supplementation or even baled
Were the boss, he says. Our responsibilities as producers include marketing and
providing the best possible environment for the cows to excel at their jobs.
hay.
Peta, http://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-food/factory-farming/cows/
In the U.S., more than 42 million cows suffer and die for the meat and dairy
industries every year. When they are still very young, many cows are burned
with hot irons (branded), their horns are gouged out or cut or burned off, and
male cattle have their testicles ripped out of their scrotums (castrated)all
without painkillers. Once they have grown large enough, they are sent to
massive, filthy feedlots that are exposed to the elements, where they are to
be fattened for slaughter. Cows on dairy farms are repeatedly impregnated
and then traumatically separated from their newborn calves until finally their
bodies wear out and they are sent to be killed. Like all animals, cows form
strong maternal bonds with their calves, and on dairy farms and cattle
ranches, mother cows can be heard frantically crying out for their calves for
several days after they have been separated.
Cows Used for Food,
And The anthropocentric mindset allows for the oppression of all life
Heydt 10 (Samantha Heydt is a photographer and journalist who writes about
her social advocacy, American Abattoirs, 10/20/2010,
http://samheydt.wordpress.com/2010/12/20/224/, Bennett Gilliam)
The conceit of anthropocentrism is rooted in the inability to recognize the role nonhumans play in shaping history . Humanity does not exist, only humans, who bear
within themselves the mark of the inhuman (Agamben, 1999: 77). This hybridization
obscures fixed notions of civil rights. The modern anthropological machine
differentiates citizen from body, man from human. The justification for cruelty is
constructed on the dismissal of the victim being primitive, barbarian, savage and
akin to animals. Yet, the fate of human beings is not far off from the fate of animals.
In terms of human- animal relations, it is the former that hoard sovereign jouissance for
themselves, by virtue of assumed authority and ownership. But when it comes to humanhuman relations, the question of who wears the pantsin its most nuanced and
metaphysical sensebecomes harder to identify with any certainty (Pettman 140).
Heideggers theory of enframing buttresses the notion that humans relationship with
nature influences how we relate to one another (Zimmerman 23). The power apparatus that
allows for human domination over animals emerges from the same violent pathology that
subjugates humans to suffering. Isaac Bashevis Singer argues that everything the Nazis
did to Jews we are today practicing on animals (Patterson 221). The very same
mindset that made the Holocaust possible that we can do anything we want to
those we decide are different or inferior is what allows us to commit atrocities
against animals every single day. The fact is, all animals feel pain, fear and loneliness.
Were asking people to recognize that what Jews and others went through in the Holocaust is
what animals go through every day in factory farms (Prescott 2003). In the United States
today, were all aware (to various degrees) of the brutality that takes place to satisfy our
hunger for cheap meat- yet few call for reform. During WWII the good Germans lived in
denial of the Holocaust even as outside the crematoriums ash fell from the sky. The cruel
experimentation conducted by Dr. Josef Mengele on Jewish prisoners was also met with silent
indifference. Stripped down to bare life, the victims of these tests were met with the same
disregard as the 50-100 million animals experimented on annually today. It is significant to
mention that Mengeles father founded the slaughterhouse machinery company, Karl
Mengele & Sons, which may have planted the seed of cruelty exercised first on animals.
Also during WWII, lampshades were made from human skin and sold as highly coveted
commodities in Germany. Similarly today, fur coat and alligator skin are fetishized objects of
seduction stripped of the stigma of sporting another species skin. In tracing the trajectory of
exploitation, it is clear that the atrocities inflicted on humans have been rehearsed on
animals. We are surrounded by an enterprise of degradation, cruelty, and killing which
rivals anything the Third Reich was capable of, indeed dwarfs it, in that ours is an enterprise
without end, self-regenerating, bringing rabbits, rats, poultry, livestock ceaselessly into the
world for the purpose of killing them (Coetzee 21). Descartes notion Cognito, ergo
sum (I think, therefore I am) aligns animals with machines- facilitating cruelty sans the sting
of remorse. This perverse perception is applicable to a spectrum of suffering. The
oppression of human over human has deep roots in the oppression of human over
animal (Best 23). As long as ethical responsibility fails to embrace all living
creatures, these moral limitations are as much a threat to humanity as they are to
animals.
HARKINSON
2014
doesn't realize that she's about to get euthanized with a cattle gun. Yet if you're an ethical vegetarian who still can't bear to give up
you now have another option: slaughter-free dairy, which comes from farms
where cows never get killed. Since 2011, the UK-based Ahimsa Dairy has offered slaughter free-milk and cheese to
customers in London. In February, Pennsylvania's Gita Nagari Creamery, which has supplied nokill milk to the local Hare Krishna community for many years, began offering it to
the public through subscription and mail order for a whopping $10 a gallon. The price includes a $2.50
milk,
cow retirement fee and $1.50 for "boy calf care." Less than half of its 60-head herd gets milked; the rest of the animals pull plows or
spend their golden years lackadaisically chomping grass. "For
Part two is the framework: The Role of the ballot is to vote for
whichever debater best deconstructs the Non-Human, Human
Binary, which is best done through Ecopedagogy. Darder
explains:
Antonia
Darder on Richard Kahn, Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy, & Planetary Crisis: The Ecopedagogy
2010, Richard Kahn, Ph.D. Core Faculty in Education, Antioch University Los Angeles
Movement,
liberal agenda of the Sierra Club or the wellmeaning discourse on population control for poor and racialized women,
away, despite scientific findings that clearly warn of the loss of hardiness and vitality to human life, as a direct
consequence of the homogenization of our differences .
In response,
Kahn eloquently argues for a critical ecopedagogy and ecoliteracy that supports teachers in
engaging substantively students integral natures, in an effort to forge an
emancipatory learning environment where all can thrive amid everyday concerns . As
such, he makes clear that, although important, it is not enough to rely solely on abstract
cognitive processes, where only the analysis of words and texts are privileged in the
construction of knowledge. Such an educational process of estrangement functions
to alienate and isolate students from the natural world around them, from
themselves, and one another. This, unwittingly, serves to reinforce an
anthropocentric reading of the world, which denies and disregards the wisdom and knowledge outside
Western formulations. In contrast, an ecopedagogy that sustains life and creativity is
firmly grounded in a material and social understanding of our interconnected
organic existence, as a starting place for classroom practice and political strategies
for reinventing the world. Also significant to Kahns notion of ecopedagogy is an engagement with the
body and the subordination of our emotional nature, our sexual energies, and spiritual capacities.
emancipatory insights and cultural knowledge of indigenous populations, given that the majority of the social and
political problems facing us today are fundamentally rooted in mainstream social relations and material conditions
that fuel authoritarianism, fragmentation, alienation, violence, and greed. Such anti-ecological dynamics are
predicated on an ahistorical and uncritical view of life that enables the powerful to abdicate their collective
responsibility to democratic ideals, while superimposing a technocratic and instrumental rationality that
commodifies and objectifies all existence. Such a practice of education serves to warp or marginalize diverse
indigenous knowledge and practices, by privileging repetitive and unimaginative curricula and fetishized methods.
Anchored upon such a perspective of schooling, classroom curriculum socializes students into full-blown identities
as entitled consuming masters and exploiters of the earth, rather than collective caretakers of the planet. In
contrast, Kahn explores the inherent possibilities at work within indigenous knowledge and traditions, in ways that
enhance our capacity to not only critique conditions of ecological crisis, but to consider ways in non-Western
societies and peoples have enacted ecologically sustaining practices within the everyday lives of their communities.
He turns the false dominion of the West on its head, offering alternative ways of being that hold possibilities for the
reconstruction of institutional culture, the transformation of how we view technology and science, and thus the
abandonment of colonizing values and practices that for centuries have denigrated
our cultural ways and attempted to disable our life-sustaining capacities. Moreover,
to contend effectively with issues of racism, sexism, homophobia, disablism, and
other forms of inequalities, a life-affirming ecological praxis is paramount. That is, one
that encompasses a refusal to adhere to political, economic, and philosophical disconnections, which falsely
separate humankind from those ecological dynamics that shape local, global, regional, rural, and urban landscapes.
Instead, static views of humanity and the planet, which inadvertently serve the commodifying interests of capital a
Rossini 06
the human requires the sacrifice of the animal and the animalistic, which in turn makes possible a symbolic
economy in which we engage in what Derrida [calls] a non-criminal putting to death of other humans as well by
marking them as animal.
Theory stuf
On Topicality
Overview of theory: it doesnt matter
4. Fairness
a. The K outweighs on magnitude because if you drop the aff you drop the
way bigger violation of fairness that is faced by the 42 million cows in just
the United States
b. The role of the ballot controls the internal link to fairness, so you have to
prefer stopping the oppression faced by these cows to an argument about
a debate round
c. Timeskew: because of the 6-4-3 to 7-6 timeskew the neg is reactive and
leaves the door open for thousands of PICs.
5. Education
a. I outweigh on breadth of research because it makes the neg learn of a
wide possibility of ethical frameworks, which helps them become a better
moral actor
b. I outweigh on depth of research because it makes the neg go in depth into
research about the suffering of cows, which furthers their out of round
education
c. Even if the neg didnt prep out Cows, both the neg and the judge learn of
the horrors faced by our bovine friends which furthers education and is
the starting point behind real change, which outweighs any claims to
fairness
D: voters
a. Education will always outweigh any claims to fairness because The goal of
debate is education. Robert Rowland explains, The Primacy of Standards for Paradigm
Evaluation: A Rejoinder. Journal of the American Forensic Association. 1982.
counterplans are absolutely critical to preserve participation in debate (for example. if the
affirmative would will almost every debate without agent counterplans), claims that they are
"not that bad" do not get to the level needed to prove that they are necessary. It is the
negatives burden to justify their use of alternate actor fiat, not the affirmatives burden to
dejustify all agent counterplans.
G. Education is more important in the long term because it is the only thing that
can affect us later in life. Topic specific education is important because they
have to do with current issues in the world. Understanding these issues
makes us more aware domestic and global citizens.
2 L. Paul Strait (George Mason University) and Brett Wallace (George Washington
University). The Scope of Negative Fiat and the Logic of Decision Making. WFU
Debaters Research Guide. 2007.
[http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/2007/The%20Scope%20of
%20Negative%20Fiat%20and%20the%20Logic%20of%20Decision%20Making.pdf
On Disads
Economy and Food shortages
Ocean
Robbins, The Food Revolution Network, December 9, 2012, The Truth about Grassfed Beef
A lot of people today, horrified by how animals are treated in factory farms and feedlots, and wanting to lower their
ecological footprint, are looking for healthier alternatives. As a result, there is a decided trend toward pasture-raised
animals. One former vegetarian, San Francisco Chronicle columnist Mark Morford, says he now eats meat, but only
grassfed and organic and sustainable as possible, reverentially and deeply gratefully, and in small amounts.
Sales of grassfed and organic beef are rising rapidly. Ten years ago, there were only
about 50 grassfed cattle operations left in the U.S. Now there are thousands. How much
difference does it make? Is grassfed really better? If so, in what ways, and how much? If you read on, youll see why
Ive concluded that grassfed is indeed better. But then, almost anything would be. Putting beef cattle in feedlots
and feeding them grain may actually be one of the dumbest ideas in the history of western civilization. Cattle (like
sheep, deer and other grazing animals) are endowed with the ability to convert grasses, which we humans cannot
digest, into flesh that we are able to digest. They can do this because unlike humans, who possess only one
stomach, they are ruminants, which is to say that they possess a rumen, a 45 or so gallon fermentation tank in
which resident bacteria convert cellulose into protein and fats .
that wasnt used in the beef process, this turns the disad in that mass
starvation has a greater probability in the neg world
water and microbes which helps to keep the soil healthy. As cows graze, they also work manure into the soil along
with other decaying organic matter, enriching it with nutrients and carbon. Allan Savory, a former wildlife
conservationist in Zimbabwe, explained in an interview that rotational grazing actually reverses the effects of land
degradation. Soil that was once dead has now become thriving grassland thanks to the efforts of ranchers who
rotated their large herds.