Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
preparation Module
Sampling Terminology
Lot: For purpose of defining the sampling procedure, the total amount of material from
which a sample is to be taken.
Increment: The quantity of sample taken in one cut.
Sample: A sample is a small portion removed from a large quantity of material in such a
way that the portion has the same characteristics and properties as the original material.
Sub-sample (laboratory): A representative portion of the sample, of convenient mass,
delivered to the laboratory.
Analysis sample: The ultimate sample of the series, subjected, as a whole, to the
analytical procedure.
Particle size: The size (m) of each discrete unit of the material assumed, during the
sampling process, to be indivisible.
Top size: The maximum particle size of the material being sampled determined by the
screen size on which less than 5% of the material is retained.
Continuous sampling: The process by which the increments are taken, manually or
automatically, at regular intervals.
Intermittent sampling: A non-continuous process in which increments are taken at
irregular intervals.
Replicate sampling: The procedure in which the same number of
increments, as in continuous sampling, is transferred in turn to
different containers as the contents of each container submitted
separately for analysis.
Sampling error: The difference between the experimental results and the true values.
Random error: An error leading to results, which are sometimes higher and sometimes
lower than the true values. The mean of a number of results subject only to random error
will approach the true value as the number of results increases.
Motor
Gear
Belt/chain
the vezin cutter
box
Sample outlet to
sample
blade/cutter
Rotary or Arc Sample Cutters: These types of sample cutters are
generally used for smaller process flow streams or for sub-sampling.
Rotary cutters used on large flow streams generally have only one
9
Motor
Gear box
Cutter
Blades
11
Slurry inlet
Cutter blades
Cutter motor
Sample out let to the second vezin cutter
Slurry returns to the
Process
Sample
cutter
blades
12
Ore
Cutter with a
brush
Motor
13
Splitted to waste
Rotating direction of the splitter
sample to the container
split
Splitter motor
T- Bar
Compressed air inlet
Pressure release valve
Barrell
Filter clamp
Filter Base
Drained water
Filtering (de-watering)
Liquid as well as slurry samples to be filtered are received. Analyses
are required for some samples on the liquid portion only, for others on
the solid portion only and for some on both portions. All apparatus
15
Drying ovens
Drying of samples.
Drying is effected in a well-regulated and ventilated oven, set at a
temperature of 105 C to 110 C. Other methods such as infra red
heaters or hot plates may be used for rapid control analysis. They are
not recommended for accurate work. At temperatures above 110 C,
chemically combined moisture may be lost. The resultant error may be
appreciable in the determination of moisture. Ovens must be inspected before
use and cleaned after use. Racks normally lose their paths inside the ovens and this must
16
The Jones riffler is used for splitting coarser material to reduce the
sample size; it is helpful when using it on side e.g. near hummer
cutters that are not incorporated with splitters. As the material is
poured inside the chute the gratings will divide the material almost
equally into both the sample dish and waste dish. Any material that
doesnt pass through must be collected and get broken to be able to
17
Splitters cone
feeder
Sample divider
Sample cup holders
Vibrator feeder
Vibrator motor
Sample cup holder
rotation switch
Rotation speed
control switch
Vibration switch
Rifflers stand
Vibrator switch
The 10 way jones riffler is efficient for splitting the sample. When the
sample is poured into the sample cone the vibration must be set to
release the sample slowly onto the rotating sample cups. The purpose
is for the sample to be equally distributed into the ten sample cups.
18
Tumbler mixers
motor
Sample steel
container
Sample
container
clamp
Tumblers
switch
Timer
Base stand
The function of the tumbler mixer is to homogenize the sample. When
operating the tumbler always insert the two containers even if youre
only using one container to balance the other one. The timer is set to a
desired time for mixing the sample. Before stating the equipment
19
The V-blender
Sample inlet
lid
V-blender
shaft
V-blender
motor
Display and
timer
Sample out
let
Sample
containers
V-blender stand
21
Secondary switch
Crusher motor
Sample dish slot
Waste bin cabinet
Mill open
cover
Air bag
Sample
container
lid
Sample
container
Emergency/stop button
Start button
Pressure
Display
The LM-5 pulverizer has the capacity to mill samples fairly bigger than
what can be milled using a vertical spindle pulverizer. Inside the
sample container is a milling disc that actually crushes the sample into
smaller pieces, depending on the nature of material being milled it
should be able to mill material to a particle size of 80 % that should
23
24
25
26
Contamination
Contamination is the spoiling of one sample by allowing small portions
of
another sample (or samples) to become mixed with it.
Contamination from other sources is also possible. For example - small
amounts of iron from pulverizer discs. This type of contamination
would only be a problem if one were analyzing for the element
concerned - in this case iron.
To avoid contamination:
Containers and equipment should never be interchanged
between different
grades of samples.
Containers and equipment should be thoroughly cleaned before
use.
Plastic bags, paper packets or disposable plastic cups which are
used only once reduce the risk of contamination, but are not
suitable for all stages of preparation.
Bias
28
Sample Preparation
Inadequate mixing
Insufficient material during intermediate stages
Not crushing prior to further sample reduction
Dust losses
Drying temperatures too high
Why Evaluation?
Evaluation is precisely what the name implies, the evaluation of data
obtained from a sampling system. Evaluation is an integral part of any
mine. Metal accounting is based on figures produced by the evaluation
department. Process evaluation consists of the following basic
components.
Sampling - obtaining of representative samples
Sample preparation - drying, crushing, sub-sampling, sizing etc.
Measurement of process streams - mass flow rates, densities etc.
Sample analysis - grade, size analysis, ash etc.
Construction of metallurgical balances
Safety & Housekeeping
29
30