Passengercar(rail)

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Thisarticleisaboutrailroadequipment.Forothercars,seeAutomobileandwiktionarydefinitionof
passengercar.
Apassengercar(knownasacoachorcarriageintheUK,
andalsoknownasabogieinIndia[1])isapieceofrailway
rollingstockthatisdesignedtocarrypassengers.Theterm
passengercarcanalsobeassociatedwithasleepingcar,
baggage,dining,railwaypostofficeandprisonertransport
cars.

Contents
1History
1.119thcentury:Firstpassengercarsandearly

AmtrakSuperlinerdoubledeckloungecar

development
1.219001950:Lightermaterials,newcar
types
1.31950present:Hightechnology
advancements
1.4Heavyweightvs.lightweight
2Cartypes
2.1Passengercarryingtypes
2.1.1Coach
2.1.2Diningcar

ItalianpassengercarUICZ1

2.1.3Lounge
2.1.4Observation
2.1.5Sleepingcar
2.2Headendequipment
2.2.1Baggagecar
2.2.2Expresscar
2.2.3Horsecar
2.2.4Prisonercar
2.2.5Railwaypostoffice
2.3Specializedtypes
2.3.1Combine
2.3.2Controlcar(Cab)
2.3.3Domecar
2.3.4DoubledeckerorBilevel
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2.3.5Privatecar
2.3.6Drovers'car
2.3.7Troopsleeper
2.3.8Hospitalcar
2.3.9Prisonertransportcar
2.4Cartechnology
2.4.1Articulated
2.4.2Lowfloor
2.4.3Selfpropelledpassenger
equipment
2.4.4Tilting
3Passengercarmanufacturers
3.1AmericanCarandFoundry
3.2Bombardier
3.3BuddCompany
3.4Kawasaki
3.5Pullman
3.6SiemensAG
3.7St.LouisCarCompany
4Lighting,heating,airconditioning
5Capacitors
6Fiction
6.1TheRailwaySeries
7Seealso
8References
9Externallinks

History
19thcentury:Firstpassengercarsandearlydevelopment
Upuntilabouttheendofthe19thcentury,mostpassengercarswereconstructedofwood.Thefirstpassenger
trainsdidnottravelveryfar,buttheywereabletohaulmanymorepassengersforalongerdistancethanany
wagonspulledbyhorses.
AsrailwayswerefirstconstructedinEngland,sotoowerethefirstpassengercars.Oneoftheearlycoach
designswasthe"Stanhope".Itfeaturedaroofandsmallholesinthefloorfordrainagewhenitrained,andhad
separatecompartmentsfordifferentclassesoftravel.Theonlyproblemwiththisdesignisthatthepassengers
wereexpectedtostandfortheirentiretrip.ThefirstpassengercarsintheUnitedStatesresembledstagecoaches.
Theywereshort,oftenlessthan10ft(3m)longandhadtwoaxles.

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BritishrailwayshadalittlebitofaheadstartonAmericanrailroads,with
thefirst"bedcarriage"(anearlysleepingcar)beingbuiltthereasearlyas
1838foruseontheLondonandBirminghamRailwayandtheGrand
JunctionRailway.Britain'searlysleepers,whenmadeupforsleeping,
extendedthefootofthebedintoabootsectionattheendofthecarriage.
Thecarswerestilltooshorttoallowmorethantwoorthreebedstobe
positionedendtoend.
Britain'sRoyalMailcommissionedandbuiltthefirstTravellingPost
Officecarsinthelate1840saswell.Thesecarsresembledcoachesin
Restoredclerestorycarsondisplayat
theirshortwheelbaseandexteriordesign,butwereequippedwithnetson
theMidContinentRailwayMuseum
thesidesofthecarstocatchmailbagswhilethetrainwasinmotion.
inNorthFreedom,USA.
AmericanRPOs,firstappearinginthe1860s,alsofeaturedequipmentto
catchmailbagsatspeed,buttheAmericandesignmoreclosely
resembledalargehookthatwouldcatchthemailbaginitscrook.Whennotinuse,thehookwouldswiveldown
againstthesideofthecartopreventitfromcatchingobstacles.
Aslocomotivetechnologyprogressedinthemid19thcentury,trains
grewinlengthandweight.Passengercars,particularlyinAmerica,grew
alongwiththem,firstgettinglongerwiththeadditionofasecondtruck
(oneateachend),andwiderastheirsuspensionsimproved.Carsbuiltfor
Europeanusefeaturedsidedoorcompartments,whileAmericancar
designfavoredwhatwascalledatraincoach,asinglelongcabinwith
rowsofseats,withdoorslocatedattheendsofthecar.EarlyAmerican
sleepingcarswerenotcompartmented,butbytheendofthe19thcentury
theywere.Thecompartmentsinthelatersleeperswereaccessedfroma
sidehallrunningthelengthofthecars,similartothedesignofEuropean
carswellintothe20thcentury.

TheinteriorofaPullmancaronthe
ChicagoandAltonRailroadcirca
1900.

ManyAmericanpassengertrains,particularlythelongdistanceones,
includedacarattheendofthetraincalledanobservationcar.Untilabout
the1930s,thesehadanopenairplatformattherear,the"observationplatform".Theseevolvedintotheclosed
endcar,usuallywitharoundedendwhichwasstillcalledan"observationcar".Theinteriorsofobservationcars
varied.Manyhadspecialchairsandtables.
Theendplatformsofallpassengercarschangedaroundtheturnofthe20thcentury.Oldercarshadopen
platformsbetweencars.Passengerswouldenterandleaveacarthroughadoorattheendofthecarwhichledto
anarrowplatform.Stepsoneithersideoftheplatformwereusedforgettingonoroffthetrain,andonemight
hopfromonecarplatformtoanother.Latercarshadenclosedplatformscalledvestibuleswhichtogetherwith
gangwayconnectionsallowedpassengersnotonlytoenterandexitthetrainprotectedfromtheelements,but
alsotomovemoreeasilybetweencarswiththesameprotection.
Diningcarsfirstappearedinthelate1870sandintothe1880s.Untilthistime,thecommonpracticewastostop
formealsatrestaurantsalongtheway(whichledtotheriseofFredHarvey'schainofHarveyHouserestaurants
inAmerica).Atfirst,thediningcarwassimplyaplacetoservemealsthatwerepickedupenroute,buttheysoon
evolvedtoincludegalleysinwhichthemealswereprepared.Theintroductionofvestibuledcars,whichforthe
firsttimeallowedeasymovementfromcartocar,aidedtheadoptionofdiningcars,loungecars,andother
specializedcars.

19001950:Lightermaterials,newcartypes

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Bythe1920s,passengercarsonthelargerstandardgaugerailroadswerenormallybetween60ft(18.3m)and
70ft(21.3m)long.Thecarsofthistimewerestillquiteornate,manyofthembeingbuiltbyexperiencedcoach
makersandskilledcarpenters.
Withthe1930scamethewidespreaduseofstainlesssteelforcarbodies.
Thetypicalpassengercarwasnowmuchlighterthanits"heavyweight"
woodcousinsofold.Thenew"lightweight"andstreamlinedcarscarried
passengersinspeedandcomforttoanextentthathadnotbeen
experiencedtodate.AluminumandCorTensteelwerealsousedin
lightweightcarconstruction,butstainlesssteelwasthepreferredmaterial
forcarbodies.Itisn'tthelightestofmaterials,norisittheleastexpensive,
butstainlesssteelcarscouldbe,andoftenwere,leftunpaintedexceptfor
thecar'sreportingmarksthatwererequiredbylaw.
TheobservationcaronCB&Q's
Bytheendofthe1930s,railroadsandcarbuildersweredebutingcarbody
PioneerZephyr.Thecarbodywas
andinteriorstylesthatcouldonlybedreamedofbefore.In1937,the
madeofstainlesssteelin1934itis
PullmanCompanydeliveredthefirstcarsequippedwithroomettesthat
seenhereatChicago'sMuseumof
is,thecar'sinteriorwassectionedoffintocompartments,muchlikethe
ScienceandIndustryin2003.
coachesthatwerestillinwidespreaduseacrossEurope.Pullman's
roomettes,however,weredesignedwiththesingletravelerinmind.The
roomettefeaturedalargepicturewindow,aprivacydoor,asinglefoldawaybed,asinkandsmalltoilet.The
roomette'sfloorspacewasbarelylargerthanthespacetakenupbythebed,butitallowedthetravelertoridein
luxurycomparedtothemultilevelsemiprivateberthsofold.

Nowthatpassengercarswerelighter,theywereabletocarryheavierloads,butthesizeoftheaveragepassenger
thatrodeinthemdidn'tincreasetomatchthecars'newcapacities.Theaveragepassengercarcouldn'tgetany
widerorlongerduetosideclearancesalongtherailroadlines,buttheygenerallycouldgettallerbecausethey
werestilllowerthanmanyfreightcarsandlocomotives.Sotherailroadssoonbeganbuildingandbuyingdome
andbilevelcarstocarrymorepassengers.

1950present:Hightechnologyadvancements
Startinginthe1950s,thepassengertravelmarketdeclinedinNorth
America,thoughtherewasgrowthincommuterrail.Privateintercity
passengerserviceintheU.S.mostlyendedwiththecreationofAmtrakin
1971.Amtraktookoverequipmentandstationsfrommosttherailroadsin
theU.S.withintercityservice.
ThehigherclearancesinNorthAmericaenabledamajoradvancementin
passengercardesign,bilevel(doubledecker)commutercoachesthat
couldholdmorepassengers.Thesecarsstartedtobecomecommoninthe
UnitedStatesinthe1960s,andwereadoptedbyAmtrakforthe
Superlinerdesignaswellasbymanyotherrailroadsandmanufacturers.
Bytheyear2000doubledeckersrivaledsinglelevelcarsinusearound
theworld.

AmtrakCascadesoperateswithtilting
Talgopermanentlycoupledtrainsets

WhileintercitypassengerrailtraveldeclinedinAmerica,ridershipcontinuedtoincreaseinotherpartsofthe
world.Withtheincreasecameanincreaseduseofnewertechnologyonexistingandnewequipment.The
SpanishcompanyTalgobeganexperimentinginthe1940swithtechnologythatwouldenabletheaxlestosteer
intoacurve,allowingthetraintomovearoundthecurveatahigherspeed.Thesteeringaxlesevolvedinto
mechanismsthatwouldalsotiltthepassengercarasitenteredacurvetocounterthecentrifugalforce

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experiencedbythetrain,furtherincreasingspeedsonexistingtrack.[2]Today,Talgotrainsareusedinmany
placesinEuropeandtheyhavealsofoundahomeinNorthAmericaonsomeshortandmediumdistanceroutes
suchasEugene,Oregon,toVancouver,BritishColumbia.
AnothertypeoftiltingtrainthatisseeingwidespreaduseacrossEuropeisthePendolino.Thesetrains,builtby
FiatFerroviaria(nowownedbyAlstom),areinregularserviceinItaly,Portugal,Slovenia,Finland,Czech
RepublicandtheUnitedKingdom.Usingtiltingtrains,railroadsareabletorunpassengertrainsoverthesame
tracksathigherspeedsthanwouldotherwisebepossible.
AmtrakcontinuedtopushthedevelopmentofU.S.designedpassengerequipmentevenwhenthemarketdemand
didn'tsupportit,orderinganumberofnewpassengerlocomotiveandcartypesinthe1980sand1990s.
However,bytheyear2000AmtrakwenttoEuropeanmanufacturersfortheAmtrakCascades(Talgo)andAcela
Expresstrains,theirpremierservices.Thesetrainsusenewdesignsandaremadetooperateascoherent
"trainsets".
Highspeedtrainsaremadeupofcarsfromasinglemanufacturerandusuallyofauniformdesign(althoughthe
diningcarontheICEhasadome).Inthe1960sand1970scountriesaroundtheworldstartedtodeveloptrains
capableoftravelinginthe150200mphrange,torivalairtravel.OneofthefirstwasFrance'sTGVwhich
enteredservicein1981.Bytheyear2000,WesternEurope'smajorcities(London,Paris,Brussels,Amsterdam,
Geneva,Berlin,Rome,etc.)wereconnectedbyhighspeedrailservice.
Oftentiltingandhighspeedcarsareleftin"trainsets"throughouttheirservice.Forexample,articulatedcars
cannotbeuncoupledwithoutspecialequipmentbecausetheindividualcarssharetrucks.Thisgivesmodern
trainsasmooth,coherentappearancebecauseallthecarsandoftentheenginesshareasimilardesignandpaint
scheme.

Heavyweightvs.lightweight
Aheavyweightcarisonethatisphysicallyheavierthanalightweightcarduetoitsconstruction.Whileearlycars
usedwoodconstruction,Pullmanswitchedtoheavyweightrivetedsteelconstructionin1910,moreorlessatthe
sametimeasotherrailcarmanufacturers.Heavyweightsaresaidtoofferamoreluxuriousrideduetotheir
addedmass(fromtheplatesteelconstructionandconcretefloor)and,usually,sixwheeledtrucks(bogies).The
steppedrooflineofearlyheavyweightsusuallyconsistedofacentersillsection(theclerestory)thatranthe
lengthofthecarandextendedabovetheroofsidesbyasmuchasafoot.Thissectionoftheroofusuallyhad
windowsorshuttersthatcouldbeopenedforventilationwhilethetrainwasinmotion.However,railroadcrews
andpassengersquicklydiscoveredthatwhenthesewindowswereopenedonapassengertrainpulledbyoneor
moresteamlocomotives,smokeandsootfromthelocomotivestendedtodriftinthroughthewindows,especially
whenthetrainwentthroughatunnel.
Intheearly20thcentury,airconditioningwasaddedtoheavyweightcarsforthefirsttime.Anairconditioned
heavyweightcarcouldbespottedeasilysincetheareawheretheroofventwindowsexistedwasnowcovered,
eitherpartiallyorinfull,bytheACduct.Aslightweightcarswereintroduced,manyheavyweightcarswere
repurposedintomaintenanceofwayservicebytherailroadsthatownedthem.
Lightweightpassengercarsrequireddevelopmentsinsteelprocessingthatweren'tavailableuntilthe1920sand
1930s.Bybuildingpassengercarsoutofsteelinsteadofwood,themanufacturerswereabletobuildlighter
weightcarswithsmoothorflutedsidesandsmoothrooflines.
Steelcarswereusheredinatthebeginningofthestreamlineeraofthe1930s(althoughnotalllightweightcars
werestreamlined)andsteelhascontinuedinuseeversincethen.Withtheuseofsteelforthecarsides,railroads
wereabletooffermoreinnovativepassengercartypes.Itwasn'tuntilafterthefirstlightweightcarswere
introducedthatrailroadsbeganbuildingandusingdomecarsbecausethesidesofheavyweightcarsweren't
strongenoughtosupporttheweightofthedomeanditspassengers.Lightweightcarsalsoenabledtherailroads
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tooperatelongerpassengertrainsthereducedcarweightmeantthatmorepassengerscouldbecarriedina
greaternumberofcarswiththesamelocomotives.Thecostsavingsinhaulingcapacitycoupledwiththe
increasedcartypeoptionsledtothequickreplacementofheavyweightcarswithlightweightcars.

Cartypes
Traditionallythepassengercarcanbesplitintoanumberofdistincttypes.
Themostbasicdivisionisbetweencarswhichdocarrypassengersand
"headend"equipment.Thelatterarerunaspartofpassengertrains,but
donotthemselvescarrypassengers.Traditionallytheywereputbetween
thelocomotiveandthepassengercarryingcarsintheconsist,hencethe
name.
Somespecializedtypesarevariantsoforcombineelementsofthemost
basictypes.
SecondclassofEurostarItalia
Alsothebasicdesignofpassengercarsisevolving,witharticulatedunits
thathavesharedtrucks,withdoubledeckerdesigns,andwiththe"low
floor"designwheretheloadingareaisveryclosetothegroundandslungbetweenthetrucks.

Passengercarryingtypes
Coach
Thecoachisthemostbasictypeofpassengercar,alsosometimesreferredtoas'chaircars'.
Twomainvariantsexist:'Open',
withacentrecorridorthecar's
interiorisoftenfilledwithrow
uponrowofseatslikethatina
passengerairliner,other
arrangementsofthe'open'typeare
alsofound,includingseatsaround
tables,seatsfacingwindows
(oftenfoundonmasstransittrains
AninteriorviewofaFinnishbilevel
sincetheyincreasestandingroom
coach.Theseatingarrangementofthe
An'Open'type[3+3]ChairCarof
forrushhours),aswellas
'open'type
IndianRailways,India
variationsofallthree.Seating
arrangementistypically[2+2].
Theseatingarrangementsanddensity,aswellastheabsenceorpresenceofotherfacilitiesdependsonthe
intendedusefrommasstransitsystemstolongdistanceluxurytrains.
Theothervariantisthe'closed'or'Compartmentcar',inwhichasidecorridorconnectsindividualcompartments
alongthebodyofthetrain,eachwithtworowsofseatsfacingeachother.
Inbotharrangementscarryonbaggageisstowedonashelfabovethepassengerseatingarea.Theopeninginto
thecarsisusuallylocatedatbothendsofthecarriage,oftenintoasmallhallwaywhichinrailwayparlanceis
termedavestibule.
InIndianormalcarriagesoftenhavedoubleheightseating,withbenches(berths),sothatpeoplecansitabove
oneanother(notunlikeabunkbed),inothercountriestruedoubledeckercarriagesarebecomingmorecommon.
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Theseatsinmostcoachesuntilthemiddleofthe20thcentury,were
usuallybenchseatsthebacksoftheseseatscouldbeadjusted,oftenwith
onehand,tofaceineitherdirectionsothecarwouldnothavetobeturned
forareturntrip.Theconductorwouldsimplywalkdowntheaisleinthe
car,reversingtheseatbackstoprepareforthereturntrip.This
arrangementisstillusedinsomemoderntrains.
Diningcar
TheinteriorofanAustralian

Adiningcar(ordiner)isusedtoservemealstothepassengers.Its
compartmentcar,viewedfromthe
interiorissplitwithaportionoftheinteriorpartitionedoffforagalley,
connectingsidecorridor
whichisofflimitstopassengers.Anarrowhallwayisleftbetweenthe
galleyandonesidewallofthecarforpassengerstouse.Theremainder
oftheinteriorislaidoutwithtablesandchairstolooklikealong,narrowrestaurantdiningroom.Thereare
specialpersonneltoperformwaitstaffandkitchenduties.
Lounge
Loungecarscarryabarandpublicseating.Theyusuallyhavebenches,
armchairsorlargeswivellingchairsalongthesidesofthecar.Theyoften
havesmalltablesfordrinks,ormaybelargeenoughtoplaycards.Some
loungecarsincludesmallpianosandarestaffedbycontractedmusicians
toentertainthepassengers.
Thesecarsareoftenpulledinadditiontothediningcar,andonverylong
trainsinadditiontooneormoresnackorcafecars.
Loungecarsareanimportantpartoftheappealofpassengertrainswhen
comparedtoaircraft,busesandcarsthereismorespacetomovearound,
socialize,eatanddrink,andagoodview.

AmtrakSuperlinerloungecar(isalso
alowfloor,doubledeckercar)

Observation
Theobservationcaralmostalwaysoperatedasthelastcarinapassenger
train.Itsinteriorcouldincludefeaturesofacoach,lounge,diner,or
sleeper.Themainspottingfeaturewasatthetailendofthecarthewalls
ofthecarusuallywerecurvedtogethertoformalargeUshape,and
largerwindowswereinstalledallaroundtheendofthecar.Beforethese
carswerebuiltwithsteelwalls,theobservationendofheavyweightcars
resembledaroofedporcharealargerwindowswereinstalledatthe
observationendonthesecarsaswell.Atthisendofthecar,therewas
almostalwaysaloungewherepassengerscouldenjoytheviewasthey
watchedthetrackrapidlyrecedeintothedistance.

Aheavyweightobservationcar.

Sleepingcar
Oftencalled"sleepers"or"Pullmancars"(afterthemainAmericanoperator),thesecarsprovidesleeping
arrangementsforpassengerstravellingatnight.Earlymodelsweredividedintosections,wherecoachseating
convertedatnightintosemiprivateberths.Moremoderninteriorsarenormallypartitionedintoseparate
bedroomcompartmentsforpassengers.Thebedsaredesignedinsuchawaythattheyeitherrollorfoldoutof
thewayorconvertintoseatsfordaytimeuse.Compartmentsvaryinsizesomearelargeenoughforonlyabed,
whileothersresembleefficiencyapartmentsincludingbathrooms.
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Headendequipment
Baggagecar
Mainarticle:Brakevan(UK)

Aresgodsvagnofthe
Abaggagecar
SwedishStateRailways
(SJ)inMalmin1988

Althoughpassengersgenerallywerenotallowedaccesstothebaggagecar,theywereincludedinagreatnumber
ofpassengertrainsasregularequipment.Thebaggagecarisacarthatwasnormallyplacedbetweenthetrain's
motivepowerandtheremainderofthepassengertrain.Thecar'sinteriorisnormallywideopenandisusedto
carrypassengers'checkedbaggage.Baggagecarswerealsosometimescommissionedbyfreightcompaniesto
haullessthancarload(LCL)shipmentsalongpassengerroutes(RailwayExpressAgencywasonesuchfreight
company).Somebaggagecarsincludedrestroomfacilitiesforthetraincrew,somanybaggagecarshaddoorsto
accessthemjustlikeanyotherpassengercar.Baggagecarscouldbedesignedtolookliketherestofapassenger
train'scars,ortheycouldberepurposedboxcarsequippedwithhighspeedtrucksandpassengertrainsteamand
airconnections.Aspecialtypeofbaggagecarcameequippedwithdoorsononeendtofacilitatetransportof
largepiecesofequipmentandsceneryforBroadwayshowsandotherproductions.These"theatrical"baggage
carswereassignedtheatricalnames(i.e.RomeoandJuliet),andweresimilartothe"horsecars"thatwereusedto
transportracehorses.
Expresscar
Expresscarscarriedhighvaluefreightinpassengerconsists.Thesecarsresembledbaggagecars,althoughin
somecasesspeciallyequippedboxcarsorrefrigeratorcarswereused.
Horsecar
Specializedstockcarswereusedtotransporthorsesandotherhighvaluelivestockaspartofpassengerconsists.
Similarequipmentisusedincircustrainstotransporttheiranimals.
Prisonercar
Insomecountries,convictsaretransportedfromcourttoprisonorfromoneprisontoanotherbyrailway.Insuch
transportationaspecifictypeofcoach,prisonercar,isused.Itcontainsseveralcellcompartmentswithminimal
interiorandcommodities,andaseparateguardcompartment.Usuallythewindowsareofnontransparentopaque
glasstopreventprisonersfromseeingoutsideanddeterminewheretheyare,andwindowsusuallyalsohavebars
topreventescapes.Unlikeotherpassengercars,prisonercarsdonothavedoorsattheendsofthewagon.
Railwaypostoffice
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Mainarticles:Railwaypostoffice(US)andTravellingpostoffice(UK)
Likebaggagecars,railwaypostoffice(RPO)carsortravellingpost
offices(TPOs)werenotaccessibletopayingpassengers.Thesecars'
interiorsweredesignedwithsortingfacilitiesthatwereoftenseenand
usedinconventionalpostofficesaroundtheworld.TheRPOiswhere
mailwassortedwhilethetrainwasenroute.Becausethesecarscarried
mail,whichoftenincludedvaluablesorquantitiesofcashandchecks,the
RPOstaff(whowereemployedbythepostalserviceandnottherailroad)
weretheonlytraincrewsallowedtocarryguns.TheRPOcarswere
normallyplacedinapassengertrainbetweenthetrain'smotivepowerand
baggagecars,furtherinhibitingtheiraccessbypassengers.

Specializedtypes
Combine
Acombineisacarthatcombinesfeaturesofaheadendandaregular
passengercar.Themostcommoncombinationisthatofacoachanda
baggagecar,butthecombinationofcoachandpostofficecarwasalso
common.Combineswereusedmostfrequentlyonbranchlinesandshort
linerailroadswheretherewasn'tnecessarilyenoughtrafficto
economicallyjustifysinglepurposecars.Aslightweightcarsbeganto
appearonrailroads,passengercarsmorefrequentlycombinedfeaturesof
twoormorecartypesononecar,andtheclassicheavyweightcombine
felloutofuse.

TheinteriorofanRPOondisplayat
theNationalRailroadMuseumin
GreenBay,Wisconsin.

Controlcar(Cab)
Acontrolcar(alsoknownasa'DrivingTrailer'inEuropeandtheUK)is
apassengercarwhichletsthetrainberuninreversewiththelocomotive
attheback.ItiscommononcommutertrainsintheUSandEurope.This
canbeimportantforservingsmalltownswithoutextensiveswitching
facilities,deadendlines,andhavingafastturnaroundwhenchanging
directionsincommuterservice.

Acoachbaggagecombine

Domecar
Adomecarcanincludefeaturesofaloungecar,diningcar,andan
observationcar.Aportionofthecar,usuallyinthecenter,issplit
betweentwolevels,withstairsleadingbothupanddownfromthetrain's
Adoubledeckerdrivingtrailerin
regularpassengercarfloorlevel.Thelowerlevelofthedomeusually
Germany.
consistedofasmallloungearea,whiletheupperportionwasusually
coachorloungeseatingwithina"bubble"ofglassonthecar'sroof.
Passengersintheupperportionofthedomewereabletoseeinalldirectionsfromavantagepointabovethe
train'sroofline.Onsomedomecars,thelowerportionwasbuiltasagalley,wherecarattendantsused
dumbwaiterstotransferitemsbetweenthegalleyandadiningareainthedomeportionofthecar.
Somedomecarswerebuiltwiththedomeextendingtheentirelengthofthecar,whileothershadonlyasmall
observationbubble.Therewerealsocombinationdomeobservationcarsbuiltwhichweremeanttobethelast
caronthetrain,withbothrearobservationandthedomeuptop.
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DoubledeckerorBilevel
Aspassengercarconstructionimprovedtothepointwheredomecars
wereintroduced,somepassengercarmanufacturersbeganbuilding
doubledeckerpassengertraincarsforuseinareasthataremoreheavily
populatedortocarrymorepassengersoveralongdistancewhileusing
fewercars(suchasAmtrak'sSuperlinercars).Carsusedonlongdistance
passengertrainscouldcombinefeaturesofanyofthebasiccartypes,
whilecarsusedinlocalcommuterserviceareoftenstrictlycoachtypes
onbothlevels.
DoubledeckercoachesweretriedintheUK(SRClass4DD)butthe
experimentwasunsuccessfulbecausetherestrictedBritishloadinggauge
resultedincrampedconditions.

ABombardierBiLevelCoach

Privatecar
ManycarsbuiltbyPullmanandothercompanieswereeitheroriginally
builtorlaterconvertedforuseasbusinessandprivatecarswhichserved
asthe"privatejet"oftheearlytomid20thcentury.Theywereusedby
railroadofficialsanddignitariesasbusinesscars,andwealthyindividuals
fortravelandentertainment.Therearevariousconfigurations,butthe
AheavyweightPullman"business
carsgenerallyhaveanobservationplatformandincludeafullkitchen,
car."
diningroom,staterooms,secretary'sroom,anobservationroom,and
oftenservant'squarters.Anumberoftheseprivatecarshavesurvivedthe
decadesandsomeareusedfortourrides,leasingforprivateevents,etc.Asmallnumberofprivatecars(along
withothertypesofpassengercars),havebeenupgradedtomeetcurrentAmtrakregulations,andmaybe
charteredbytheirownersforprivatetravelattachedtoAmtraktrains.
TheonlycurrentexampleinBritainistheBritishRoyalTrain.
Drovers'car
Drovers'carswereusedonlongdistancelivestocktrainsinthewesternUnitedStates.Thepurposeofadrovers'
carwastoaccommodatethelivestock'shandlersonthejourneybetweentheranchandprocessingplant.They
wereusuallyshorter,oldercars,andequippedwithstoveheaters,asnotrainlinesteamheatingwasprovided.
Troopsleeper
A"troopsleeper"wasarailroadpassengercarwhichhadbeenconstructedtoserveassomethingofamobile
barracks(essentially,asleepingcar)fortransportingtroopsoverdistancessufficienttorequireovernight
accommodations.Thismethodallowedpartofthetriptobemadeovernight,reducingtheamountoftransittime
requiredandincreasingtravelefficiency.Troopkitchens,rollinggalleys,alsojoinedtheconsistsinorderto
providemealserviceenroute(thetroopstooktheirmealsintheirseatsorbunks).Troophospitalcars,also
basedonthetroopsleepercarbody,transportedwoundedservicemenandtypicallytravelledinsolidstringson
specialtrainsaveragingfifteencarseach.
Hospitalcar
Avarietyofhospitaltrainsoperatearoundtheworld,employingspecialistcarriagesequippedashospitalwards,
treatmentrooms,andfullscaleoperatingtheatres.
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Prisonertransportcar
Manycountrieshistoricallyusedspecialrailroadcarstotransportprisoners.Thetraditionisnowextinct
anywhereexceptforthepostSovietcountrieswherededicatedcars(modifiedsleepingcars)continuetobe
routinelyusedforthatpurpose.RealSovietprisonercarsandrespectiveprocedureswasmaybeseeninThe
Guardandseveralothercrimerelatedfilms.

Cartechnology
Passengercarsareasalmostasoldasrailroadingitself,andtheirdevelopmentparalleledthatoffreightcars.
Earlytwoaxlecarsgavewaytoconventionaltwotruckconstructionwiththefloorofthecarridingabovethe
wheelslinkandpincouplersgavewaytoautomatictypes.
Severalconstructiondetailscharacterizedpassengerequipment.Passengertrainswereexpectedtorunathigher
speedsthanfreightservice,andthereforepassengertrucksevolvedtoallowsuperiorrideandbettertrackingat
thosespeeds.Overtime,inmostcasesprovisionwasmadeforpassengersandtrainstafftomovefromcartocar
thereforeplatformsandlatervestibuleswereusedtobridgethegap.
Inlateryearsanumberofchangestothisbasicformwereintroducedtoallowforimprovementsinspeed,
comfort,andexpense.
Articulated
ArticulatedpassengercarsarebecomingincreasinglycommoninEurope
andtheUS.Thismeansthatthepassengercarssharetrucksandthatthe
passagewaysbetweenthemaremoreorlesspermanentlyattached.The
carsarekeptin"trainsets"andnotsplitupduringnormaloperations.
Articulatedcarshaveanumberofadvantages.Theysaveonthetotal
numberofwheelsandtrucks,reducingcostsandmaintenanceexpenses.
Further,movementbetweencarsissaferandeasierthanwithtraditional
designs.Finally,itispossibletoimplementtiltingschemessuchasthe
Talgodesignwhichallowthetraintoleanintocurves.[2]Thechief
disadvantageisthatfailureofasinglecardisablestheentireset,since
individualcarscannotbereadilyswitchedinandoutoftheconsist.

TwoTGVs(coupled)witharticulated
trainsets

Lowfloor
Insomecountries(suchastheUS),platformlevelmaybebelowthelevel
ofthefloorofpassengercars,resultinginasignificantstepupfrom
platformlevelleadingtoslowerboardingtimes,whichareimportantfor
highcapacitysystems.Lowfloorcarshavetheirmainpassengerand
loadingfloordirectlyonlevelwiththeloadingplatform,insteadof
havingastepuptothepassengercompartmentaswastraditionaluntil
aroundthe1970s.Thisisachievedbyhavingalowslungchassiswiththe
"lowfloor"restingbetweenthetrucks,ratherthanrestingcompletelyon
topwithasimplerstraightchassisdesign.Thisimproveddesignisseenin
manypassengercarstoday,especiallydoubledeckercars.Thelowfloor
enableseasyaccessforbicycles,strollers,suitcases,wheelchairsand
thosewithdisabilities,whichisotherwisenotalwaysconvenientoreven
possiblewiththetraditionalpassengercardesign.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_car_(rail)#Coach

SiemensLightrailvehicle
(articulated,lowfloor)inPortland,
Oregon

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Selfpropelledpassengerequipment
Thesevehiclesusuallycarrymotivepowerineachindividualunit.Trams,LightRailVehiclesandsubwayshave
beenwidelyconstructedinurbanareasthroughouttheworldsincethelate19thcentury.Bytheyear1900,
electricpoweredpassengercarswereubiquitousinthedevelopedworld,buttheyfellintodeclineafterWorld
WarII,especiallyintheU.S.Bytheyear2000theyhadregainedpopularityandmodernlineswerebeingrebuilt
wheretheyhadbeentornuponly40yearsearliertomakewayforautomobiles.
Onlightertraffickedruralrailways,powereddieselcars(suchastheBuddRailDieselCar)continuetobe
popular.InGermanythenewTalentdesignshowsthatthedieselpoweredpassengercarisstillaviablepartof
railservice.IntheUK,locomotivehauledpassengertrainshavelargelybeenreplacedbydieselmultipleunits,
suchastheBombardierVoyagerfamily,evenonexpressservices.
Tilting
Thesecarsareabletotilttocountertheeffectsofinertiawhenturning,makingtheridemorecomfortableforthe
passengers.AmtrakhasadoptedTalgotrainsetsforitsAmtrakCascadesserviceinthePacificNorthwest.Other
manufacturershavealsoimplementedtiltingdesigns.TheBritishRailClass390isatiltingtrainoperatinginthe
UK.

Passengercarmanufacturers
Whilesomerailroads,liketheMilwaukeeRoad,preferredtobuildtheirownpassengercars,severalrailcar
manufacturersbuiltthemajorityofpassengercarsinrevenueservice.Mostofthesecompaniesproducedboth
passengerandfreightequipmentfortherailroads.Thisisbynomeansacomprehensivelistofallpassengercar
builders(seeListofrollingstockmanufacturersforamorecompletelist).Quitealargenumberoffirmsbuilt
passengercarsovertheyears,butthemajorityofcarsinthe20thcenturywerebuiltbythesecompanies.

AmericanCarandFoundry
AmericanCarandFoundrywasformedin1899throughthemergerof13smallerrailroadcarmanufacturing
companies(inmuchthesamewayastheAmericanLocomotiveCompanywasformedfromthemergerof8
smallerlocomotivemanufacturerstwoyearslaterin1901).ACFbuiltthefirstallsteelpassengercarintheworld
forInterboroughRapidTransitin1904,andthenbuiltthefirststeelcarsusedontheLondonUndergroundinthe
followingyear.Thecompanycontinuedtomanufacturepassengerequipmentuntil1959.ACFstillmanufactures
freightcarstoday.

Bombardier
Bombardieristhelargestmanufacturerofpassengercarsin
theworld.ThiscompanystartedinCanadaandhasbecome
multinational,makingeverythingfrompassengercarsto
commuteraircraftinfactoriesaroundtheworld.

BuddCompany
TheBuddCompanygotitsstartintheearly1930swhen
EdwardG.Budddevelopedawaytobuildcarbodiesoutof
stainlesssteel.In1932hecompletedhisfirstrailcar,dubbed
theGreenGoose.Itusedrubbertiresandastainlesssteel
body,andwaspoweredbytheengineoutofBudd'sown
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_car_(rail)#Coach

BOMBARDIERI11passengercarsofSNCB

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ChryslerImperialautomobile.BuddsoldafewoftheseearlypoweredcarstotheReadingRailroad,
PennsylvaniaRailroadandtheTexasandPacificRailway.Thenextyear,RalphBudd,onlyaverydistant
relation,butpresidentoftheChicago,BurlingtonandQuincyRailroadatthetime,cametoBuddtobuildthe
PioneerZephyr.
Buddwassooncalledonbyanotherrailroadpresidentbeforetheendofthedecade.SamuelT.Bledsoeasked
BuddtobuildthenewlightweightcarsfortheSantaFe'snewSuperChiefpassengertrain.
Buddcontinuedbuildinglightweightpoweredandunpoweredcarsthroughthe20thcenturyfornearlyevery
majorrailroadinNorthAmerica.

Kawasaki
KawasakihasbeenmanufacturingpassengerrailcarsatitsfacilityinLincoln,Nebraskasince2001.Kawasaki's
LincolnplanthasmanufacturedrailcarsforMBTA,NYCT,PATH,MNRwithcarsthathaveledthewaywith
theindustry'sbestMTBF(MeanTimeBetweenFailures).KawasakiRailCarwasthefirstAmericanrailcar
manufacturertoachievetheInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationISO9002certification.

Pullman
ThemostfamousofallthecarmanufacturerswasPullman,whichbeganasthePullmanPalaceCarCompany
foundedbyGeorgePullmanin1867.ThePullmanPalaceCarCompanymanufacturedrailroadcarsinthemid
tolate19thcenturythroughtheearlydecadesofthe20thcenturyduringtheboomofrailroadsintheUnited
States.
Pullmandevelopedthesleepingcarwhichcarriedhisnameintothe1980s.
In1900,thePullmanPalaceCarCompanywasreorganizedasThePullmanCo..
In1924,PullmanCar&ManufacturingCo.wasorganizedfromthepreviousPullmanmanufacturingdepartment
toconsolidatethecarbuildinginterestsofThePullmanCo.
In1934,PullmanCar&ManufacturingmergedwithStandardSteelCarCo.toformthePullmanStandardCar
ManufacturingCompany,whichremainedinthecarmanufacturingbusinessuntil1982.Pullmanmanufactured
itslastcarsforAmtrakin1981.ThelastcarbuiltanddeliveredattheendofJuly1981wasnamedGeorge
MortimerPullmaninhonorofthecompany'sfounder.

SiemensAG
Siemenswasfoundedin1847inBerlin,GermanybuildingConglomerates,ElectricandIndustryproducts,
HealthcareRadioativesystems,rollingstock,etc.TheSiemens"Viaggio"passengercarmodelsaretoall
purposesintheEuropeanrailways:ViaggioTwin:doubledeckcoachesusedonCityNightLineandBB
CityShuttleregionaltrainsViaggioClassic:OriginalSiemenspassengercars,similartoEurofimaUICcars,used
inGermany,Greece,CzechRepublicandAustriaViaggioLight:newlowfloorregionalpassengercoachesnow
usedinIsraelandViaggioComfort:NewluxuryarticulatedcoachesusedonBB'srailjetandSiemensCoach
2000prototypeloungecar.

St.LouisCarCompany
FoundedinApril1887,initsnamesakecity,St.LouisCarCompanymanufacturedrailroadcarsforstreetcar
lines(urbanpassengerrailways)andsteamrailroads.Thecompanymadebriefforaysintobuildingautomobiles
andaircraft,buttheyarebestknownasthemanufacturersofBirneyandPCCstreetcarswhichhaveseen
worldwideuse.St.LouisCarCompanyclosedin1973.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_car_(rail)#Coach

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Lighting,heating,airconditioning
TheearliestformoftrainlightingwasprovidedbyColzaoillamps.Thenextstagewasgaslighting,using
compressedgasstoredincylindersunderthecoaches.Finally,electriclightingwasintroduced.
Earlyrailwaycoacheshadnoheatingbutpassengerscouldhirefootwarmers.Theseworkedonthesame
principleamodernsodiumacetateheatingpads.Later,steamheatingwasintroduced,usingasteamsupplyfrom
thesteamlocomotive.Steamheatingcontinuedintothediesellocomotiveera,withsteamsuppliedbyasteam
generator.Now,electricheatingisalmostuniversalandairconditioningisoftenprovidedaswell.Inthecaseof
dieselmultipleunits,thecoachesmaybeheatedbywasteheatfromtheengines,asinanautomobile.

Capacitors
Inasubwaycar,tramortrain,aninsulatoratatrackswitchmaycutoffpowerfromthecarforafewfeetalong
thelineandusealargecapacitortostoreenergytodrivethesubwaycarthroughtheinsulatorinthepower
feed.[3]

Fiction
TheRailwaySeries
AnnieandClarabel

Seealso
Firstclasstravel
Listofnamedpassengertrainswherethecarswereused
Category:Namedpassengertrains
Privaterailroadcar
TrainstationThepublicinterfacetopassengertrainsaroundtheworld
Tram
Travelclass
Technologiesused
Airbrake
Clerestorycar
DoubledeckertrainManycoacheswereandarebuiltasbilevel(doubledecker)cars,suchcarsare
operatedbycommuterrailwaysinmanylargecitiesinNorthAmericaaswellasoncommuterand
mainlinetrainsinEurope.
Lowfloortrains
Passengertraintoilets
Railwaybrakes
Vacuumbrake
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_car_(rail)#Coach

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References
1. ^http://www.oxfordadvancedlearnersdictionary.com/dictionary/bogie
2. ^ab"TalgoHistory(cachedpageatthe[http://waybackmachine.orgWaybackMachine])"
(http://web.archive.org/web/20040604125158/http://www.talgo.com/htm/tecnologiatecnologia2.htm).Archivedfromthe
original(http://www.talgo.com/htm/tecnologiatecnologia2.htm)on20040604.
3. ^Capacitors(http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/mastascu/elessonshtml/lc/capac1.htm)

Ellis,Hamilton(1968,fourthprinting1973).Thepictorialencyclopediaofrailways.HamlynPublishing
Group.ISBN060003075X.Checkdatevaluesin:|date=(help)
Mencken,August(2000)[1957].Therailroadpassengercar:Anillustratedhistoryofthefirsthundred
yearswithaccountsbycontemporarypassengers.JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,Baltimore,MD.
ISBN0801865417.
Welsh,Joe(2005)Newdealforrailtravel,Classictrainsspecialedition:Streamlinerpioneers,Kalmbach
Publishing,Waukesha,WI,3,817.
White,JohnH.(1985)[1978].TheAmericanRailroadPassengerCar(http://books.google.com/books?
id=VmZmOS5rm5MC)1.Baltimore,MD:JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress.ISBN0801827221.
OCLC11469984(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11469984).

Externallinks
PRREquipmentDiagrams(includesdetailedfloorplansofalltypes
ofpassengercarsbyvariousbuildersusedonthePennsylvania
Railroad,aswellasfreightcarsandlocomotives)
(http://prr.railfan.net/diagrams/PRRdiagrams.html?
sel=&sz=sm&fr=)
St.LouisCarCompanyCollectionatWashingtonUniversity,St.

WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoRailway
coaches.
LookupPassengercarin
Wiktionary,thefree
dictionary.

Louis(http://library.wustl.edu/units/spec/archives/guides/bysubject_stlouis/carcompany.html)
FlexibleRailwayPassengerCars(http://www.railinteriordesign.net/?sprache=en)astudyonmore
efficientuseofpassengerequipment
TheAbrahamLincoln1910HeavyweightPullmanBusinessCar(http://www.pullmancar.com)
TheAmericanAssociationofPrivateRailroadCarOwners,Inc.(http://www.aaprco.com/)information
onowningandcharteringprivaterailroadcars
Listofrailroadcarmanufacturersbycountry(http://www.railfrance.org/category2.asp?
SubCatID=34#France,)(inFrench)
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passenger_car_(rail)&oldid=643673672#Coach"
Categories: Passengercoaches

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_car_(rail)#Coach

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