RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

CHAPTER 10

1. Respiration is a vital living process carried out by all living organisms.

Human respiration is a process where nose, larynx, trachea and lung are
take part.
2. All organisms require energy for life activities such as move, excrete,
growth a reproduce. The oxidation glucose is release energy and it
happed through respiration.
3. Two steps of respiration in human being :
i.
External respiration.
ii.
Internal/cellular respiration.
a. aerobic respiration.
b. Anaerobic respiration.
4. External respiration or breathing is the mechanical process to maintain a
continuous exchange of gases between the respiratory surfaces of an
organisms and its environment. The Lung involve in the step. Gaseous
exchange takes place in the alveoli.

Inhale gases Exhale gases

Oxygen Carbon dioxide

O2

CO2

Blood capillary

Red blood cells

Blood capillary tissues

5. Internal respiration or cellular respiration is a biochemical process in

which energy is made available to living cells. This process involves the
oxidation of organic molecules to release the chemical energy stored
within these molecules.
6. During respiration, oxygen is needed to convert the energy stored in
glucose to release energy (adenosine triphosphates). This process
happened in body cells. Carbon dioxide are produced during respiratory.
7. Respiration can divided into two stages:
i.
aerobic respiration
ii.
anaerobic respiration
8. Cellular respiration is also known as aerobic respiration as the process
requires a continuous supply of oxygen obtained from the air. In the
cells, glucose molecules are oxidized by oxygen to release energy. It can
summarized by

Glucose

oxygen

carbon dioxide + water + energy

9. The organisms that respire aerobically are called aerobic organisms.

10.Anaerobic respiration is a process that breaks down glucose when there
is very little or no oxygen.
11.Organisms that respire anaerobically are known as anaerobes. Bacteria
and certain type of yeast are anaerobes.
12.Aerobic respiration are occur in mitochondria while Anaerobic
respiration occurs in cytoplasm.

13.During vigorous exercise the muscles are in a state of oxygen deficiency

and oxygen debt. The muscles obtain the extra energy from anaerobic
respiration.
14.Glucose molecules break down partially into an intermediate substance
called lactic acid. Because glucose is not completely break down , the
energy release are much less.
15. Anaerobic respiration in the muscle :
Glucose

lactic acid

+ energy

16.Anaerobic respiration in yeast or fermentation :

Glucose

ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy

17.Table below show the differences between aerobic and

respirations.

Characteristics

Aerobic respiration

Availability
of Need oxygen
oxygen
Number of ATP A lot of energy
produced
( 36 ATP )
Product
of Carbon dioxide,
respiration
and water

Uses

Body metabolism.

GASEOUS EXCHANGE ACROSS

TRANSPORT OF GASES IN HUMANS

THE

anaerobic

Anaerobic respiration.
oxygen is absent

Small amount energy

( 2 ATP )
energy Lactic acid & energy
( muscle)
Ethanol, Carbon dioxide
and energy ( yeast)
To produce vinegar ( cuka)
Yogurt
Ethanol

RESPIRATORY

SURFACESAND

1. Gaseous exchange across the alveolus occurs by diffusion.

2. oxygen dissolves in the film of water on the surface of the alveoli and
then diffuses across the blood capillaries into the blood.
3. When oxygen enter the blood,it binds with the haemoglobin in the red
blood cell to form oxyhaemoglobin and is transported to the tissue and
organs.
4. When blood passes through tissues with low partial pressure of oxygen,
the oxyhaemoglobin dissociates itself to release oxygen molecules.
5. Each of haemoglobin can carry four molecules of oxygen.
6. Body release carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide diffuses into blood plasma
and then combines with the red blood cells. It react with water to form
carbonic acid.
7. This carbonic acid and carbaminohaemoglobin from the body cells
transported to the lungs where it is expelled.
8. In case of lung failure, a ventilator or respirator can assist breathing.
9. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR ) is an emergency treatment to
assist an individual who is out of breath for a while before proper
treatment can be carried out.
10.Asthma, lung cancer, pneumonia and bronchitis are some of the diseases
and illnesses infecting the lungs.
11.Healthy lifestyle includes abstaining from smoking and doing regular
exercise.
12.Conservation of air is essential to ensure healthy air quality.