Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
The son of Motilal Nehru, a prominent lawyer and nationalist statesman and Swaroop Rani, Nehru was a graduate of Trinity College, Cambridge and the Inner Temple, where he trained to be a barrister. Upon his return
to India, he enrolled at the Allahabad High Court, and
took an interest in national politics, which eventually replaced his legal practice. A committed nationalist since
his teenage years, Nehru became a rising gure in Indian
politics during the upheavals of the 1910s. He became the
prominent leader of the left-wing factions of the Indian
National Congress during the 1920s, and eventually of
the entire Congress, with the tacit approval of his mentor,
Gandhi. As Congress President in 1929, Nehru called
for complete independence from the British Raj and instigated the Congresss decisive shift towards the left.
Nehru described his childhood as a sheltered and uneventful one. He grew up in an atmosphere of privilege at
wealthy homes including a large palatial estate called the
Anand Bhawan. His father had him educated at home by
private governesses and tutors.[10] Under the inuence of
a tutor, Ferdinand T. Brooks, Nehru became interested in
science and theosophy.[11] Nehru was subsequently initiated into the Theosophical Society at age thirteen by family friend Annie Besant. However, his interest in theosophy did not prove to be enduring and he left the sociNehru was elected by the Congress to assume oce as in- ety shortly after Brooks departed as his tutor.[12] Nehru
dependent Indias rst Prime Minister, although the ques- wrote: for nearly three years [Brooks] was with me and
tion of leadership had been settled as far back as 1941, in many ways he inuenced me greatly.[11]
1
sions of similar deeds in India came before, of [my] gallant ght for [Indian] freedom and in my mind India and
Italy got strangely mixed together.[11]
3
Nehru went to Trinity College, Cambridge in October 1907 and graduated with an honours degree in
natural science in 1910.[15] During this period, Nehru
also studied politics, economics, history and literature
desultorily. Writings of Bernard Shaw, H.G Wells,
J.M. Keynes, Bertrand Russell, Lowes Dickinson and
Meredith Townsend moulded much of his political and
economic thinking.[11]
After completing his degree in 1910, Nehru went to London and stayed there for two years for law studies at the
Inns of Court School of Law (Inner Temple).[16] During
this time, he continued to study the scholars of the Fabian
Society including Beatrice Webb.[11] Nehru passed his
bar examinations in 1912 and was admitted to the English bar.[16]
After returning to India in August 1912, Nehru enrolled
himself as an advocate of the Allahabad High Court and
tried to settle down as a barrister. But, unlike his father,
he had only a desultory interest in his profession and did
not relish either the practice of law or the company of
lawyers. Nehru wrote: Decidedly the atmosphere was
not intellectually stimulating and a sense of the utter insipidity of life grew upon me.[11] His involvement in nationalist politics would gradually replace his legal practice
Nehru in 1918 with wife Kamala and daughter Indira
in the coming years.[11]
2.2 Non-cooperation
The rst big national involvement of Nehru came at
the onset of the non-co-operation movement in 1920.
He led the movement in the United Provinces (now
Uttar Pradesh). Nehru was arrested on charges of antigovernmental activities in 1921, and was released a few
months later. In the rift that formed within the Congress
following the sudden closure of the non-co-operation
movement after the Chauri Chaura incident, Nehru remained loyal to Gandhi and did not join the Swaraj Party
formed by his father Motilal Nehru and CR Das.
2.1
Nehru played a leading role in the development of the internationalist outlook of the Indian independence struggle. He sought foreign allies for India and forged links
with movements for independence and democracy all
over the world. In 1927, his eorts paid o and the
Congress was invited to attend the congress of oppressed
nationalities in Brussels in Belgium. The meeting was
called to co-ordinate and plan a common struggle against
imperialism. Nehru represented India and was elected to
the Executive Council of the League against Imperialism
that was born at this meeting.[29]
Several nationalist leaders banded together in 1916 under the leadership of Annie Besant to voice a demand for self-government, and to obtain the status of a
Dominion within the British Empire as enjoyed by Australia, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand and Newfoundland at the time. Nehru joined the movement and
rose to become secretary of Besants All India Home
Rule League.[27][28] In June 1917 Besant was arrested and
interned by the British government. The Congress and
various other Indian organisation threatened to launch
protests if she were not set free. The British govern- During the mid-1930s, Nehru was much concerned with
ment was subsequently forced to release Besant and make developments in Europe, which seemed to be drifting to-
2.5
Declaration of Independence
5
helping Indian leaders Vallabhbhai Patel and V.P. Menon
(to whom Nehru had delegated the task of integrating
the princely states into India) negotiate with hundreds of
princes.
In 1928, Gandhi agreed to Nehrus demands and proposed a resolution that called for the British to grant dominion status to India within two years. If the British
failed to meet the deadline, the Congress would call upon
2.4 Republicanism
all Indians to ght for complete independence. Nehru was
one of the leaders who objected to the time given to the
Nehru was one of the rst nationalist leaders to realise British he pressed Gandhi to demand immediate actions
the suerings of the people in the states ruled by Indian from the British. Gandhi brokered a further compromise
Princes. He suered imprisonment in Nabha, a princely by reducing the time given from two years to one. Nehru
state, when he went there to see the struggle that was be- agreed to vote for the new resolution.
ing waged by the Sikhs against the corrupt Mahants. The
Demands for dominion status was rejected by the British
nationalist movement had been conned to the territories
in 1929. Nehru assumed the presidency of the Congress
under direct British rule. Nehru helped to make the strugparty during the Lahore session on 29 December 1929
gle of the people in the princely states a part of the nationand introduced a successful resolution calling for comalist movement for independence. The All India states
plete independence.
peoples conference was formed in 1927. Nehru who had
been supporting the cause of the people of the princely Nehru drafted the Indian declaration of independence,
states for many years was made the President of the con- which stated:
ference in 1935. He opened up its ranks to membership
We believe that it is the inalienable right
from across the political spectrum. The body would play
of the Indian people, as of any other people,
an important role during the political integration of India,
Architect of India
2.6
Civil disobedience
Nehru and most of the Congress leaders were initially ambivalent about Gandhis plan to begin civil disobedience
with a satyagraha aimed at the British salt tax. After the
protest gathered steam, they realised the power of salt
as a symbol. Nehru remarked about the unprecedented
popular response, it seemed as though a spring had been
suddenly released.[36] Nehru was arrested on 14 April
1930 while entraining from Allahabad for Raipur. He
had earlier, after addressing a huge meeting and leading a
vast procession, ceremoniously manufactured some contraband salt. He was charged with breach of the salt law,
tried summarily behind prison walls and sentenced to six
months of imprisonment. Nehru nominated Gandhi to
succeed him as Congress President during his absence in
jail, but Gandhi declined, and Nehru then nominated his
father as his successor. With Nehrus arrest the civil disobedience acquired a new tempo, and arrests, ring on
crowds and lathi charges grew to be ordinary occurrences.
Nehru elaborated the policies of the Congress and a future Indian nation under his leadership in 1929. He declared that the aims of the congress were freedom of religion, right to form associations, freedom of expression of
thought, equality before law for every individual without
distinction of caste, colour, creed or religion, protection
to regional languages and cultures, safeguarding the interests of the peasants and labour, abolition of untouchability, introduction of adult franchise, imposition of prohibition, nationalisation of industries, socialism, and establishment of a secular India. All these aims formed the
2.9
When World war II started, Viceroy Linlithgow had unilaterally declared India a belligerent on the side of the
Britain, without consulting the elected Indian representatives. Nehru hurried back from a visit to China, announcing that, in a conict between democracy and Fascism,
our sympathies must inevitably be on the side of democ2.8 Electoral politics
racy.... I should like India to play its full part and throw
Nehru visit to Europe in 1936 proved to be the watershed all her resources into the struggle for a new order.
in his political and economic thinking. Nehrus real inter- After much deliberation the Congress under Nehru inest in Marxism and his socialist pattern of thought stem formed the government that it would co-operate with the
from that tour. His subsequent sojourns in prison enabled British but on certain conditions. First, Britain must give
him to study Marxism in more depth. Interested in its an assurance of full independence for India after the war
ideas but repelled by some of its methods, he could never and allow the election of a constituent assembly to frame
bring himself to accept Karl Marxs writings as revealed a new constitution; second, although the Indian armed
scripture. Yet from then on, the yardstick of his economic forces would remain under the British Commander-inthinking remained Marxist, adjusted, where necessary, to Chief, Indians must be included immediately in the cenIndian conditions.
tral government and given a chance to share power and
9
developing among Muslims, and much of the blame for
the disastrous Bengal famine of 194344 during which
two million died, had been laid on the shoulders of the
provinces Muslim League government. The numbers at
Jinnahs meetings, once counted in thousands soon numbered only a few hundreds. In despair, Jinnah left the
political scene for a stay in Kashmir. His prestige was
restored unwittingly by Gandhi, who had been released
from prison on medical grounds in May 1944 and had met
Jinnah in Bombay in September. There he oered the
Muslim leader a plebiscite in the Muslim areas after the
war to see whether they wanted to separate from the rest
of India. Essentially, it was an acceptance of the principle
of Pakistan but not in so many words. Jinnah demanded
that the exact words be said; Gandhi refused and the talks Teen Murti Bhavan, Nehrus residence as Prime Minister, now a
broke down. Jinnah however had greatly strengthened his museum in his memory.
own position and that of the League. The most inuential
member of Congress had been seen to negotiate with him
redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full meaon equal terms. Other Muslim League leaders, opposed
sure, but very substantially. At the stroke of
both to Jinnah and to the partition of India, lost strength.
the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment
comes, which comes but rarely in history, when
3 Prime Minister of India (1947
we step out from the old to the new, when an
age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long
64)
suppressed, nds utterance. It is tting that at
this solemn moment we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people
and to the still larger cause of humanity.[45]
10
3
or how to say it. Our beloved leader, Bapu as
we called him, the father of the nation, is no
more. Perhaps I am wrong to say that; nevertheless, we will not see him again, as we have
seen him for these many years, we will not run
to him for advice or seek solace from him, and
that is a terrible blow, not only for me, but
for millions and millions in this country.
Jawaharlal Nehrus address to Gandhi[47]
3.4
Domestic policies
11
ership failed. Attempts to introduce large-scale cooperative farming were frustrated by landowning rural elites,
who formed the core of the powerful right-wing of the
Congress and had considerable political support in opposing the eorts of Nehru. Agricultural production
expanded until the early 1960s, as additional land was
brought under cultivation and some irrigation projects
began to have an eect. The establishment of agricultural universities, modelled after land-grant colleges in
the United States, contributed to the development of the
economy. These universities worked with high-yielding
varieties of wheat and rice, initially developed in Mexico
and the Philippines, that in the 1960s began the Green
Nehru meeting with Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and Deutsche Revolution, an eort to diversify and increase crop proBank chairman Hermann Josef Abs during a state visit to West duction. At the same time a series of failed monsoons
would cause serious food shortages despite the steady
Germany in June 1956.
progress and increase in agricultural production.[77]
that Nehru received nancial and technical support from
both power blocs in building Indias industrial base from 3.4
scratch.[66] Steel mill complexes were built at Bokaro
and Rourkela with assistance from the Soviet Union
and West Germany. There was substantial industrial
development.[66] Industry grew 7.0 per cent annually between 1950 and 1965 almost trebling industrial output
and making India the worlds seventh largest industrial
country.[66] Nehrus critics, however, contended that Indias import substitution industrialisation, which was continued long after the Nehru era, weakened the international competitiveness of its manufacturing industries.[67]
Indias share of world trade fell from 1.4 per cent in 1951
1960 to 0.5 per cent over 19811990.[68] On the other
hand, Indias export performance is argued to have actually showed sustained improvement over the period. The
volume of exports went up at an annual rate of 2.9 per
cent in 19511960 to 7.6 per cent in 19711980.[69]
GDP and GNP grew 3.9 and 4.0 per cent annually between 195051 and 196465.[70][71] It was a radical break
from the British colonial period.[72] But, in comparison
to other industrial powers in Europe and East Asia, the
growth rates were considered anaemic at best.[68][73] India lagged behind the miracle economies (Japan, West
Germany, France, and Italy).[74] State planning, controls,
and regulations were argued to have impaired economic
growth.[75] While Indias economy grew faster than both
the United Kingdom and the United States low initial income and rapid population increase meant that growth
was inadequate for any sort of catch-up with rich income
nations.[73][74][76]
3.3
Agriculture policies
Domestic policies
12
Nehru with schoolchildren at the Durgapur Steel Plant. Durgapur along with Rourkela and Bhilai were the three integrated
steel plants set up under Indias Second Five-Year Plan in the late
1950s.
Nehru specically wrote Article 44 of the Indian constitution under the Directive Principles of State Policy
which states : 'The State shall endeavour to secure for
the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory
of India.' The article has formed the basis of secularism
in India.[82] However, Nehru has been criticised for the
inconsistent application of the law. Most notably, Nehru
allowed Muslims to keep their personal law in matters relating to marriage and inheritance. Also in the small state
of Goa, a civil code based on the old Portuguese Family
Laws was allowed to continue, and Muslim Personal law
3.5 Social policies
was prohibited by Nehru. This was the result of the anJawaharlal Nehru was a passionate advocate of education nexation of Goa in 1961 by India, when Nehru promised
for Indias children and youth, believing it essential for the people that their laws would be left intact. This has
Indias future progress. His government oversaw the es- led to accusations of selective secularism.
tablishment of many institutions of higher learning, in- While Nehru exempted Muslim law from legislation and
cluding the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, the they remained un-reformed, he did pass the Special MarIndian Institutes of Technology, the Indian Institutes of riage Act in 1954. The idea behind this act was to give
Management and the National Institutes of Technology. everyone in India the ability to marry outside the personal
Nehru also outlined a commitment in his ve-year plans law under a civil marriage. As usual the law applied to all
to guarantee free and compulsory primary education to of India, except Jammu and Kashmir (again leading to
all of Indias children. For this purpose, Nehru over- accusations of selective secularism). In many respects,
saw the creation of mass village enrolment programmes the act was almost identical to the Hindu Marriage Act
and the construction of thousands of schools. Nehru also of 1955, which gives some idea as to how secularised the
launched initiatives such as the provision of free milk and law regarding Hindus had become. The Special Marriage
meals to children to ght malnutrition. Adult education Act allowed Muslims to marry under it and thereby retain
centres, vocational and technical schools were also organ- the protections, generally benecial to Muslim women,
ised for adults, especially in the rural areas.
that could not be found in the personal law. Under the
3.6
Foreign policies
3.6
Foreign policies
13
make India an ally throughout the Cold War. Nehru also
maintained good relations with the British Empire. Under
the London Declaration, India agreed that, when it became a republic in January 1950, it would join the Commonwealth of Nations and accept the British monarch as
a symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth.
The other nations of the Commonwealth recognised Indias continuing membership of the association. The reaction back home was favourable; only the far-left and the
far-right criticised Nehrus decision.
On the international scene, Nehru was a champion of
pacism and a strong supporter of the United Nations. He
pioneered the policy of non-alignment and co-founded
the Non-Aligned Movement of nations professing neutrality between the rival blocs of nations led by the US and
the USSR. Recognising the Peoples Republic of China
soon after its founding (while most of the Western bloc
continued relations with the Republic of China), Nehru
argued for its inclusion in the United Nations and refused
to brand the Chinese as the aggressors in their conict
with Korea.[83] He sought to establish warm and friendly
relations with China in 1950, and hoped to act as an intermediary to bridge the gulf and tensions between the
communist states and the Western bloc.
Nehru had promised in 1948 to hold a plebiscite in
Kashmir under the auspices of the UN. Kashmir was a
disputed territory between India and Pakistan, the two
having gone to war with each other over the state in 1948.
However, as Pakistan failed to pull back troops in accordance with the UN resolution and as Nehru grew increasingly wary of the UN, he declined to hold a plebiscite in
1953. His policies on Kashmir and the integeration of
the state into India was frequently defended in front of
the United Nations by his aide, Krishna Menon, a brilliant diplomat who earned a reputation in India for his
passionate speeches.
14
foundation stone of the National Defence Academy (India) in 1949, he stated: We, who for generations had
talked about and attempted in everything a peaceful way
and practised non-violence, should now be, in a sense,
glorifying our army, navy and air force. It means a lot.
Though it is odd, yet it simply reects the oddness of life.
Though life is logical, we have to face all contingencies,
and unless we are prepared to face them, we will go under. There was no greater prince of peace and apostle
of non-violence than Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the
Nation, whom we have lost, but yet, he said it was better to take the sword than to surrender, fail or run away.
We cannot live carefree assuming that we are safe. Human nature is such. We cannot take the risks and risk our
hard-won freedom. We have to be prepared with all modern defence methods and a well-equipped army, navy and
air force.[84][85]
In 1957, Menon was instructed to deliver an unprecedented eight-hour speech defending Indias stand on
Kashmir; to date, the speech is the longest ever delivered in the United Nations Security Council, covering ve
hours of the 762nd meeting on 23 January, and two hours
and forty-eight minutes on the 24th, reportedly concluding with Menons collapse on the Security Council oor.
During the libuster, Nehru moved swiftly and successfully to consolidate Indian power in Kashmir (then under great unrest). Menons passionate defence of Indian
sovereignty in Kashmir enlarged his base of support in India, and led to the Indian press temporarily dubbing him
the 'Hero of Kashmir'. Nehru was then at the peak of his
popularity in India; the only (minor) criticism came from
the far-right.[90][91]
The USA had hoped to court Nehru after its intervention in favour of Nasser during the Suez crisis. However,
Cold War suspicions and the American distrust of Nehruvian socialism cooled relations between India and the US,
which suspected Nehru of tacitly supporting the Soviet
In 1954 Nehru signed with China the Five Principles of Union. Nehru maintained good relations with Britain
Peaceful Coexistence, known in India as the Panchsheel even after the Suez Crisis. Nehru accepted the arbitraNehru ordered the arrest of the Kashmiri politician
Sheikh Abdullah in 1953, whom he had previously supported but now suspected of harbouring separatist ambitions; Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad replaced him.
15
tion of the UK and World Bank, signing the Indus Water
Treaty in 1960 with Pakistani ruler Ayub Khan to resolve
long-standing disputes about sharing the resources of the
major rivers of the Punjab region.
16
LEGACY
and adapting to modern conditions: No country or people who are slaves to dogma and dogmatic mentality can
progress, and unhappily our country and people have become extraordinarily dogmatic and little-minded.[101]
The spectacle of what is called religion, or
at any rate organised religion, in India and elsewhere, has lled me with horror and I have
frequently condemned it and wished to make
a clean sweep of it. Almost always it seemed
to stand for blind belief and reaction, dogma
and bigotry, superstition, exploitation and the
preservation of vested interests.
Prime Minister Nehru talks with United Nations General Assembly President Romulo (October 1949).
Death
8 Legacy
6
Religion
As Indias rst Prime minister and external aairs minister, Jawaharlal Nehru played a major role in shaping modDescribed as Hindu Agnostic,[100] Nehru thought that re- ern Indias government and political culture along with
ligious taboos were preventing India from going forward sound foreign policy. He is praised for creating a system
8.1
Commemoration
17
8.1 Commemoration
providing universal primary education,[109] reaching children in the farthest corners of rural India. Nehrus education policy is also credited for the development of worldclass educational institutions such as the All India Institute of Medical Sciences,[110] Indian Institutes of Technology,[111] and the Indian Institutes of Management.
In addition, Nehrus stance as an unfailing nationalist
led him to also implement policies which stressed commonality among Indians while still appreciating regional
diversities. This proved particularly important as postIndependence dierences surfaced since British withdrawal from the subcontinent prompted regional leaders
to no longer relate to one another as allies against a common adversary. While dierences of culture and, especially, language threatened the unity of the new nation, Nehru established programs such as the National
Book Trust and the National Literary Academy which
promoted the translation of regional literatures between
languages and also organised the transfer of materials between regions. In pursuit of a single, unied India, Nehru
warned, Integrate or perish.[113]
18
11
SEE ALSO
9 Writings
Jawaharlal Nehru on a 1989 USSR commemorative stamp
Nehru was a prolic writer in English and wrote a number of books, such as The Discovery of India, Glimpses of
World History, and his autobiography, Toward Freedom.
He had written 30 letters to his daughter Indira Gandhi,
when she was 10 years old and was in a boarding school
in Mussoorie, teaching about natural history and the story
of civilisations. The collection of these letters was later
published as a book Letters from a Father to His Daughter.[120]
10 Awards
11 See also
List of political families
Nehru jacket
Scientic temper, a system of scientic thinking introduced by Nehru
Tryst with destiny, the historic speech made by
Jawaharlal Nehru, considered in modern India to be
a landmark oration about the Indian independence
movement.
19
12
References
171, ASIN:
Retrieved 14 August
20
12
REFERENCES
[55] Assassination Attempt on Nehru Made in Car. Gettysberg Times. 22 March 1955.
[56] Rickshaw Boy Arrested for Nehru Attack. Sarasota
Herald Tribune. 14 March 1955.
[76] Parker, Randall E.; Robert M. Whaples (2013). The Routledge Handbook of Major Events in Economic History.
Routledge. p. 306. ISBN 978-0415677035.
21
witness to her own dishonour. All Men Are Brothers [104] Ram Puniyani (1999). Communal Threat to Secular
Life and Thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi as told in his own
Democracy. p. 113.
words. UNESCO. pp. 85108.
[105] Sankar Ghose (1993). Jawaharlal Nehru, a Biography. p.
210.
[86] Sublet, Carrie. Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha. Nuclearweaponarchive.org. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
[106] From years 1916 to 1964...The man and the times. The
Windsor Star. 27 May 1964. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
[87] Bhatia, Vinod (1989). Jawaharlal Nehru, as Scholars of
Socialist Countries See Him. Panchsheel Publishers. p.
[107] Nehru-Edwina were in love: Edwinas daughter. The
131.
Indian Express. 15 July 2007. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
[88] Dua, B. D.; James Manor (1994). Nehru to the Nineties:
[108] Love, longing & politics!". The Times of India. 21 April
The Changing Oce of Prime Minister in India. C. Hurst
2010. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
& Co. Publishers. pp. 141, 261. ISBN 1-85065-180-9.
[109] Universal primary education rst on the Prime Minsters
[89] The full text of this agreement (which entered into force
agenda. Pucl.org (1947-08-15). Retrieved on 2013-12on 3 June 1954): Treaties and international agreements
06.
registered or led and recorded with the Secretariat of the
United Nations (PDF). United Nations Treaty Series 299. [110] Introduction. AIIMS.
New York: United Nations. 1958. pp. 5781. Retrieved
[111] Institute History., Indian Institute of Technology
14 August 2012.
[90] A short history of long speeches. BBC News. 25 [112] Jahanbegloo, Ramin Conversations with Isaiah Berlin
(London 2000), ISBN 1842121642 pp. 2012
September 2009.
[91] Majid, Amir A. (2007). Can Self Determination Solve [113] Harrison, Selig S. (July 1956). The Challenge to Indian Nationalism. Foreign Aairs 34 (2): 620636.
the Kashmir Dispute?". Romanian Journal of European
doi:10.2307/20031191.
Aairs 7 (3): 38.
[92] Noorani, A.G. Perseverance in peace process, Frontline, [114] Ramachandra Guha (26 September 2012). Manmohan
Singh at 80. BBC.
29 August 2003.
[93] Asia: Ending the Suspense. Time. 17 September 1965. [115] A legacy that Nehru left behind. Times of India. 27
May 2005.
[94] Chinas Decision for War with India in 1962 by John W.
[116] History Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund, Ocial webGarver. Web.archive.org. 26 March 2009. Archived
site.
from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
[117] The Last Days of the Raj (2007) (TV). imdb.com
[95] Gangdruk, Chushi.
ChushiGangdruk.Org
"Chushi Gangdruk:
[96] Jawaharlal Nehru pleaded for US help against China in [119] Sachindananda (2006). Girish Karnad. Authors speak.
1962. The Times of India. 16 November 2010.
Sahitya Akademi. p. 58. ISBN 81-260-1945-X.
[97] India: Never Again the Same. Time. 30 November [120] Balakrishnan, Anima (4 August 2006). The Hindu :
1962.
Young World : From dad with love:". Chennai, India:
The Hindu. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
[98] Asia Society (1988). ""Jawaharlal Nehru"". In Embree,
Ainslie T.. Encyclopedia of Asian History 3. New York: [121] Padma Awards Directory (19542007)". Ministry of
Charles Scribners Sons. pp. 98100. ISBN 0-684Home aairs. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
18899-6.
[99] BBC ON THIS DAY | 27 | 1964: Light goes out in India
as Nehru dies. BBC News. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
13 Bibliography
[100] Sarvepalii Gopal. Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography, Volume 3; Volumes 1956-1964. p. 17.
Human-
Jerey Kopstein (2005). Comparative Politics: Interests, Identitites, and Institutions in a Changing
Global Order. Cambridge University Press. ISBN
978-1139446044.
22
14
15
Further reading
A Tryst With Destiny historic speech made by Jawaharlal Nehru on 14 August 1947
Nehru: The Invention of India by Shashi Tharoor
(November 2003) Arcade Books ISBN 1-55970697-X
Jawaharlal Nehru (Edited by S. Gopal and Uma
Iyengar) (July 2003) The Essential Writings of Jawaharlal Nehru Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19565324-6
Autobiography:Toward freedom, Oxford University
Press
Jawaharlal Nehru: Life and work by M. Chalapathi
Rau, National Book Club (1 January 1966)
Jawaharlal Nehru by M. Chalapathi Rau. [New
Delhi] Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India [1973]
Letters from a father to his daughter by Jawaharlal
Nehru, Childrens Book Trust
Nehru: A Political Biography by Michael Brecher
(1959). London:Oxford University Press.
After Nehru, Who by Welles Hangen (1963). London: Rupert Hart-Davis.
Nehru: The Years of Power by Georey Tyson
(1966). London: Pall Mall Press.
Independence and After: A collection of the more important speeches of Jawaharlal Nehru from September 1946 to May 1949 (1949). Delhi: The Publications Division, Government of India.
Joseph Stanislaw and Daniel A. Yergin (1988).
Commanding Heights. New York: Simon &
Schuster, Inc.
The Challenge to Indian Nationalism. by Selig S.
Harrison Foreign Aairs vol. 34, no. 2 (1956): 620
636.
Nehru, Jawaharlal. by Ainslie T. Embree, ed., and
the Asia Society. Encyclopedia of Asian History.
Vol. 3. Charles Scribners Sons. New York. (1988):
98100.
15
External links
EXTERNAL LINKS
23
16
16.1
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SexyShugar, Vijethnbharadwaj, Tommy2010, AsceticRose, Mz7, Kkm010, The Madras, ZroBot, Ida Shaw, RGS, Natalia O., DKorybut, Tiakas lkr, Tekcaj, Wayne Slam, Tolly4bolly, Bharatintro, Labnoor, Keyan20, EkoGraf, Karthikndr, L Kensington, Shrigley, Donner60, Loka1976, Orange Suede Sofa, HandsomeFella, Alstah, Sumesh Raut, Abhijeet 1995, Manuactive, 28bot, Top Jim, Socialservice, Ankit28595, Kirby 456, Rohith goura, ClueBot NG, Amjad.c, Rajayuv, Ronakshah1990, Nehrumemorial, Neilz N13, JGoldblatt,
Sarasin20, Rishav1001, Prateekramachandra, Go Phightins!, Ashutosh Dev, Widr, MerlIwBot, Helpful Pixie Bot, Omer123hussain, Titodutta, Hamid Chohan, Lowercase sigmabot, BG19bot, Vale of Glamorgan, Nitsakh, MKar, K.chandrakanth.gupta2710, George Ponderevo, Gopal0807, AvocatoBot, Metricopolus, Harshilsavani326, Saadshun, Compfreak7, Muhammad Atif Sadiq, Zach Vega, Vikasiit,
Snowcream, HMman, Nitinjain123, Arjunsingh3112, Merlaysamuel, Anbu121, Bnkkhan, RudolfRed, ThanMore, BattyBot, Dav subrajathan.357, Lukas, Ctg4Rahat, Gdfusion, Khazar2, Egeymi, Stumink, Editfromwithout, ABDEVILLIERS0007, BigJolly9, Magentic
Manifestations, Ngv2040, Webclient101, 25 Cents FC, Charles Essie, Mogism, Citysprach, NehruJunky, Aunhaider786, Ashwin147, Abhinandanalok, Frosty, Graphium, Jay Ravi 1944, Easythrees, DiscoverMeLater, Salem990, Bob Biswas, Vijaysoni7, Hemant.bpl, WholphinLuver12, Royroydeb, Epicgenius, FenixFeather, Vanamonde93, EnayatBegum, Capitals00, Jodosma, Somnath29, Arthur goes shopping,
The Herald, Ginsuloft, The Rahul Jain, InfocenterM, Crme3.14159, Bladesmulti, CopSuscept, Hemant Dabral, JaconaFrere, Pcmster92,
Jets100, Monkbot, JackKoszela, Demi lion, Ainalhala, Boby1187, Durgeshnamdeo, Amortias, Deepthinker94, Solaris9000, Grace Lulu,
No.1student, Irfan.hamd, Indian4747, Kautilya3, ModerateLabour100, Vaibhava.m.achar, Saisirajahmed, Alok Bhandari18, Silkenwings,
Vedant Dave, GreekAnarchist100 and Anonymous: 1107
16.2
Images
16.2
Images
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16.3
Content license