Republic of the Philippines

SUPREME COURT
Manila
THIRD DIVISION
G.R. No. L-35316 October 26, 1987
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, petitioner,
vs.
HONORABLE PEDRO JL. BAUTISTA and IMELDA MANGABAT
SORENSEN, respondents,

FERNAN, J.:
This is a petition for review on certiorari to annul the judgment of the then Court of
First Instance of Rizal, Branch III, Pasay City in Special Proceedings No. 2191-P the
dispositive portion of which reads:
WHEREFORE, the Court hereby grants the herein petition, and the Local Civil
Registrar of Pasay City ordered, upon payment of the prescribed fees, to change
the word "American" into "Danish", the nationality of Bo Huage Sorensen appearing
in the birth certificate of his second son, Raymund Mangabat Sorensen [Exh. E-1]
for all purposes and effects. 1
In her verified petition filed before the lower court, private respondent Imelda
Mangabat Sorensen sought to correct and change the word "American" into the
word "Danish" in the birth certificate of her minor son, Raymund Mangabat
Sorensen to reflect the true nationality of Bo Huage Sorensen, her husband and the
father of said minor child.
Upon compliance with the jurisdictional requirements set forth in Rule 108 of the
Rules of Court on cancellation or correction of entries in the Civil Registry, the
petition was set for hearing.

The evidence adduced in support of the petition is summarized in the lower court's
decision as follows:
Petitioner Imelda Mangabat Sorensen in substance testified that she is married to
Bo Huage Sorensen, a Danish citizen [Exhs. "C" and "C-1"] that which her Danish
husband, she begot two (2) children, namely: Launny and Raymund [Exhs. "D" and
"E"]; that the nationality of her husband was correctly stated as "Danish" [Exhs. "D"
and "D-1"] while in the birth certificate of her second son Raymund, her husband's
nationality was erroneously stated as "American" [Exhs. "E" and "E-1"].
Bo Huage Sorensen testified that he was born of a Danish father, on April 22, 1944,
at Vejle Denmark, and presented a certification issued by the Royal Danish
Consulate of Manila [Exhs. "E", "F-1"and "F-2"]; that on March 14, 1968, he was
married to petitioner Imelda Mangabat at Makati, Rizal [Exhs. "C" and "C-1"] that he
is still considered tourist and living with his wife and two sons at 122-A Mabuhay St.,
Palay City; that in the birth certificate of his first child, Launny Mangabat Sorensen,
his nationality as "Danish" was correctly stated, while in the birth certificate of his
second son, Raymund, his citizenship was erroneously entered as "American"
[Exhs. "D" and "E"]. 2
The Republic of the Philippines opposed the aforesaid petition and moved for the
dismissal on the ground that a correction of entry in the Civil Registry is allowed only
when the same refers to mere clerical errors or mistakes, but not to substantial
changes affecting the civil status, nationality or citizenship of the person concerned.
Thereafter, the court a quo opposed rendered the assailed decision ordering the
Local Civil Registrar of Pasay City as prayed for to make the necessary corrections
in the entry of birth of minor Raymund Mangabat Sorensen.
Upon denial of its motion for reconsideration, oppositor Republic of the Philippines
appealed to this Court, raising the sole issue of whether or not the challenged
decision which involves the question of citizenship is a matter which can legally be
treated under the provision of Article 412 of the Civil Code, in conjunction with Rule
108 of the Rules of Court. 3
The petitioner Republic of the Philippines claims that the proceedings laid down in
Article 412 of the Civil Code, in relation to Rule 108 of the Rules of Court, refer only

to corrections of clerical errors or alterations which are harmless and innocuos

Since the petition under consideration concerns the citizenship of private
respondent's son, the same cannot be determined under the aforementioned
provisions of law. Citizenship is a grave and serious matter which should be
threshed out only in an appropriate suit, wherein not only the State but also all
affected persons are made parties defendants or respondents including the
Commissioner of the then Bureau of Immigration who was not summoned in the
special proceedings below.
We are constrained to deny the instant petition for review. The issue now before Us
has been resolved in the well-written and exhaustive ponencia in Republic vs.
Valencia 4 wherein the Court, speaking through Justice Gutierrez, Jr., held in effect
that proceedings under Article 412 of the Civil Code and Rule 108 of the Rules of
Court may either be summary or adversary in nature.
If the correction sought to be made in the civil register is clerical, then the procedure
to be adopted is summary. If the rectification affects the civil status, citizenship or
nationality of a party, it is deemed substantial, and the procedure to be adopted is
adversary. Thus We said in Republic vs. Valencia:
It is undoubtedly true that if the subject matter of a petition is not for the correction of
clerical errors of a harmless and innocuous nature, but one involving nationality or
citizenship, which is indisputably substantial as well as controverted, affirmative
relief cannot be granted in a proceeding summary in nature. However, it is also true
that a right in law may be enforced and a wrong may be remedied as long as
the appropriate remedy is used. This Court adheres to the principle that even
substantial errors in a civil registry may be corrected and the true facts established
provided the parties aggrieved by the error avail themselves of the appropriate
adversary proceeding...
What is meant by appropriate adversary proceeding?" Black's law Dictionary
defines' adversary proceeding' as follows:
One having opposing parties; contested, as distinguished from an ex parte
application, one of which the party seeking relief has given legal warning to the
other party, and afforded the latter an opportunity to contest it. ... 5

We further ruled in Republic vs. Valencia that if the procedural requirements

provided in Sections 3, 4 and 5 of the Rules of Court are followed, the procedure
ceases to be summary and becomes litigious. Proceedings following the
aforementioned sections may then be appropriate for the correction of substantial
matters in the civil registry.6
In the earlier case of Republic vs. Medina, 7 which cited Chua Wee vs. Republic, 8 it
was noted therein that from the effectivity of the new Civil Code on August 30, 1950
until the promulgation of the Revised Rules of Court on January 1, 1984, there was
no rule of court prescribing the particular course of action for securing judicial
authorization to effect harmless changes or revisions in the civil register pursuant to
Article 412 of the Civil Code. Rule 108 of the 1964 Rules of Court provides for such
a mode which should however be limited solely to the implementation of Article 412,
the substantive law on corrections in the civil register.
From the 1954 case of Ty Kong Tin vs. Republic 9 to the case of Republic vs.
Caparosso, 10 the consistent rule laid down was that the revision of any entry
pursuant to Article 412, as implemented by rule 108, referred to those changes that
are harmless and innocuos. In those cases, however, it was intimated that
rectifications regarding nationality or citizenship in the civil register may be
undertaken as long as the appropriate remedy is used.
Going back to the case of Republic vs. Valencia, We postulated that the appropriate
remedy may well be a petition filed by way of special proceeding for the cancellation
and/or correction of substantial entries in the civil register with the requisite parties,
notices, publications and the proceedings to be taken thereafter pursuant to
Sections 3, 4 and 5 of Rule 108 because then the proceedings will be adversary in
character. We said:
Thus, the persons who must be made parties to a proceeding concerning the
cancellation or correction of an entry in the civil register are [1] the civil registrar,
and 121 all persons who have or claim any interest which would be affected thereby.
Upon the filing of the petition, it becomes the duty of the court to (1) issue an
order fixing the time and place for the hearing of the petition, and (2) cause the
order for the hearing to be published once a week for three [3] consecutive weeks in
a newspaper of general circulation in the province. The following are likewise

entitled to oppose the petition: - ill the civil registrar, and [2] any person having or
claiming any interest under the entry whose cancellation or correction is sought.

the ground that the correction being sought did riot refer to a mere clerical mistake
but to a substantial change involving the nationality of a person.

If all these procedural requirements have been followed, a petition for correction
and/or cancellation of entries in the record of birth even if filed and conducted under
Rule 108 of the Revised Rules of Court can no longer be described as "summary".
There can be no doubt that when an opposition to the petition is filed either by the
Civil Registrar or any person having or claiming any interest in the entries sought to
be caancelled and/or corrected and the opposition is actively prosecuted, the
proceedings thereon become adversary proceedings. 11

In the light of the foregoing which show compliance with Sections 2, 4 and 5 of Rule
108, the proceedings undertaken in the lower court in Special Proceedings No.
2191-P were unmistakably adversary, thus removing the initial apprehension of the
State that "if the entries in the civil registrar could corrected ... through a mere
summary proceeding and not through an appropriate action wherein all the parties
who may be affected by the entries are notified or represented, we would set wide
open the door to fraud or other mischief, the consequence of which might be
detrimental and far-reaching." 12

In the present case, the records show that the Pasay City Local Civil Registrar and
the Solicitor General [as counsel for the Republic] were made parties to the petition
for correction of entry in the civil registry filed in the Court of First Instance of Rizal,
Pasay City branch. The proper notice was published once a week for three [3]
consecutive weeks in the Rizal Weekly Bulletin, a newspaper of general circulation.
The Republic appeared through a trial attorney of the Office of the Solicitor General
who was present and did not object to the presentation of evidence, although after
the hearing, the said trial attorney filed an opposition and/or motion to dismiss on

WHEREFORE, the instant petition for review on certiorari is hereby denied for lack
of merit and the decision of the court a quo in Special Proceedings No. 2191-P is
affirmed.
SO ORDERED.