JAMES RUSE AGRICULTURAL HIGH SCHOOL

MATHEMATICS PROGRAM HSC - 2010

EXTENSION I
TOPIC SUMMARY
UNIT 1.

COORDINATE GEOMETRY PROOFS

UNIT 2.

CURVE SKETCHING and MAXIMUM/MINIMUM VALUE PROBLEMS-

UNIT 3.

INTRODUCTION TO INTEGRATION AND APPLICATIONS

UNIT 4.

RADIAN MEASURE and TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

UNIT 5.

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

-------------------------- Year 11 Term 4 Assessment ----- (TOPICS 1 - 5) ----------UNIT 6.

SERIES AND SEQUENCES

UNIT 7.

MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

UNIT 8.

LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

UNIT 9.

RELATED RATES OF CHANGE

UNIT 10.

CALCULUS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

-------------------------- Year 12 Term 1 Assessment ------ (TOPICS 6 10)---------UNIT 11.

DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY, ACCELERATION

UNIT 12.

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY

UNIT 13.

3 UNIT PROBABILITY

UNIT 14.

APPLICATIONS OF CALCULUS TO THE PHYSICAL WORLD

------------------------- Year 12 Term 2 Assessment -------(TOPICS 11 14)--------UNIT 15.

THE BINOMIAL THEOREM AND PROBABILITY

---------------------- Year 12 Trial HSC Assessment ------(TOPICS 1 15)----------UNIT 16.

POLYNOMIALS
---------------------------------- Year 12 HSC ---------------------------------------

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

HSC. UNIT 1.

COORDINATE GEOMETRY PROOFS

Student outcomes

(i)

Student is able to:

Use coordinate geometry methods to solve
geometric problems.

Implications, considerations and

implementations
Knowledge of sufficiency conditions may be
needed to lessen the amount of working
required to prove the nature of various
geometric shapes
Examples:
(1) Show that the triangle with vertices (1,1),
(1,3) and (3,5) is isosceles.
(2) Given A, B and C are the points (1,2) ,
(2,5) and (4,1) respectively find D such that
ABCD is a parallelogram.
(3) Find the coordinates of the point A on the
line x 3 such that the line joining A to
B where B is the point (3,5) is
perpendicular to the line 2 x 5 y 12 .

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

HSC. UNIT 2. CURVE SKETCHING and MAXIMUM/MINIMUM VALUE PROBLEMS

This topic was covered in the preliminary course and only needs revision
Student outcomes

(i)

Implications, considerations and

implementations

Student is able to:

(a) State the significance of the sign of the
first derivative.
(b) Identify monotonic increasing and
decreasing functions.

(ii)
R

dy
(a) Find stationary points on a curve.
0 . For
For a stationary point at x0 , y 0 ,
(A definition can be found in the syllabus
dx
note 10.2).
a max/min turning point finding values of x for
dy
0 is sufficient for sketching most
dx
dy
0 does not always imply
curves. However
dx

(b) Identify local maxima and minima.

which

(c) Distinguish between local maximum or

minimum and absolute maximum or
minimum value of a function over a
given domain.

that there is a turning point, but in all cases of a

turning point

dy
must change sign for points
dx

before and after x0 , y 0 ; while for some curves

dy
may not exist at x0 , y 0 - yet the curve
dx

changes direction. Consider curves such as

y 3 x 2 and y x for which the gradient
functions do not exist at their max/min turning
points.

y 3 x2

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

y x

(iii)

(a) Find second derivative and use it to

determine concavity - concave up and
concave down.
(b) Investigate the geometrical significance
of the sign of the second derivative.
(c) Examine inflexional tangents.
(d) Find points of inflexion and horizontal
points of inflexion.

NOTE: Stress that a point of inflexion is a point

about which the concavity of the curve
changes.
2
d y
0 is not a sufficient test for inflexion
dx 2
d2y
points since
0 at x 0 for both y x 2
dx 2
and y x 3 but y x 2 has a minimum turning
point at 0,0 while y x 3 has a horizontal
inflexion point at 0,0 .
Curves may also have inflexion points where
the tangent is vertical. Consider y 3 x . There
is still a change in y before and after 0,0 .

y3 x

In all cases students must test

d2y
for
dx 2

values before and after (xo,yo).

(iv)

Sketch simple polynomial curves using

calculus techniques combined with work
from units 1. (Polynomials of degree 3 and
higher.)

(v)

(a) Sketch rational functions

(b) (Extension)
Sketch rational functions that include
both horizontal and vertical asymptotes.

(vi)

Sketch products.

1
1
1
, y
, y x ,
x
x 1
x
x
x 1
x 1
y
(b) Such as y
, y 2
.
2 ,
x 1
1 x
x 9

(a) y

x
x
Such as y xe , y xe , y x ln x ,

y x 2 ln x

(vii) Find maximum and minimum values of

functions.

Such as y x ln x .

(viii) Sketch a portion of a curve given properties

about y and y .
(ix)

Sketch y and y given a graph of

y f x .

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUE PROBLEMS

(viii) Construct the function to be analysed from
data given in words or on a diagram.

Geometrical and practical problems are to be

stressed.
Eg.1: Constructing various containers or
enclosures to maximise/minimise areas,
volumes, costs etc. given fixed
perimeters, surface areas etc.
Prove that a closed cylinder of fixed
surface area has maximum volume when
its diameter equals its height.
Eg.2: Given the hourly running cost of a ship as
a function of its velocity, find the most
economical running speed.
Students need to pay particular attention to
restrictions on variables and their explanation
of why there is a local as well as an absolute
max./min. for the values under consideration.

(ix)

Complete problems in which there is more

than one case to consider.

See H.S.C. 1988 3/4 unit Q7(ii).

Note: Problems involving Trigonometry are
introduced in Topic 10.

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

HSC. UNIT 3.

INTRODUCTION TO INTEGRATION AND APPLICATIONS

Student outcomes

Implications, considerations and

implementations

Student is able to:

(i)

Find the primitive function given

dy
f x
dx

and an ordered pair x0 , y 0 that is a member

of the function.

Eg. The gradient function of a curve is given as

dy
3 x 2 1 and the curve passes through
dx

the point (4,1). Find the equation of the

curve.

Give a geometrical interpretation of the

primitive function as one of a family of
similar curves.
Complete simple exercises involving the
primitive of a function.
(ii)

Complete rates of change problems in which

a derivative statement is given.

Eg. Water escapes from a crack in a dam wall

and collects in a large pool near its base at
a rate given by

dV
30 t litres/min
dt

where V litres is the volume of water in the

pool. (i) Find the rate at which the water is
flowing into the pool after 10 minutes. (ii)
If the pool initially held 1000l find the
amount of water in the pool after 10
minutes.
(iii)

Find approximations to the area bounded by

a curve, the x-axis and two ordinates by
taking several inscribed and circumscribed
rectangles. Complete further exercises with
simple curves.

(iv)

Investigate the concept that as the number

(n) of subdivisions increases then the
approximate sums approach the value of A.

Find an approximation of the area bounded by

y x 2 , xaxis, x 0 and x 4 , by using
inscribed and circumscribed rectangles.

Develop the idea that for n rectangles each

with a small base of length x and height
f xi , the sum of the areas is represented
x b

A f ( xi )x .

symbolically by:

xa

(v)

Use the notation

f ( x) dx

for limiting

case,
x b

i.e. lim
f ( xi ) x =
x 0
xa

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

f ( x) dx .
a

(vi)

Investigate the relationship between the

integral and the primitive function developed
by considering
f ( x)

A( x x x
f ( x x) as
x

x 0 .

and the result that if y f x for a x b ,

then
A x F x F a where F x f x
and
A b F b F a where F x f x .
(vii) Investigate the result
b

f ( x)dx F b F a
a

Illustrate by simple examples involving

f x x n n 0 .
(viii) Find the standard integral for x n obtained
by considering integration as the inverse
operation of differentiation.
(ix)

Evaluate integrals involving

sin ax , cos ax , sec 2 ax .
f x
1 , 1 ,
.
x ax b f x
e x , e ax b , f x e f x .
f x f x n

E.g. Find

x
16 x 2

dx .

Note: This integral can also be calculated using

the substitution u 16 x 2 . [see (x)(h)]

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

(x)

Complete questions on indefinite integration

including:
(a) Standard forms.
(b

cf x dx c

f ( x ) dx .

(c)

f x g x dx

f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx

(d) Integrals of products handled by first

simplifying algebraically:
(e) Integrals of quotients:

(d) 2 x 1

dx ,

x dx ,

3x 2 4 x 3 dx

(e) Integrals such as

x3 1
dx which initially
2x

need to be manipulated algebraically.

(f) Integrals of the form ax b dx ,

including fractional values of n such as
n

ax b dx

(g) Integrals involving limits.

(h) Integrals using a given substitution:

(h) x

x 2 1 dx

let u t

t
dt
4
x

4 x
t
dt
t 1
2

let u x

dx

let u 4 x
2

let u

t 1

(i)
(i) Integrals using a given substitution and
involving limits.

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

x 2 dx

(let u x 2)

Note:
Problems involving Trigonometric
substitution are introduced in Topic 10.

(xi)

Complete calculations involved in finding:

(a) Areas on one side of the xaxis and
bounded by two ordinates, the axis and
the curve.
(b) Areas for curves that cut the xaxis.

(a) Eg. y x 3 4x 2 and x-axis between x 1

and x 3 .
(b) Eg. y x 2 5 x 6 and x-axis between
x 0 and x 4 .
(c) Eg. Area bounded by y x 2 and y x 3 .

(c) Areas bounded by 2 curves and which are

entirely on one side of the xaxis.
(d) Eg. Area bounded by y 2 x and
y x 2 5x 6 .
(d) Areas that involve addition and
subtraction of integrals.
(e) Treatment of the four types related to the
y-axis.
(xii) (a) Derive and use the Trapezoidal Rule.
(b) Use Simpson's rule as a method of
finding an approximate value of an
integral.
Application to finding approximate
values of areas for simple regions.

(a)

b
a

f ( x ) dx

ba
f (a) f (b)
2

(b) Note: This topic is to be approached

through successive applications of
the rule:
b

ba
a b
a f ( x) dx 6 f (a) 4 f 2 f (b)

(c) Prove that Simpson's rule gives exact

value for general cubic as well as a
general quadratic.
(d) Use Simpson's rule to find
approximations to integrals derived from
volumes of revolution or rates of change
by first forming the appropriate integral.
b

(xiii) Interpret a f ( x) dx as the numerical value

of the difference between area above and
area below xaxis.
(xiv) Apply integration to finding the volume of
solids of revolution about both the xaxis
and the yaxis.
(xv) Investigate cases where difference of regions Eg. Find the volume formed when the region
is involved.
bounded by the positive co-ordinate axes,
x 2 and y x 2 2 is rotated about the
y axis .
(xvi) Derive standard results for the cone and the
sphere.
JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

(xvii) (Extension)
E

Find the area bounded by y

1
, the xaxis,
x

x 1 and x a and then the volume

obtained by rotating this area about the
x axis . Then consider the situation for the
area and volume as a .

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

10

HSC. UNIT 4.

RADIAN MEASURE and TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

This topic revises earlier work involving trigonometry (preliminary course Units 5) and extends it to
include solutions of equations involving radians.
Student outcomes

(i)
R

Implications, considerations and

implementations

Student is able to:

(a) Define a radian as an angle subtended at
the centre of a circle by an arc equal to a
radius.
Convert degrees radians using a
calculatorandtherelationship 180 .
(b) Evaluate expressions involving radians

(ii)
R
(iii)
R

(b) sin

, sin 2
4

Find the length of an arc: l r .

Calculate arc length given r and .
Calculate given l and r.
Find the area of sector: A

1 2
r
2

Find the area of a segment as the difference

between the areas of a triangle and sector.
A

1 2
r sin
2

(iv)
R

Apply the formulae for length of arc and

areas to problems.

(v)

Prove that for small values of x,

sin x x tan x

Prove that sin x x tan x for 0 x

Eg. Finding the volume of a cone formed from

a sector of given dimensions.

2
sin x
tan x
Deduce results for lim
, lim
x 0
x 0
x
x

Extend these results to finding limits such as:

sin 2 x
sin 2 x
lim
,
x 0
x 0 tan 3 x
5x

lim

(vi)

Graph trigonometric functions as examples

of periodic graphs.

Graphs should include: y sin x , y cos x ,

y tan x , y cosecx , y sec x , y cot x .

R
Determine and use period and amplitude.
Identify natural domain and range.

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

11

(vii) (a) Graph functions of the form:

y a sin bx , y a sin bx c ,
y a sin bx
R

{Pupils should be lead to the fact that the

amplitude is
y a sin nx

and period is

2
for
n

(b) Graph trig functions involving addition

and subtraction of ordinates.

(a) They should graph y a sin bx by

suitably transforming the axes for y sin x .
Eg. y sin 2 x , y 4 cos 3 x , y 12 sin
y 5 3 cos x , y 3 sin 2 x .

2 x ,

(b) Use of addition of ordinates to graph

functions such as y x sin 2 x .
Solution of equations such as x sin 2 x 1
using the graph.
Graphing functions such as
y 2 sin x cos 2 x by addition of ordinates.

(viii) (a) Write the expansions for sin x y ,

cos x y , tan x y .
R
(b) Prove simple identities.
(ix)
R

Write expansions for sin 2 x , cos 2 x and

tan 2 x and use them in simplifying
trigonometric identities.

(x)
R

Develop an expression for sin 2 ax and

cos 2 ax in terms of cos 2ax .

(xi)

Write solution of trigonometric equations in

radians.
General solutions should be revised.

(a) Calculation of exact values for sin 15 ,

cos 15 , tan 15 , sin 75 , cos 75 ,
tan 75 , sin 8 , etc.
(b) Prove:
Prove that

sin 3 x cos x cos 3 x sin x

tan 2 x
cos 3 x cos x sin 3 x sin x
sin 3 x cos 3 x

2
sin x
cos x

Eg. Solve for 0 x 2

(i) 2 sin x 1 ,
(ii) 3 cos 2 x 2 sin x 2 0 .
Eg. Write a general solution for

3 tan x 1 .

Extension to solution of equations involving

simple changes in functions: cos x sec x , etc.
(xii) Use the general solution in solving equations Eg.Write a general solution for
such as:
(i) sin 5 x sin 2 x i.e. 5 x n 1 n .2 x
n
x
tan Ax tan Bx , cos Ax cos Bx
5 2( 1) n
sin Ax sin Bx , sin Ax cos Bx
(ii) cos 3 x sin 2 x i.e. cos 3 x sin 2 x

cos 3x cos 2 2 x
3 x 2n 2 2 x
this can then be solved for x

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

12

(xiii) (a) Write A cos x B sin x in the form

R cos x , R sin x , R 0 and
R
0 2 .
(b) Solve equations of the form
A cos x B sin x C using the auxiliary
angle method and radians.
(c) Sketch functions of the form
y A cos x Bsinx etc. by writing them
in the form y R cos x or
y R sin x .
The maximum/minimum turning points
or intercepts should first be obtained and
then the curve is simple to sketch.

(c)

y 5 sin 3x 4 has maximum values at

3x 4 m 1

m
2

The minimum value occurs at

m
3 x 4 m 1 2 , x

or 1112 .
7
12

(xiv) Solve equations of the form

A cos x B sin x C using the t method and
radians.

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

13

HSC. UNIT 5.

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

Student outcomes

(i)

Implications, considerations and

implementations

Student is able to:

Understand the concept of the inverse of a
function.
Develop the geometrical relationship
between graphs of f x and f 1 x
Understand the necessity for restricting the
domain or range of f 1 x if it is to be a
single valued function. Examples such as
y x2 .

(ii)

Define inverse trigonometric functions.

Develop geometrical relationship between
sin x and sin 1 x .
Graph sin 1 x and give the domain and
range of sin 1 x .

(iii)

Read the expression sin 1 x as "the number

between 2 and 2 whose sine is x."
(Discourage students from considering
sin 1 x only as an angle in radians. This is
only appropriate when a diagram is
involved).
Use appropriate methods of verbalising
cos 1 x and tan 1 x .
Change from y sin 1 x to x sin y

(iv)

Evaluate inverse trigonometric expressions

from the definition.

Expressions such as sin

Find the exact value of compound

expressions.

Eg. Evaluate sin cos

1 3
5

, tan

1 1
2

sin 1 54

Use the calculator in evaluating inverse

trigonometric expressions.

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

14

(v)

Investigate the fact that cos 1 cos x x

(a) Graph y cos 1 cos x by plotting points
to see behaviour of this function.
(b) Graph y cos 1 cos x and
corresponding graphs for
y sin 1 sin x and y tan 1 tan x
(c) Come to the general conclusion that if
f 1 x is the inverse of f x then
f 1 f x x for some functions.

(vi)

Understand simple properties of inverse

functions:
(a) sin 1 x sin 1 x
(b) tan 1 x tan 1 x

Use of these results to evaluate expressions such

1
1
1
as cos 12 , tan

(c) cos 1 x cos 1 x

1
1
(d) sin x cos x

for 1 x 1

(vii) Find the derivatives of the inverse

trigonometric functions.
Differentiate inverse trigonometric functions. Examples such as x tan 1 x 2 , sin 1 1 x 2 ,
Use these results of standard derivatives to
1
differentiate expressions such as tan 23x

sin 1 ax , cos 1 ax , tan 1 ax .

Find the derivative of sin 1 x cos 1 x

(viii) Apply these derivatives to equations of
tangents and normal.
(ix)

Investigate relative shapes of

sin 1 x, x, sin x in the neighbourhood of
x 0.

(x)

Graph inverse trigonometric functions of the Eg. y 2 sin 1 3 x , y cos 1 x ,

form y a sin 1 bx and state the domain and
y 2 tan 1 4x , y 2 2 sin 1 2x .
range of these functions.

(xi)

Reconcile the shapes of cos 1 cos x etc.

using calculus.

(xii) Graph further inverse trigonometric

functions using calculus.

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

1
1
Eg. y sin 1 x cos 1 x , y tan x tan

1
x

where x 0 , y 2 sin 1 x cos 1 2 x 1

.

15

(xiii) Write the general solution of a trigonometric

equation using inverse trigonometry.

Eg.Solve 2 cos x 1 =>

(xiv) Complete maximum and minimum value

problems involving inverse trigonometry.

Eg. A flag pole 5 metres high stands on a

building which is 50 metres high. The
building stands on horizontal ground. Find
the distance from the foot of the building
to the point where the flag subtends the
greatest possible angle.

(xv)

Find integrals of the form

1
a x
2

and

1
.
a x2
2

(xvi) Find integrals involving negative limits.

x 2m cos 1 12

cx
as
a x2
general integration involving logarithms is
covered in Unit 8 (Logarithms).

Beware of integrals involving

3
2

Eg.

9 x2

dx

(xvii) Find the integral of sin 1 x cos 1 x .

(xviii)

Find integrals that initially need to be split.

Eg.

x2 1
3
dx 1 2
dx
2
x 4
x 4

Note: Integrals leading to expressions of the

cx
form 2
will be covered and compared
a x2
c
with 2
in Unit 8 (Logarithms).
a x2
(xix) Complete area and volume problems.

Eg. (a) find area bounded by y 3 cos 1 2 x

and the coordinate axes.
1
(b) find the area bounded by y 4 sin 3x ,

the positive x-axis for 0 x 1 12 .

Beware of integrals involving inverse trig. that
lead to the integration of tan x , tan 2 x or
sin 2 x as these will be covered in Unit 10
(Trigonometry)

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

16

HSC. UNIT 6.

SEQUENCES AND SERIES

Student outcomes

(i)

Implications, considerations and

implementations

Student is able to:

Recognise number patterns and use them in
calculations.
Discuss concepts of sequences and series.

(ii)

Find a formula for Tn given S n

Tn S n S n 1

(be careful that S n actually is the summation

formula for some sequence)
Beware that S n represents the sum of an actual
sequence - eg. The sum of an AP is represented
by a quadratic expression but every quadratic
expression is not necessarily the sum of an AP
(iii)

Express a sum using sigma notation

Eg:

k 10

(i) Write in expanded form

k 1

(ii) Write
(iv)

Identify and use arithmetic sequence:

(a) General terms: Tn a n 1 d .

1 2 3
20

in
2 3 4
21

3k

notation.

To prove that a sequence is arithmetic you need

to prove that Tn Tn 1 constant .

(b) Sum of n terms given:

(i) a, n and last term l: S n

n
(a l )
2

or
(ii) a, n and d: S n

n
2a n 1 d
2

(c) Determine if a number belongs to an

arithmetic sequence.

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

17

(v)

Identify and use geometric sequence:

n 1
(a) General term: Tn ar .

a (1 r n )
(b) Sum of n terms: S n
.
1 r

(c) Limiting sum:

S

a
1 r

for 1 r 1, r 0 .

(d) Determine if a number belongs to a

geometric sequence.

r 0 because the ratio

Tn
is not defined for
Tn 1

n 2 and r 1 because S n is undefined.

Better to consider the case if r 1 as an AP

with common difference = 0.
To prove that a sequence is geometric you need
Tn
constant .
to prove that
Tn 1
Some students may be aware of the rule
Sn

a rl
for the sum of a GP given its first
1 r

term a, common ratio r and last term l.

(vi)

Find the sum of a series from first principles

rS n S n .

n
n 1
n2
2 n
eg: S n 3 3 3 3

Discus existence of limiting sum of such a

sequence.

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

18

(vii) Complete simple practical exercises applied

to:
(a) Salaries with incremental increases.

(a) A clerk has an initial salary of $10 200 and

annual increments of $900. What will he
earn in 10th year? What will he earn over 30
years?

(b) Compound Interest/Depreciation.

(c) Superannuation.

(c) A man invests $1000 at the beginning of

each year in a superannuation fund. If
interest is paid at 9%, what will his
investment be after 30 year?

(d) Time payments.

(d) A man borrows $3000 at 1 12 % per month on

the outstanding balance and pays it off in
equal monthly instalments. What should his
instalments be in order to pay off in 4 years?.

(e) General problems of a noncommercial

nature.

(e) (i) A hospital patient receives a 10mg dose

of medicine at intervals of 4 hours.
During each interval the amount of
medicine in the body reduces to 75% of
the amount present at the start. Prove that
there will always be less than 40mg of
medicine in the body irrespective of the
length of the treatment.
(ii) A certain gas lighter takes 2.51.015 n
seconds to light the gas after it is used
for the nth time after the battery is
replaced. If the lighter takes more than 5
minutes to light the gas, an explosion
will result. Can this happen? If so when?

(viii) Apply limiting sums to recurring decimals.

Eg. Convert 0.1212.... to a rational number in

its simplest form.

(ix)

Eg. Find nth term and sum of n terms for

composite sequences such as:

Find the general term and sum of a series of

a composite type.

(i ) 1 12 3 14 5 18 , Tn 2n 1 2 n
S n n 2 1 2 n
(ii ) 1 12 2 14 4 18 , Tn 2 n 1 2 n
S n 2 n 2 n

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

19

HSC. UNIT 7.

INDUCTION

Student outcomes

(i)
3U
(ii)

Implications, considerations and

implementations

Student is able to:

Understand the principle of mathematical
induction.
Apply the Principle of Mathematical
Induction to problems involving:

3U
(a) Sums of series AP or GP.

(a) 7 11 15 4n 3 n 2n 5

(b) Sums/products of other series.

2
2
2
2
(b) (i) 1 2 3 n 16 n n 1 2n 1

(ii) 1.2 2.3 3.4 n n 1 n n 2 1

1
3
iii n 1 n 2 2n 1 2n

2 n 1 3 5 2n 1

(c) Algebraic identities.

(c) x 2 3 n 1 x n
x
x
x
x 1 x

(d) Divisibility.

(d) Eg. 3 4 n 1 is divisible by 80. (Note: Try

and prove that 3 4 n 80 p 1 , p an integer )
(e) Prove that the derivative of x n is nx n 1 .

(e) Derivatives
(f) Geometrical proof
(Only to be tested in Yr12 Trial Exam)

(f) Number of sectors that n diameters form in

a circle, angle sum of nsided figure,
exterior angle sum for a of polygons.

(g) Inequality proofs

(g) 2 n n 2 for n 4 , 1 x n 1 nx for

n 1 and x 0 .
(h) see HSC 2006 Ext 1

(h) Trigonometry

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

20

HSC. UNIT 8.

LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

Student outcomes

(i)
R

Implications, considerations and

implementations

Student is able to:

Find values of 2 x , 3 x , 4 x , using a hand
calculator.
Draw graphs of y 2 x , 3 x , 4 x ,
Graph y e x .

(ii)
R
(iii)
R
(iv)

Define log e x .
Eg: log 2 8 , log 9 3 , log 2

Solve simple equations.

Eg: log 7 x 2 , 3 x 10 , log 2 x 8 .

Practice in writing a logarithmic statement as

an index and vice versa.

(v)

Prove rules for logarithms: (for a, x, y 0 )

14 .

Evaluate simple logarithmic expressions

from this definition.

(a) log x log y log xy

x

(b) log x log y log

(c) log x n n log x
(d) log a a 1
(e) log a 1 0
(vi)

Simplify numerical expressions

log 2 20 log 2 5 ,

R
(vii) Simplify algebraic expressions

x2 y

Express log

in terms of a, b and c if
z

log x a , log y b

R
(viii) Find derivative of 10 x from limit
R

log 2 8
.
log 2 4

lim x x 10 x
.
x
x

and log z c .

lim x 1
can be estimated by
x x

considering successively small decreasing

values of x.

Find derivative of a x , a 0

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

21

(ix)

Revise work on graphs of inverse functions

dy

R
(x)

dx

emphasising the relation dx dy 1 .

(a) Find derivatives of logarithmic and
exponential functions

(a) y log e x , y log e ax b , y e ax b ,

y log a x , y a x

(b) Find equations of tangents and normals

to logarithmic and exponential graphs.
(xi)

log x
Graph logarithmic and exponential functions.
log x
y
y 2
Examples
should
include
,
Special consideration should be taken of the
x
x
x
2 x
behaviour of the functions at x 0 and for
, y xe , y x e and y log x1 x .
large values of x. The calculator may be used
to obtain an idea of the behaviour of the
graph for these values while better pupils
could consider appropriate sections of the
graphs of y e x y x 2 , y x and
y log x .

(xii) Use the rules for logarithms to simplify

x
y

log
Examples
such
as

2
R functions before differentiation is carried out.
( x 1)
(xiii)
R

Find the integrals of e ax b ,

f ' ( x)
, f ' xe f x .
f ( x)

c
,
ax b

Use of substitution method may help weaker

pupils.

x 1
dx
2
1

(xiv) Find the integrals that initially require a

division operation.

Eg.

(xv) Apply the work on area and volume to

curves that result in integrals involving
logarithmic or exponential functions.

Eg. Volume formed when the region bounded

by y e x , x log e 2 and the coordinate
axes is rotated about the xaxis.

2x

x 1 dx

or

Eg. Volume of solid formed when the region

bounded by xaxis, y

1
, x 1 and
x 1

x 4 is rotated about the xaxis.

(xvi) Complete simple modelling.

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

An example could be:

There are approximately 12 times as many red
squirrels as grey squirrels in a certain area. The
population of greys increase at 10% per annum
while reds decrease at 4% per annum. Find the
amount of time that elapses before the
proportions are reversed.

22

HSC. UNIT 9.

RELATED RATES OF CHANGE

Student outcomes

(i)
(ii)

Implications, considerations and

implementations

Student is able to:

State the function of a function rule
Interpret a statement regarding a rate as a
derivative.

Eg. The rate at which air is pumped into a

balloon is 100cm3 per second may be
written as

(iii)

Complete rates of change questions

involving use of the function of function (or
chain) rule:

dv
100 .
dt

Eg. (a) A balloon is blown up so that its radius

increases at 0.15cm per second. Find the
rate at which its volume is increasing
when the balloon is 20cm across.
(b) 100 cm3 of air is pumped into a
spherical balloon each second. Find the
rate at which its width is increasing
when its surface area is 1000cm2.
(c) A balloon is being pumped up at the rate
of 100 cm3 per second. Assuming
balloon is spherical, find the rate at
which its diameter is increasing after 10
seconds.

(iv)

Complete rates of change problems

involving inverse trigonometry.

Eg. A rope from the bow of a dingy is attached

to a winder on the wharf. The wharf is 3
metres above the bow level of the dinghy. If
the rope is being wound in at a rate of 2
metres per second, at what rate is the angle
between the rope and the wharf decreasing
when the dingy is 4 metres from the wharf?
[Alternative solutions to some problems may be
obtained via standard trig or algebra]

References: Green Fitzpatrick Ch.25 & Coroneos Supplement RC2 & RC3 for harder problems.

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

23

HSC. UNIT 10.

CALCULUS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Student outcomes

(i)

Implications, considerations and

implementations

Student is able to:

Derive the derivative of sin x .
Find the derivatives of the other
trigonometric functions using trigonometric
identities and rules for differentiation.

(ii)

(a) Apply the function of a function rule,

product rule and quotient rule to the
derivatives of expressions involving
trigonometric functions

(a) Eg. x 2 cos x , sin 2 x 3 , cos 2 5 x ,

sin 3 x cos 2 x ,

sin x
.
cos x 1

(b) Find equations of tangents and normals to

the graphs of trigonometric functions.
(c) Use differentiation as well as addition of
ordinates to graph trigonometric
functions

(c) Eg. y 2 sin x 3 cos x , y sec x cosecx ,

y cos x 2 .

(d) Solve max/min value problems involving

trigonometric expressions.
(iii) (a) Write expressions of the form
A cos x Bsinx etc. in the form
R cos x or R sin x .
(b) Solve equations of the form
A cos x Bsinx C using the auxiliary
angle method.

(c) Sketch functions of the form

(c) y 3 sin 2 x 4 has maximum values at
y A cos x Bsinx etc. by writing them
m
2 x 4 m 1 2 , x 38 or 118 .
in the form R cos x or R sin x .
The minimum value occurs at x 78 .
The maximum/minimum turning points
or intercepts should first be obtained and
then the curve is simple to sketch.
(iv)
R

Use t substitutions to solve equations of the

form A cos x Bsinx C .

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

24

(v)

Find:
(a) Integrals of sin ax ,

cos ax .

(b) Integrals of tan ax , cot ax .

(c) Eg.
(c) Standard integrals developed from
derivatives of the trigonometric functions.
(d) Integrals of the squares of the
trigonometric functions.

cosecax. cot ax dx

2
(d) Eg. sin ax dx ,

tan

ax dx

(e) Area and volume involving trigonometric (e)Eg.Volumeformedwhentheregion

boundedbyxaxisand y sin x ,for
functions.
0 x isrotatedaboutthexaxis.
Eg. Find area bounded by y sin x ,
y tan x and the line x 4 .
(f) Integrals that link differentiation and
integration as inverse operations.

(f) Eg. (i) Differentiate ln sec x tan x hence

evaluate

sec x dx

(ii) Differentiate x tan x and hence

evaluate

x sec

x dx

(vi)

Evaluate definite integrals with the aid of a

trigonometric substitutions

Eg. (i) Evaluate

4 x 2 dx (let x 2 sin )

Note: The substitution should be more correctly

1
considered as sin 2x which will
provide a unique for each x.
3

(ii) Evaluate

(vii) Find indefinite integrals with the aid of a

trigonometric substitutions

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

Eg. Find

1
9 x2

x2
4 x2

dx (let x 3 tan )

dx (let x 2 sin or

sin 1 2x )

25

HSC. UNIT 11.

DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY, ACCELERATION

Student outcomes

(i)
(ii)

Implications, considerations and

implementations

Student is able to:

Describe motion given displacement as a
function of time

Motions given by equations such as x t 3 3t 2

, x sin t .

Develop the need for use of velocity for a

more adequate description of the motion.
Define velocity as

dx
.
dt

Describe motion of a particle in which times

and places where the particle changes
direction are included in the discussion.
(iii)

Develop Newton's 2nd law F mx and the Note: Negative acceleration does not mean
concept that sign of the acceleration at any
decelerating, a particle can have a
instant indicates the direction of the resultant
negative acceleration and be increasing its
force F.
speed. Students should be encouraged to
use the terms increasing/decreasing speed
Need for acceleration for a more adequate
instead of accelerating/decelerating
description of motion.
Definition of acceleration as

dv
.
dt

Description of motion should now include

times and positions at which the particle
begins to slow down/speed up, this requires
the interaction of velocity and acceleration.
(iv)

Use graphs to help describe motion.

Displacementtime graphs, velocitytime
graphs and accelerationtime graphs.
Describe the physical significance of
stationary points and inflexion points on a
displacementtime graph.

eg: x t t 3 3t 2 , x t 100e 0.1t , x t sin t

.
Describe the motion of particles with
displacement functions such as:
x t 4 cos 2t 3 sin 2t using forms such as
A cos 2t

Use appropriate graphs in describing the

motion.
(v)

Write a detailed description of motion from

the equations of motion.
Description should include: Initial position
and directions of motion. Times and
positions where particle stops. Times and
positions where particle slows/speeds up.

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

Examples should include cases where a particle

stops and changes direction (turning points on
x-t graphs) as well as cases where it slows then
speeds up with and without stopping (inflexion
and horizontal inflexion points on x-t graphs).
Eg. x t 3 3t 2 3t 1 and x t 3 2t 2 3t 1

26

(vi)

Use integration to derive an expression for

the displacement given the velocity as a
function of time.

(vii) Use integration to derive expressions for

velocity and displacement given the
acceleration as a function of time.

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

27

HSC. UNIT 12.

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY

Student outcomes

(i)
(ii)

Implications, considerations and

implementations

Student is able to:

Graph y Ae kt for various values of A and k
where k may be either positive or negative.
Convert verbal information such as the rate
at which the population (N) of a town
increases is proportional to population N to
the differential equation

dN
kN .
dt

The significance of k 0 and k 0 to

population growth.
The terms growth constant, birth constant
and death constant.
(iii)

Prove by substitution that N Ae kt is a

solution of

dN
kN . Demonstration that A
dt

is the initial value (t = 0) of N. Writing

solution as N N 0 e kt .
(iv)

Complete simple exercises using N N 0 e kt , Examples should include:

such as population change and decay of
(a) The growth constant for a population of
radioactive material etc.
bacteria is 10% /hour. At t = 0 the population
is 1.0 x 106. Sketch the curve of population
against time and determine the population
after 3 hours, correct to 4 significant figures.
(b) On an island, the population in 1960 was
1732, and in 1970 it was 1260. Find the
annual growth rate to the nearest percent
assuming that the rate of growth of the
population is proportional to the population.
In how many years will the population be
half that in 1960?

(v)

Convert verbal information such as "the rate

at which the population N of a town
increases is proportional to the amount which
the population exceeds a fixed number N", to
a differential equation

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

dN
k N B .
dt

28

(vi)

Prove by substitution that N B Ae kt is a

solution of the equation

dN
k N B .
dt

Note: AN INTEGRATION APPROACH IS

NOT TO BE USED - beware of the 3 Unit
Fitzpatrick approach. A more appropriate
exercise can be found in the Coroneos 3 Unit
supplement.

(vii) Graph function N B Ae kt for varying

values of B, A, k. Behaviour of N as t
as in the case k 0 .
(viii) Complete problems associated with
population growth, radioactive decay,
depletion of natural resources, cooling of
bodies and rate of chemical reactions could
now be set.

Eg. The rate of growth of a bacteria colony is

proportional to the excess of the colony's
population over 10 000 and is given by
dN
k N 10000 .
dt

(i) Show that a solution is given by

N 10000 Ae kt .
(ii) If the initial population is 30 000, find
the value of A.
(iii) If the population growth constant is
5%/day, find the number of bacteria in
the colony after 30 days.
(ix)

Practise distinguishing between cases where

N N 0 e kt or N B Ae kt are appropriate.

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

29

HSC. UNIT 13.

3 UNIT PROBABILITY

Student outcomes

(i)
R

Student is able to:

Solve problems involving dot diagrams and
tree diagrams.

(ii)
R

Revise n C r and n Pr techniques and

complete arrangement and selection type
problems.

(iii)

Apply all these techniques to probability.

Special attention should be given during this
practice to choosing the most appropriate
technique for the solution of a problem.

(iv)

Complete probability exercises involving

arrangements in circles.

Implications, considerations and

implementations
see 2 unit topic 5 - Probability

Define
n

Pr

Pr and

C r or

n
r

n!
n!
n
, Cr
n r !
r! n r !

(Note: The number of arrangements

corresponding to the particular event and to
the sample space should be done separately.)
(v)

Apply nr result to probability exercises.

The number of elements in the sample space
and particular event should be calculated
separately. Student should give a detailed
explanation of their thinking in each case.
(a) Selection of groups

(a) Eg. There are 10 red, 10 green, 10 blue and

10 yellow cards in a pack of 40 cards.
Find the probability of selecting 10
cards that are the same colour.

(b) Complimentary events.

(b) Eg. Find the probability that at least 1 card

is red.

(c) Mutually exclusive events.

(c) Eg. Find the probability that at least 8 cards

are red.

(d) Conditional probability.

(d) Eg. Find the probability of obtaining

exactly 5 red cards if it is known that at
least 1 card was red.

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

30

HSC. UNIT 14.

APPLICATIONS OF CALCULUS TO THE PHYSICAL WORLD

The emphasis in this topic should be upon qualitative deduction about the nature of the motion,
rather than upon lengthy and involved algebraic or numerical work. Teachers should concentrate on
making pupils aware of the importance, for a satisfactory description of the motion, of:
(a) Starting conditions (t = 0. Hence find x, v and f. Interpret)
(b) Stopping conditions (v = 0. Hence find t, x and f. Interpret)
(c) Direction of the resultant force (Given by the value of the acceleration f).
The sample problems in the program notes are intended to indicate depth of treatment and method
of approach. Pupils should be asked to describe motion with the tools that they have available at
each step of this topic. Pupils could initially discuss motion given the equation for displacement
only. Later a more detailed description can be given using equations for displacement, velocity and
acceleration.
Student outcomes
(i)

Student is able to:

Find expressions for displacement x x t
given velocity v v x .

Implications, considerations and

implementations
v

dt
1
dx
dx v( x)
dt

1
dx
v( x)

Eg. if v e 0.5 x find x(t) if x 0 at t 0 .

The distinction between distance travelled
and displacement needs to be clearly
understood. The relationship between the area
under a velocity-time graph for t1 t t 2 and

t2

t1

v (t ) dt need to be considered in terms of

distance travelled and displacement.

Note:

t2

t1

v (t ) dt gives the relative position of

an object at time t2 relative to its position at time

t1 (this can be positive or negative depending on
the relative positions at times t1 and t2).
(ii)

x& v
Prove that &

dv d 1 2
v .
dx dx 2

Find x given v v x .

Eg. Describe the motion of particles with

velocity function v 2 100100 x 2 ,
v 2 10081 x 4 if the particle is initially
at the origin in each case.

Describe motion given v v x and

calculation of x .

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

31

(iii)

Find displacement and velocity given

x& a x
acceleration &
(a) Determine velocity and displacement
given the acceleration and initial
conditions, for the cases:
() x c
() x f t
() x g x
(b) Describe the motion for each case.

() Eg. x 6t 6 , x 3 sin t 4 cos t .

() Eg. x 4 x , x x 3 , x 10 x 2 x 3 .
(b) The acceleration of a particle is given by
x Ax 3 . The particle is initially at rest at
a position x 0 units to the left of the origin
O. Find an expression for velocity v and
describe the motion.
NOTE: When converting from v 2 ( x ) to v( x )
it is NOT SUFFICIENT to choose the sign of
or
or both using only
the square root
the initial conditions. The nature of the
acceleration and velocity during the subsequent
motion is required. Many functions exist in
which the object changes direction during the
motion. Many textbooks (including Coroneos
and Fitzpatrick) use faulty reasoning in their
Examples and Exercises when converting from
v 2 ( x ) to v ( x ) . Some Textbooks avoid the
issue by only asking for a speed function (which
will always be positive).
Students will need practise in the proper
analysis of the motion.

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

32

(iv)

Investigate the principles of Simple

Harmonic Motion:
(a) Simple Harmonic Motion defined as
motion of a particle when displacement
x t a cos nt . Proof that an
equivalent condition is that x n 2 x .
(b) Given x t a cos nt for specific
values of n, , a, graph x t , x (t ) and
x(t ) . Note relationship between zero,
maximum and minimum values of the 3
quantities. Describe the motion. Use the
terms amplitude, frequency, period,
phase and epoch.
(c) Interpret x n 2 x in terms of motion
under a force directed towards origin O
and proportional to the displacement.
Investigate particles in practice terms,
whose oscillation approximates to simple
harmonic motion Eg. pendulum bob,
mass on spring, rise and fall of ship at
wharf, bobbing motion of a buoy.
(d) Proof for S.H.M. that: v 2 n 2 a 2 x 2 .
Significance in description of motion.
(e) Practical exercises on S.H.M.

(f) Extension: x t b a cos nt .

Proof that x n 2 x b .
Graphs of x, x , x . Interpretations of
2
motion as S.H.M. with period
,

(e) Eg. The rise and fall of a tide in a certain

harbour may be taken to be S.H.M. The
interval between successive high tides
being 12 hours and 20 minutes. The
harbour entrance has a depth of 11
metres at high tides and 4 metres at low
tide. If low tide on a certain day occurs
at noon, find the earliest time thereafter
that a ship drawing 9 metres can pass
through the entrance.

centred about the position x b , and

with an amplitude of a.

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

33

(v)

Investigate the properties of Projectile

Motion:
(a) Discuss Newton's laws of motion and the
significance of terms in Newton's 2nd
law: F ma .
(b) Investigate the effect of forces acting on
a particle fired at an angle to the
horizontal. Develop the concept that
overall motion can be considered as a
composition of two separate motions,
one in a horizontal and one in a vertical
direction.
Equations of motion

&
& 0 mg .
mx 0 and my
(c) Formulate initial condition for the
motion of a particle aimed with speed V
from O at an angle to the horizontal.
Develop the equations:

x V cos
x Vt cos

y gt V sin

y 12 gt 2 Vt sin
(Consider case when 0 . Eg. Raindrops
falling from clouds.)
(d) Develop the Cartesian equation of path
of the flight:
g sec 2
.
y x tan x 2

(e) Derive parametric equation and

Cartesian equation for given initial
condition.
(f) Complete exercises on projectile motion
given definite initial condition which
involve finding quantities such as:
* maximum height (find y when y 0 )
* range (find x when y 0 )
* angle of impact (find the value of
dy dy dt
y

when y 0 )
dx dt dx x

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

(f) Eg. A particle is fired from a cliff top of

height 30 metres at an angle of 60o to the
horizontal at speed 20 metres per
second. Taking acceleration due to
gravity as 10 metres per second2, find
the greatest height reached, the distance
from the foot of the cliff to its point of
impact with the sea and the angle at
impact.

34

(v)

(g) Handle problem solving:

(cont)

(i) Maximum range for variable ,

A good source of harder problems is past 3 and

4 unit H.S.C. examination papers and Bullen
"Theory of Mechanics".

(ii) Clearance of particles over walls at fixed

distance from point of projection,
(iii) Angle at which projectile is travelling at
fixed speed and its path.
(iv) Maximum range of particle on plane
inclined at angle to the horizontal and
passing through the point of projection.

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

35

HSC. UNIT 15.

THE BINOMIAL THEOREM AND PROBABILITY

Student outcomes

(i)

(ii)

Implications, considerations and

implementations

Student is able to:

Understand the intricacies of Pascals triangle
Construct Pascals triangle by considering
particular expansions.
Use the expression of 1 x n for particular
values of n.
Expand a x n for particular values of n.
Eg. Expand 2 3 x 4 .
Complete simple exercises.
Expand a x n for general n by considering e.g We could select "a" from the first n r
brackets and "x" from the next r brackets.
the number of ways of obtaining a term of
nr r
Now the number of ways of arranging these
the form a x by suitable selection of a
n!
term from each bracket.
(because some are the same) is
r!( n r )!

or C r . Hence coefficient of x r is n C r .
(iii)

Expand a b n for specific values of n

using n C r notation.

Eg. 3 2 x 10 .

(iv)

Use a general term of expansion of a b n

to find a specific term in the expansion.

Eg.
Find coefficient of x 4 in expansion 2 3 x 6 .
Find term in x 3 in expansion of
2 3x 1 x 4 .
2
Find values of a and n if 1 16 x 352
3 x
are the first three terms of 1 ax n .

Note:
Some textbooks/exercises define the expansion
of 1 x n as
(v)

Practise writing n C r in factorial form by

solving simple equations.

Eg. n C 3

r n

n 1

r 0

x r where Tr n C r .

C4

n
n
Prove the identity C k C n k .

Interpret n C k n C n k in terms of selection

of groups.
Prove the identity:
n

(vi)

Ck

n 1

C k n 1 C k 1 for 1 k n 1 .

Find the greatest coefficient in binomial

expansions.

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

Eg. Find the greatest coefficient of expressions

such as 3 5 x 20 .
36

(vii)

Prove finite series.

n
r
Eg. Given 1 x C r x prove:
n

r 0

(a)

r 0
n

(b)

Cr 2 n

r.

r 0

Cr
2 n 1 1

n 1
r 0 ( r 1)
n

(c)

C r n.2 n 1

(viii) Prove relations between coefficients by

examining a particular power of x on each
side of the identity.

Eg. Using the identity 1 x 8 1 x 8 1 x 16

(ix)

Consider situations where replacement

occurs between each choice.
Develop through exercises the understanding
that if the probability that A occurs is p and
that A does not occur is q then the probability
of obtaining A, r times in n trials, is
n
C r q nr p r .

This can be developed by looking at the

probability of obtaining A on r occasions
followed by a non-A on n r occasions and
then deciding on the number of ways of
arranging r lots of A's and n r lots of A 's.

(x)

Find the connection between the probability Practice in expanding expressions such as
of obtaining A on r occasions and the term in 2 3 10 and describing a probability
5
5
p in the expansion of p q n .
interpretation of each term in the expansion.

(xi)

Complete exercises where this method is

applicable.
(Students should be encouraged to write
down all terms in the appropriate binomial
expansion and then to select the appropriate
terms when doing these types of questions.)

prove that

j 0

Cj

16

C8 .

Eg. There are 10 red, 10 green and 10 black

cards in a deck of cards. If a card is drawn
its colour noted and the card replaced find
the probability that in 6 such drawings:
(a) a red is obtained each time
(b) a red is obtained exactly twice
(c) a red is obtained at least twice
(d) a red is obtained at most twice

(xii)

Complete exercises in which the value of p

must be first calculated

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

Eg. 120 flowering plants are planted in 20 rows.

The probability that an individual plant is
pink is 15 . Find the probability that one
complete row is pink and the probability
that there are at least 2 such rows in the
flower garden.

37

HSC. UNIT 16.

POLYNOMIALS

Student outcomes

(i)

Implications, considerations and

implementations

Student is able to:

Define a polynomial and complete exercises
using:

R
(a) four operations
(b) remainder theorem
(c) factor theorem
(d) relationship between roots and
coefficients
(e) inequalities
(ii)

Approximate the solution of an equation

using
(a) halving the interval method.
(b) Newton's method.

(b) Discuss cases in which Newton's method

breaks down because of either the initial
choice or the nature of the function.
Application in other areas such as motion
(velocity/displacement = 0) need to be
considered.
Eg: Given x

g
x3
x5
x
find, using

L
6 120

Newton's method, an approximate value of x for

which v 0 .

JRAHS Ext I Yr12 2010 (28/1/10)

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