Flow Assurance

DP Conference MTS Symposium
Flow Assurance
Elijah Kempton
Tommy Golczynski
Marine Technology Society
September 30, 2004
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Session Outline
Flow Assurance Overview
Key Flow Assurance Issues
Wax
Hydrates
Slugging
Deepwater Impacts on Flow Assurance

Emerging Technologies
Design Considerations
Black Oil Systems
Gas Condensate Systems
Flow Assurance Overview
What is Flow Assurance?

Analysis of the entire production system to ensure that
the produced fluids continue to flow throughout the life
of the field.
Optimization of the design and operating procedures to

cost effectively prevent or mitigate slugging, surge
volumes, wax deposition, gelling, hydrates,
asphaltenes, etc.

Wax (Paraffin) What is it?
A solid hydrocarbon which precipitates
from a produced fluid
Forms when the fluid temperature drops
below the Wax Appearance Temperature
(WAT)
Melts at elevated temperatures (20F+
above the WAT)
Rate of deposition can be predicted for
pigging frequency

Wax
Since 1996, there have been 51 major
occurrences that the MMS had to be involved in
All were paraffin-related
Means of remediation
Pigging
Continuous inhibition (150-250 ppm for Gulf of Mexico)
Reduced wax deposition rate by 60-90%
Industry Technology
Modeling is overly-conservative (6X pigging
frequency)

Example WAT Measurement
Above WAT
Wax Crystals (WAT)
Seabed Temp. (40F)

Factors effecting wax deposition rate
Wax Appearance Temperature, WAT
Production Fluid Temperature
Flowline U-value
Fluid Properties
Viscosity
N-Paraffin Content

Wax Deposition Insulation Impact

Hydrate What is it?
An Ice-like solid that forms
when:
Sufficient water is present
Hydrate former (i.e., methane)
is present
Right combination of Pressure
and Temperature (High
Pressure / Low Temperature
Molecular
Structure of
Hydrate Crystal

Hydrates
Primary cause for insulated flowlines
Deepwater operations
Increased operating pressure
Cold ambient temperatures
Means of remediation
Crude oil displacement (looped flowlines)
Depressurization
Coiled tubing
Continuous Inhibition (Prevention Only)
Methanol/MEG
LDHI

Hydrates Base Information
10000
9000
8000
Pressure, psia
7000
6000
5000
No
Hydrates
Hydrates
4000
3000
Pure Water
2000
Sea Water
1000
Produced Water
0
40
45
50
55
60
65
Temperature, F
70
75
80
85

Hydrates Base Information
50
0.600
5% Water Cut
45
0.575
10% Water Cut
40
0.550
25% Water Cut
20% Water Cut
Methanol Dosage,
BBL MeOH/BBL
Water
Methanol
Rate, gpm
30% Water Cut

0.525
35
0.500
30
40% Water Cut

50% Water Cut
0.475
25 GPM
25
0.450
20
0.425
0.400
15
0.375
10
0.350
5
0.325
0
0.300
1000
50
2000
75
3000
100
4000
125
5000
150
175
6000
Flowrate,
B/d bara
Shut-in
Pressure,
200
7000
225
761 GOR
1100 GOR
1700 GOR
2500 GOR
8000
250
9000
275
10000
300

Slugging What is it?
Periods of Low Flow
Followed by Periods of
High Flow
Occurs in Multiphase
Flowlines at Low Gas
Velocities

Slugging
Causes
Low fluid velocity
Bigger Better
Gas Lift
Overview
Seabed bathymetry (downsloping)

Riser type
Advantages
Lazy-S is a slug generator
Means of prevention
Increase flowrate
Separator pressure
Gas lift
Disadvantages
Proven
Technology
Erosion
Concerns
Relative
Inexpensive
Lower
Temperatures
Difficult with
Catenary Risers

Slugging Gas Lift Impacts
150
60000
25000
40000
Liquid
Outlet
Liquid
OutletFlowrate
Flowrate
(B/d)
Liquid
Accumulation
Above(B/d)
Normal (bbl)
35000
100
50000
0 MMSCFD Gas Lift
Surge
MMSCFD
Gas
5 MMSCFD0
Gas
LiftVolume
10
MMSCFD
GasLift
Lift
5 MMSCFD Gas Lift

10 MMSCFD Gas Lift
20000
30000
50
40000
25000
15000
0
30000
20000
10000
15000
-50
20000
10000
-100
5000
10000
5000
-150
3.0
0
3.0
3.5
3.5
3.5
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.5
4.5
4.5
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.5
5.5
5.5
Time (hours)
Time(hours)
(hours)
Time
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.5
6.5
6.5
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.5
7.5
7.5
8.0
8.0
8.0

Chemical Inventory
Other Issues
Asphaltenes
Scale
C-Factors
Surge Volume
Pour Point
Corrosion
Emulsions
Flare Capacity
Cooldown Times
Sand
Liquids Management
Erosion
Depressurization
Pigging
Deepwater Impacts on Flow

Assurance
Hydrate Formation/Wax Deposition
Leads to:
Insulation / dual flowlines
Dry oil flushing
Active heating
Chemicals
Revamped operating strategies
Lack of pressure / need for boosting

Deepwater + high water cut + long tiebacks
Riser base gas lift
Multiphase pumping
Subsea separation
Deepwater:
Temperature Losses
Potential Energy Losses
Gas does work in moving fluids
Function of water depth
Expansion Cooling (Joule-Thomson Effect)
Exacerbated at large pressure differentials
RISER DOMINATES DEEPWATER SYSTEMS
Insulation may not be the answer!
Deepwater:
Temperature Losses
125
FLOWLINE
120
RISER BASE
WELLHEAD
Temperature (F)
115
110 Potential Energy
Surroundings
(U-Value)
6%
(Work)
48%
RISER
105
Joule-Thomson
Cooling
46%
100
TOPSIDES
95
0
Distance (miles)
Deepwater:
Temperature Losses
Flowline
Length
(miles)
Temperature Drop (F)

Flowline
Riser
1.2
16.6
2.9
16.6
15
9.2
16.5
Deepwater:
Temperature Losses
Heat transfer coefficient (U-value) dictates

steady state temperatures
Q (heat loss) = UAT
U-Value , Q T
Thermal mass (, Cp) impacts transient

performance
Measure of heat storage
Prolongs cooldown times
Prolongs warm-up times
Transient Temperature Loss

110
100
Temperature (F)
90
80
HIGH (Gelled Fluid #2 Water Base)

70
MEDIUM (Gelled Fluid #1 Oil Base)

60
LOW (Nitrogen)
50
40
0
10
15
20
Time(hours)
25
30
35
40
Deepwater:
Pressure Losses
2500
WELLHEAD
RISER BASE
2000
FLOWLINE
Pressure (psia)
1500
RISER
1000
500
TOPSIDES
0
0
Distance (miles)
Deepwater:
Pressure Losses
Flowline
Length
(miles)
Pressure Drop (psia)

Flowline
Riser
143
1812
238
1791
15
405
1764
Deepwater:
Dry Trees vs. Subsea Tieback
Dry trees preferred for accessibility
Dry trees more difficult for flow assurance
Typically cannot depressurize
Short cooldown times (2-8 hours)
Fewer insulation/heating options than subsea
Limited chemical (MeOH/MEG) deliverability
Wax deposition more difficult to remediate
Dry Tree:
Conduction / Convection / Radiation
Dry Tree Analysis: Cooldown Comparison
Production Fluid Temperature
100
95
90
85
Temperature (F)
80
75
70
HYDRATE FORMATION TEMPERATURE
65
60
55
Solid - Conduction
50
Liquid - Conduction+Convection
45
Gas - Conduction+Convection+Radiation
40
0
6
Tim e (Hours)
10
11
12
Dry Tree:
Concentric vs. Non-Concentric
Accommodate Auxiliary Lines?
Concentric
Non-Concentric
Heat Transfer: Q = kAT / L

(Conduction Only)
Dry Tree:
Concentric vs. Non-Concentric
Dry Tree:
Gas Properties
100
90
Temperature (F)
80
70
60
15 psia N2
30 psia N2
59 psia N2
102 psia N2
50
40
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Time (Hours)
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Design for Expansion

Transient issues drive deepwater design
Cooldown / restart - Hydrates
Typical deepwater practice
Dual flowlines / crude oil displacement
Typically cannot depressurize (oil systems)
Consider potential for future expansion
Insulation
Topsides facilities
Design for Expansion

22
.5
km
m
k
8
km
10
km
Total Time to Displace Existing System = 22 Hours (Sequential)

Total Time to Displace Integrated System = 45 Hours (Sequential)
High Level Insulation, or Additional Topsides Facilities Required!
Artificial Lift
Subsea Separation (-)
Multiphase Pumping (+)
Gas Lift (+ / -)
Passive Insulation Solutions
Microporous Insulation
Phase Change Materials
Active Heating
Hot Water Circulation
Electrically Heated
Electrically-heated ready
Chemicals
Low Dosage Hydrate Inhibitors
Cold Flow
Design Considerations:
Black Oil and
Gas Condensate Systems
Black Oil System:

Steady State Design Checklist
Hydraulics
Line sizing
Dry tree vs. subsea tieback
Single vs. dual flowlines
Dual flowlines becoming standard for deepwater
Pressure drop
Velocity / erosion (minimum / maximum)
Slugging
Thermal
Insulation requirements
Hydrate formation
Wax deposition
Gel formation
Black Oil System:

Transient Design Checklist
Shutdown
Planned
Unplanned
Depressurization
Restart
Warm
Cold
Fluid displacement / pigging

Flowline preheating
Black Oil Systems:

Steady State Design Considerations
Black Oil System:

Steady State Hydraulics
2500
Pressure drop effects

Physical
2000
Pressure (psia)
1500
Line size
Tieback distance
Water depth
Multiphase flow:
Head losses <> head gains
1000
500
0
0
Pipe roughness (typical values)

Steel:
Tubing:
Flexible pipe:
0.0018
0.0006
ID/250
Fluid properties
Gas/oil ratio (GOR)
Density
Viscosity
May require insulation to limit viscosity
Distance (miles)
Black Oil System: Slugging

Hydrodynamic
High frequency
Minimal facilities impact
Hydrodynamic Slugging
Gas Outlet Flow
7
Terrain
High liquid / gas flowrates

Topsides concern
Riser fatigue concern
Utilize gas lift
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Time (hours)
Terrain Slugging
Liquid Outlet Flow
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Time (hours)
4.0
6.0

Slugging issues
Sensitivity to Fluid GOR / water cut
Water Cut (%)
Terrain Slugging Regime (BPD) /

Surge Volume (BBL)
760 GOR
1300 GOR
1800 GOR
15000 / 150
12500 / 100
7500 / 75
20
20000 / 160
17500 / 100
15000 / 125
40
24000 / 175
20000 / 125
15000 / 130
60
26000 / 325
17500 / 250
10000 / 200
80
DNF
5000 / 400
5000 / 300

Slugging issues
Sensitivity to Trajectory: up vs. downslope
-7500
Original Route - 40 miles total length
-7600
Alternate Route #1 - 36 miles total length

Alternate Route #2 - 45 miles total length
-7700
-7800
-8000
400
-8100
-8200
Original Route
Alternate Route #1
Alternate Route #2
350
WELLHEAD
-8300
RISER BASE
-8400
-8500
-8600
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Distance, miles
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
Liquid Accumulation Above Normal* (bbl)
Water Depth, ft
-7900
300
>24 hour Ramp-up Required

250
200
10 hour Ramp-up Required

150
100
50 bbl Slug Catcher Capacity
50
0
0
Time (hours)
Black Oil System:

Steady State Thermal Design
Hydrates
Maintain steady state temperature
above hydrate formation region,
down to reasonable flowrate
Looped flowline ~ 25% of field
production (50% per flowline)
For low water-cut systems,

continuous hydrate inhibition is
possible
Future: continuous LDHI inhibition
Black Oil System:

Wax
Maintain temperature above WAT (stock
tank), down to reasonable flowrate
Looped flowline ~ 25% of field production
(50% per flowline)
Maintain viscosity at acceptable levels to

reduce pressure drop
Insulate to minimize pigging frequency
Pigging frequency > residence time
Continuous paraffin inhibition (if

necessary)
Black Oil System:

Insulation Option
Achievable U-value
(BTU/hr-ft-F)
Issue / Concern
Flexible
0.75 1.50
Limited insulating capacity
Wet (Syntactic)
0.50 0.75
Buoyancy issues
Burial
0.50 1.00
Dependant on soil properties

Combined with insulation
Pipe-in-pipe
0.20 0.25
Riser installation difficulties
Micro-porous
0.08 0.10
Industry acceptance
Black Oil System:

Arrival Temperature
Water Cut = 0%
50.0
Adiabatic (0 BTU/ft hr F)
48.0
46.0
0.09 BTU/ft hr F
44.0
0.20 BTU/ft hr F
42.0
Arrival temperature (C)
40.0
0.30 BTU/ft hr F
38.0
36.0
0.50 BTU/ft hr F
34.0
32.0
30.0
28.0
0.5 W/m.K
1.0 W/m.K
2 W/m.K
3.0 W/m.K
no heat loss
26.0
24.0
22.0
20.0
7500
10000
12500
15000
17500
20000
22500
25000
Liquid Flowrate (blpd)
27500
30000
32500
35000
37500
40000
Black Oil Systems:

Cooldown Design Considerations
Black Oil System:
Cooldown
Shutdown statistics
Typical shutdown durations
89% shutdowns
94% shutdowns
99.9% shutdowns
< 10 hours
< 12 hours
< 24 hours
Typical shutdown causes

Pumps
Scale
Corrosion
Sand
Paraffin
Hydrates
Asphaltenes
Separation
Other
Black Oil System: Cooldown

Planned shutdown Procedure
Inject hydrate inhibitor for one residence time
(minimum)
At high water cuts, may need to reduce flowrate to
effectively treat system
Inject hydrate inhibitor into subsea equipment

Particular attention to horizontal components
Self-draining manifold / jumpers
Treat upper portion of wellbore
SCSSV vs. top ~50 ft
Shut-in system
Black Oil System:
Cooldown
Unplanned shutdown Procedure

Determine minimum cooldown times
No-Touch Time
~2-4 hours / no action taken subsea
Light Touch Time

~2-4 hours / treat critical components
Time is a function of chemical injection philosophy / number of wells
Preservation Time
Time required to depressurize or displace flowlines with non-hydrate
forming fluid
Time=0
No-Touch
Time=4
Light Touch
Time=8
Preservation
Black Oil System:

Insulation selection
150
Pipe-in-Pipe (0.20 BTU/hr-ft-F)
Cooldown time determined

by:
140
Wet Insulation (0.75 BTU/hr-ft-F)
130
120
Thermal mass (, Cp)
110
Line size impacts

Bigger = More
Thermal Mass
Gas / liquid interface

typically controlling point
Gas = low thermal mass
Temperature (F)
U-Value
Measure of heat
storage
Flexible Pipe (1.00 BTU/hr-ft-F)
100
90
80
70
60
HYDRATE FORMATION(PURE WATER)
50
40
0
Highest pressure
Coldest temperature
Cooldown
10
12
14
16
18
20
Time (hours)
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36

140
0 hours (Steady State)
1 hours
130
RESERVOIR
2 hours
WELLHEAD
4 hours
120
6 hours
FLOWLINE
8 hours
110
10 hours
12 hours
Temperature (F)
100
18 hours
24 hours
90
80
70
60
50
40
RISER
30
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Distance (miles)
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0

6000
RESERVOIR
5500
24 hours
5000
4500
Pressure (psia)
4000
WELLHEAD
3500
3000
2500
2000
FLOWLINE
RISER
1500
1000
500
0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Distance (miles)
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0

1.0
RESERVOIR
FLOWLINE
WELLHEAD
0.9
0.8
Liquid Holdup (-)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
RISER
24 hours
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Distance (miles)
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0

60
WELLHEAD
50
RESERVOIR
FLOWLINE
Hydrate Propensity, T-Thyd (F)
40
30
20
10

1 hours
2 hours
4 hours
6 hours
-10
8 hours
10 hours
12 hours
-20
RISER
18 hours
24 hours
-30
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Distance (miles)
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Black Oil System:

Cooldown Checklist
Is there adequate chemical injection to treat subsea components within

cooldown time?
Wellbore
Trees
Jumpers
Manifolds
What is the subsea valve closure philosophy?
Packed:
More liquid / higher pressures
Un-packed:
Less liquid / lower pressures
Does insulation provide sufficient cooldown time?
No-touch
Light-touch
Preservation
Is gel formation a possibility?
If yes, system design philosophy changes
Is SCSSV set deep enough to avoid hydrates?
Black Oil Systems:

Depressurization Design
Considerations
Black Oil System: Depressurization

Hydrate remediation strategy
Reduce pressure below hydrate formation pressure at seabed
Effectiveness based on:
10000
9000
Fluid properties
GOR
Water cut
Upslope
Downslope
Pressure, psia
7000
Seabed bathymetry
6000
5000
4000
Phyd ~ 200 psia
3000
Pure Water
2000
Sea Water
1000
Produced Water
Deepwater issues
Time=0
8000
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
Temperature, F
Reduce pressure to ~200 psia at seabed

Maintain pressure below hydrate conditions during restart
Time=4
Time=8
No-Touch
Light Touch
Preservation:
Depressurization
80
85
Depressurization:Subsea Tieback
4500
BOTTOM HOLE
4000
3500
FLOWLINE
3000
0.0 hours
0.5 hours
1.0 hours
Pressure (psia)
2500
2000
MUDLINE
1500
1000
500
RISER BASE
0
0
Distance (miles)
Depressurization Dry Tree

4500
BOTTOM HOLE
4000
0.0 hours
3500
0.5 hours
1.0 hours
Pressure (psia)
3000
2500
2000
1500
MUDLINE
1000
SCSSV
GAS/LIQUID
INTERFACE
500
0
0
2000
4000
6000
Distance (feet)
8000
10000
12000
Black Oil System:

Depressurization Checklist
Can you depressurize below hydrate formation conditions?
If YES, can you depressurize in late-life at high water cuts?
If YES, can you maintain pressure below hydrate formation conditions
during restart?
Difficult for deepwater
If YES, is there a pour point concern?

Depressurization increases restart pressure requirements
If NO, consider the following for hydrate prevention:

Displacement (dual flowlines)
Active heating
Continuous chemical inhibition
Black Oil Systems:

Displacement Design
Considerations
Black Oil System: Displacement

Hydrate Prevention - Shutdown
During Prevention time, displace produced
fluids from flowline
Unable to get hydrate inhibitor to in-situ fluids
during shutdown
Dual flowlines required
Sufficient insulation / cooldown time
Function of flowline length
Time=0
No-Touch
Time=4
Light Touch
Time=8
Preservation:
Displacement

Discharge Pressure Required
HOLD BACKPRESSURE AT OUTLET

Dead Oil Flushing - Year 5
FPSO Pump Discharge Pressure
FPSO Arrival Pressure Controlled at 1500 psia
1800
Gas breaks
through
second riser
Produced fluids move

up second riser
1600
1400
Pig moves up
second riser
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
Pig reaches base of first riser
0
0
0.5
1.5
Time (H)
2.5
3.5

During Prevention time, displace produced fluids
from flowline
Topsides design considerations
Available backpressure
Circulation rate
Limited by pig integrity
Typically 3-5 ft/sec
May be faster for straight-pipe
Storage volume
Circulation passes
With pig: 1 residence time
Without pig: 2-3 residence times for efficient water removal

Hydrate Prevention Dry Tree
During shutdown, how quickly will fluids fall below
SCSSV?
Very little work done with L/D ratios >100 (deepwater riser
~10000)
Field data shows oil/water separation ~ 70-80 ft/hr
Bullhead / displace with non-hydrate forming

chemical to SCSSV
Methanol/MEG (volume concerns)
Heavy diesel (high density, by-pass produced fluids)
Dead oil
Ability to bullhead a function of displacement rate
Black Oil System:

Displacement Checklist
Is there sufficient time to accomplish displacement
operation?
Sufficient insulation / Cooldown time
Is the topsides facility designed to accomplish displacement

operation?
Pump capacity
Storage capacity
Can system be restarted into crude-oil filled flowline?

Displace with gas?
High pour point fluids what is the restart pressure required?
For dry trees, is a proper fluid available for displacement?
Black Oil Systems:

Restart Design Considerations
Black Oil System: Cold Restart

System pressure < hydrate formation conditions throughout
restart?
For deepwater, hydrostatic pressure in riser too high
Separator pressure:
may need alternate start-up vessel
Hydrate inhibition required until arrival temperature reaches

Safe Operating Temperature (SOT)
Maintain hydrate inhibitor rate:
Reduce hydrate inhibitor rate:
shut-in conditions
Fluid completely inhibited

Fluid not completely inhibited to
SOT is minimum topsides temperature that provides

sufficient cooldown time, in the event of an interrupted restart

0.60
Methanol Dosage, BBL MeOH/BBL H2O
0.55
0.50
PURE WATER
SEA WATER
0.45
0.40
PRODUCED
WATER
0.35
0.30
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
Shut-in Pressure, psia
2400
2600
2800
3000

50
75% WATER
45
50% WATER
Methanol, gpm
40
35
30
25
25% WATER
20
15
10
5% WATER
5
0
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Flowrate, BPD
8000
9000
10000

Achievable restart rates determined by:
Shut-in conditions
Fluid GOR
Water cut
Hydrate inhibitor
Rule of Thumb: Greater inhibitor injection rates result in

lower overall inhibitor volumes used during restart
Small tiebacks: 5-10 gpm / well
Large deepwater: 25+ gpm / well
Warm-up trends:
Wellbore: Very quick (<30 minutes)
Flowline: Function of flowrate / water cut / length / insulation
Cold Restart: Case Study

3 Mile Tieback Warm-up Time
Insulation
Type
5000
STBPD
10000
STBPD
Max
Flowrate
Micro-porous
5.8
2.9
1.1
Pipe-in-pipe
6.1
3.0
1.1
Conventional
9.2
3.5
1.2
Flexible
10.6
3.2
1.1
Buried
> 24
8.4
1.5

15 Mile Tieback Warm-up Time
Insulation
Type
5000
STBPD
10000
STBPD
Max
Flowrate
Micro-porous
> 24
13.0
7.0
Pipe-in-pipe
> 24
14.0
7.2
Conventional
> 24
> 24
10.9
Flexible
> 24
> 24
12.3
Buried
> 24
> 24
> 24

15 Mile Tieback MeOH Volume
Insulation
Type
5000
STBPD
10000
STBPD
Max
Flowrate
Micro-porous
> 850
798
772
Pipe-in-pipe
> 850
814
781
Conventional
> 850
> 1700
1074
Flexible
> 850
> 1700
1053
Buried
> 850
> 1700
> 2300
Black Oil System:

Restart Checklist
Is there sufficient hydrate inhibitor available?
Delivery rates
Storage volumes
How will multiple wells be restarted?

Single well at max. rate
Multiple wells at reduced rate
Single flowline vs. dual flowline
What is the minimum temperature required to

achieve safe conditions?
Safe Operating Temperature (SOT)
Black Oil System:

Summary of Design Considerations
Hydraulics
Ensure Production Delivery Throughout Field Life
Minimize Slugging
Wax Deposition
Minimize Wax Deposition (Insulation/Pigging/Chemicals)
Hydrate Formation
Avoid Steady State Hydrate Formation
Optimize Cooldown Times (Insulation)
Prevent Transient Hydrate Formation
(Depressurization/Displacement/Chemicals)
Minimize Inhibitor Consumption

Flow Assurance

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Flow Assurance

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DP Conference MTS Symposium

Deepwater Impacts on Flow Assurance

Flow Assurance Overview

What is Flow Assurance?

Optimization of the design and operating procedures to

Key Flow Assurance Issues

Key Flow Assurance Issues

Key Flow Assurance Issues

Wax Crystals (WAT)

Seabed Temp. (40F)

Key Flow Assurance Issues

Key Flow Assurance Issues

Key Flow Assurance Issues

Key Flow Assurance Issues

Key Flow Assurance Issues

Key Flow Assurance Issues

10% Water Cut

25% Water Cut

20% Water Cut

30% Water Cut

40% Water Cut

Key Flow Assurance Issues

Key Flow Assurance Issues

Seabed bathymetry (downsloping)

Key Flow Assurance Issues

0 MMSCFD Gas Lift

5 MMSCFD Gas Lift

Key Flow Assurance Issues

Deepwater Impacts on Flow

Lack of pressure / need for boosting

110 Potential Energy

Temperature Drop (F)

Heat transfer coefficient (U-value) dictates

Q (heat loss) = UAT

Thermal mass (, Cp) impacts transient

Measure of heat storage

Prolongs cooldown times

Prolongs warm-up times

Transient Temperature Loss

HIGH (Gelled Fluid #2 Water Base)

MEDIUM (Gelled Fluid #1 Oil Base)

Pressure Drop (psia)

Heat Transfer: Q = kAT / L

Design for Expansion

Design for Expansion

Total Time to Displace Existing System = 22 Hours (Sequential)

Black Oil System:

Black Oil System:

Fluid displacement / pigging

Black Oil Systems:

Black Oil System:

Pressure drop effects

Pipe roughness (typical values)

Black Oil System: Slugging

High liquid / gas flowrates

Black Oil System: Slugging

Terrain Slugging Regime (BPD) /

Black Oil System: Slugging

Alternate Route #1 - 36 miles total length

Liquid Accumulation Above Normal* (bbl)

>24 hour Ramp-up Required

10 hour Ramp-up Required

50 bbl Slug Catcher Capacity