07/02/2015

EngineWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Engine
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Anengine,ormotorisamachinedesignedtoconvertone
formofenergyintomechanicalenergy.[1][2]Heatengines,
includinginternalcombustionenginesandexternal
combustionengines(suchassteamengines)burnafuelto
createheat,whichthencreatesaforce.Electricmotors
convertelectricalenergyintomechanicalmotion,
pneumaticmotorsusecompressedairandotherssuchas
clockworkmotorsinwinduptoysuseelasticenergy.In
biologicalsystems,molecularmotors,likemyosinsin
muscles,usechemicalenergytocreateforcesand
eventuallymotion.
AV6internalcombustionenginefroma
Mercedescar

Contents
1Terminology
2History
2.1Antiquity
2.2Medieval
2.3IndustrialRevolution
2.4Automobiles
2.4.1Horizontallyopposedpistons
2.4.2Advancement
2.4.3Increasingpower
2.4.4Combustionefficiency
2.4.5Engineconfiguration
3Types
3.1Heatengine
3.1.1Combustionengine
3.1.1.1Internalcombustion
engine
3.1.1.2Externalcombustion
engine
3.1.1.3Airbreathing
combustionengines
3.1.1.4Environmentaleffects
3.1.1.5Airquality
3.1.2Noncombustingheatengines
3.2Nonthermalchemicallypoweredmotor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine

1/13

07/02/2015

EngineWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

3.3Electricmotor
3.4Physicallypoweredmotor
3.4.1Pneumaticmotor
3.4.2Hydraulicmotor
4Aspects
4.1Soundlevels
4.2Enginespeed
4.3Torque
4.4Power
4.5Efficiency
5Enginesbyuse
6Seealso
7Notes
8References
9Externallinks

Terminology
"Engine"wasoriginallyatermforanymechanicaldevicethatconvertsforceintomotion.Hence,pre
industrialweaponssuchascatapults,trebuchetsandbatteringramswerecalled"siegeengines".The
word"gin,"asin"cottongin",isshortfor"engine."ThewordderivesfromOldFrenchengin,fromthe
Latiningenium,whichisalsotherootofthewordingenious.Mostmechanicaldevicesinventedduring
theindustrialrevolutionweredescribedasenginesthesteamenginebeinganotableexample.
Inmodernusage,thetermenginetypicallydescribesdevices,likesteamenginesandinternal
combustionengines,thatburnorotherwiseconsumefueltoperformmechanicalworkbyexertinga
torqueorlinearforce(usuallyintheformofthrust).Examplesofengineswhichexertatorqueinclude
thefamiliarautomobilegasolineanddieselengines,aswellasturboshafts.Examplesofengineswhich
producethrustincludeturbofansandrockets.
Whentheinternalcombustionenginewasinvented,theterm"motor"wasinitiallyusedtodistinguishit
fromthesteamenginewhichwasinwideuseatthetime,poweringlocomotivesandothervehicles
suchassteamrollers."Motor"and"engine"latercametobeusedinterchangeablyincasualdiscourse.
However,technically,thetwowordshavedifferentmeanings.Anengineisadevicethatburnsor
otherwiseconsumesfuel,changingitschemicalcomposition,whereasamotorisadevicedrivenby
electricity,whichdoesnotchangethechemicalcompositionofitsenergysource.[3]
Aheatenginemayalsoserveasaprimemoveracomponentthattransformsthefloworchangesin
pressureofafluidintomechanicalenergy.[4]Anautomobilepoweredbyaninternalcombustionengine
maymakeuseofvariousmotorsandpumps,butultimatelyallsuchdevicesderivetheirpowerfromthe
engine.Anotherwayoflookingatitisthatamotorreceivespowerfromanexternalsource,andthen
convertsitintomechanicalenergy,whileanenginecreatespowerfrompressure(deriveddirectlyfrom
theexplosiveforceofcombustionorotherchemicalreaction,orsecondarilyfromtheactionofsome
suchforceonothersubstancessuchasair,water,orsteam).[5]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine

2/13

07/02/2015

EngineWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Devicesconvertingheatenergyintomotionarecommonlyreferredtosimplyasengines.[6]

History
Antiquity
Simplemachines,suchastheclubandoar(examplesofthelever),areprehistoric.Morecomplex
enginesusinghumanpower,animalpower,waterpower,windpowerandevensteampowerdateback
toantiquity.Humanpowerwasfocusedbytheuseofsimpleengines,suchasthecapstan,windlassor
treadmill,andwithropes,pulleys,andblockandtacklearrangementsthispowerwastransmitted
usuallywiththeforcesmultipliedandthespeedreduced.Thesewereusedincranesandaboardshipsin
AncientGreece,aswellasinmines,waterpumpsandsiegeenginesinAncientRome.Thewritersof
thosetimes,includingVitruvius,FrontinusandPlinytheElder,treattheseenginesascommonplace,so
theirinventionmaybemoreancient.Bythe1stcenturyAD,cattleandhorseswereusedinmills,
drivingmachinessimilartothosepoweredbyhumansinearliertimes.
AccordingtoStrabo,awaterpoweredmillwasbuiltinKaberiaofthekingdomofMithridatesduringthe
1stcenturyBC.UseofwaterwheelsinmillsspreadthroughouttheRomanEmpireoverthenextfew
centuries.Somewerequitecomplex,withaqueducts,dams,andsluicestomaintainandchannelthe
water,alongwithsystemsofgears,ortoothedwheelsmadeofwoodandmetaltoregulatethespeedof
rotation.Moresophisticatedsmalldevices,suchastheAntikytheraMechanismusedcomplextrainsof
gearsanddialstoactascalendarsorpredictastronomicalevents.InapoembyAusoniusinthe4th
centuryAD,hementionsastonecuttingsawpoweredbywater.HeroofAlexandriaiscreditedwith
manysuchwindandsteampoweredmachinesinthe1stcenturyAD,includingtheAeolipileandthe
vendingmachine,oftenthesemachineswereassociatedwithworship,suchasanimatedaltarsand
automatedtempledoors.

Medieval
MedievalMuslimengineersemployedgearsinmillsandwaterraisingmachines,anduseddamsasa
sourceofwaterpowertoprovideadditionalpowertowatermillsandwaterraisingmachines.[7]Inthe
medievalIslamicworld,suchadvancesmadeitpossibletomechanizemanyindustrialtaskspreviously
carriedoutbymanuallabour.
In1206,alJazariemployedacrankconrodsystemfortwoofhiswaterraisingmachines.Arudimentary
steamturbinedevicewasdescribedbyTaqialDin[7]in1551andbyGiovanniBranca[8]in1629.[9]
Inthe13thcentury,thesolidrocketmotorwasinventedinChina.Drivenbygunpowder,this,the
simplestformofinternalcombustionenginewasunabletodeliversustainedpower,butwasusefulfor
propellingweaponryathighspeedstowardsenemiesinbattleandforfireworks.Afterinvention,this
innovationspreadthroughoutEurope.

IndustrialRevolution
TheWattsteamenginewasthefirsttypeofsteamenginetomakeuseofsteamatapressurejustabove
atmospherictodrivethepistonhelpedbyapartialvacuum.Improvingonthedesignofthe1712
Newcomensteamengine,theWattsteamengine,developedsporadicallyfrom1763to1775,wasagreat
stepinthedevelopmentofthesteamengine.Offeringadramaticincreaseinfuelefficiency,James
Watt'sdesignbecamesynonymouswithsteamengines,dueinnosmallparttohisbusinesspartner,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine

3/13

07/02/2015

EngineWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

MatthewBoulton.Itenabledrapiddevelopmentofefficientsemiautomatedfactoriesonapreviously
unimaginablescaleinplaceswherewaterpowerwasnotavailable.Laterdevelopmentledtosteam
locomotivesandgreatexpansionofrailwaytransportation.
Asforinternalcombustionpistonengines,theseweretestedinFrancein1807bydeRivazand
independently,bytheNipcebrothers.TheyweretheoreticallyadvancedbyCarnotin1824.In185357
EugenioBarsantiandFeliceMatteucciinventedandpatentedanengine
usingthefreepistonprinciplethatwaspossiblythefirst4cycle
engine.[10]TheOttocyclein1877wascapableofgivingafarhigher
powertoweightratiothansteamenginesandworkedmuchbetterfor
manytransportationapplicationssuchascarsandaircraft.

Automobiles
Thefirstcommerciallysuccessfulautomobile,createdbyKarlBenz,
addedtotheinterestinlightandpowerfulengines.Thelightweight
petrolinternalcombustionengine,operatingonafourstrokeOttocycle,
hasbeenthemostsuccessfulforlightautomobiles,whilethemore
efficientDieselengineisusedfortrucksandbuses.However,inrecent
years,turboDieselengineshavebecomeincreasinglypopular,especially
outsideoftheUnitedStates,evenforquitesmallcars.

Boulton&Wattengineof
1788

Horizontallyopposedpistons
In1896,KarlBenzwasgrantedapatentforhisdesignofthefirstenginewithhorizontallyopposed
pistons.Hisdesigncreatedanengineinwhichthecorrespondingpistonsmoveinhorizontalcylinders
andreachtopdeadcentersimultaneously,thusautomaticallybalancingeachotherwithrespecttotheir
individualmomentum.Enginesofthisdesignareoftenreferredtoasflatenginesbecauseoftheirshape
andlowerprofile.Theyareorwereusedin:theVolkswagenBeetle,somePorscheandSubarucars,
manyBMWandHondamotorcycles,andaircraftengines(forpropellerdrivenaircraft),etc.
Advancement
Continuanceoftheuseoftheinternalcombustionengineforautomobilesispartlyduetothe
improvementofenginecontrolsystems(onboardcomputersprovidingenginemanagementprocesses,
andelectronicallycontrolledfuelinjection).Forcedairinductionbyturbochargingandsupercharging
haveincreasedpoweroutputsandengineefficiencies.Similarchangeshavebeenappliedtosmaller
dieselenginesgivingthemalmostthesamepowercharacteristicsaspetrolengines.Thisisespecially
evidentwiththepopularityofsmallerdieselenginepropelledcarsinEurope.Largerdieselenginesare
stilloftenusedintrucksandheavymachinery,althoughtheyrequirespecialmachiningnotavailablein
mostfactories.DieselenginesproducelowerhydrocarbonandCO2emissions,butgreaterparticulate
andNOxpollution,thangasolineengines.[11]Dieselenginesarealso40%morefuelefficientthan
comparablegasolineengines.[11]
Increasingpower
Thefirsthalfofthe20thcenturysawatrendtoincreasingenginepower,particularlyintheAmerican
models.Designchangesincorporatedallknownmethodsofraisingenginecapacity,includingincreasing
thepressureinthecylinderstoimproveefficiency,increasingthesizeoftheengine,andincreasingthe
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine

4/13

07/02/2015

EngineWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

rateatwhichtheengineproduceswork.Thehigherforcesandpressurescreatedbythesechanges
createdenginevibrationandsizeproblemsthatledtostiffer,morecompactengineswithVandopposed
cylinderlayoutsreplacinglongerstraightlinearrangements.
Combustionefficiency
ThedesignprinciplesfavouredinEurope,becauseofeconomicandotherrestraintssuchassmallerand
twistierroads,leanttowardsmallercarsandcorrespondingtothedesignprinciplesthatconcentratedon
increasingthecombustionefficiencyofsmallerengines.Thisproducedmoreeconomicalengineswith
earlierfourcylinderdesignsratedat40horsepower(30kW)andsixcylinderdesignsratedaslowas80
horsepower(60kW),comparedwiththelargevolumeV8Americanengineswithpowerratingsinthe
rangefrom250to350hp,someevenover400hp(190to260kW).
Engineconfiguration
Earlierautomobileenginedevelopmentproducedamuchlargerrangeofenginesthanisincommonuse
today.Engineshaverangedfrom1to16cylinderdesignswithcorrespondingdifferencesinoverall
size,weight,enginedisplacement,andcylinderbores.Fourcylindersandpowerratingsfrom19to
120hp(14to90kW)werefollowedinamajorityofthemodels.Severalthreecylinder,twostroke
cyclemodelswerebuiltwhilemostengineshadstraightorinlinecylinders.TherewereseveralVtype
modelsandhorizontallyopposedtwoandfourcylindermakestoo.Overheadcamshaftswere
frequentlyemployed.Thesmallerengineswerecommonlyaircooledandlocatedattherearofthe
vehiclecompressionratioswererelativelylow.The1970sand1980ssawanincreasedinterestin
improvedfueleconomy,whichcausedareturntosmallerV6andfourcylinderlayouts,withasmany
asfivevalvespercylindertoimproveefficiency.TheBugattiVeyron16.4operateswithaW16engine,
meaningthattwoV8cylinderlayoutsarepositionednexttoeachothertocreatetheWshapesharingthe
samecrankshaft.
ThelargestinternalcombustionengineeverbuiltistheWrtsilSulzerRTA96C,a14cylinder,2
stroketurbochargeddieselenginethatwasdesignedtopowertheEmmaMrsk,thelargestcontainer
shipintheworld.Thisengineweighs2,300tons,andwhenrunningat102RPMproduces109,000bhp
(80,080kW)consumingsome13.7tonsoffueleachhour.

Types
Anenginecanbeputintoacategoryaccordingtotwocriteria:theformofenergyitacceptsinorderto
createmotion,andthetypeofmotionitoutputs.

Heatengine
Combustionengine
Combustionenginesareheatenginesdrivenbytheheatofacombustionprocess.
Internalcombustionengine

Theinternalcombustionengineisanengineinwhichthecombustionofafuel(generally,fossilfuel)
occurswithanoxidizer(usuallyair)inacombustionchamber.Inaninternalcombustionenginethe
expansionofthehightemperatureandhighpressuregases,whichareproducedbythecombustion,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine

5/13

07/02/2015

EngineWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

directlyappliesforcetocomponentsoftheengine,suchasthepistonsorturbinebladesoranozzle,and
bymovingitoveradistance,generatesusefulmechanicalenergy.[12][13][14][15]
Externalcombustionengine

Anexternalcombustionengine(ECengine)isaheatengine
whereaninternalworkingfluidisheatedbycombustionofan
externalsource,throughtheenginewalloraheatexchanger.
Thefluidthen,byexpandingandactingonthemechanismof
theengineproducesmotionandusablework.[16]Thefluidis
thencooled,compressedandreused(closedcycle),or(less
commonly)dumped,andcoolfluidpulledin(opencycleair
engine).
"Combustion"referstoburningfuelwithanoxidizer,tosupply
theheat.Enginesofsimilar(orevenidentical)configurationand
operationmayuseasupplyofheatfromothersourcessuchas
nuclear,solar,geothermalorexothermicreactionsnotinvolving
combustionbutarenotthenstrictlyclassedasexternal
combustionengines,butasexternalthermalengines.
TheworkingfluidcanbeagasasinaStirlingengine,orsteam
asinasteamengineoranorganicliquidsuchasnpentaneinan
OrganicRankinecycle.Thefluidcanbeofanycomposition
gasisbyfarthemostcommon,althoughevensinglephase
liquidissometimesused.Inthecaseofthesteamengine,the
fluidchangesphasesbetweenliquidandgas.

Animationshowingthefourstagesof
thefourstrokecombustionengine
cycle:
1.Induction(Fuelenters)
2.Compression
3.Ignition(Fuelisburnt)
4.Emission(Exhaustout)

Airbreathingcombustionengines

Airbreathingcombustionenginesarecombustionenginesthatusetheoxygeninatmosphericairto
oxidise('burn')thefuel,ratherthancarryinganoxidiser,asinarocket.Theoretically,thisshouldresult
inabetterspecificimpulsethanforrocketengines.
Acontinuousstreamofairflowsthroughtheairbreathingengine.Thisairiscompressed,mixedwith
fuel,ignitedandexpelledastheexhaustgas.
Examples
Typicalairbreathingenginesinclude:
Reciprocatingengine
Steamengine
Gasturbine
airbreathingjetengine
Turbopropellerengine
Pulsedetonationengine
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine

6/13

07/02/2015

EngineWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Pulsejet
Ramjet
Scramjet
Liquidaircycleengine/ReactionEnginesSABRE.
Environmentaleffects

Theoperationofenginestypicallyhasanegativeimpactuponairqualityandambientsoundlevels.
Therehasbeenagrowingemphasisonthepollutionproducingfeaturesofautomotivepowersystems.
Thishascreatednewinterestinalternatepowersourcesandinternalcombustionenginerefinements.
Thoughafewlimitedproductionbatterypoweredelectricvehicleshaveappeared,theyhavenotproved
competitiveowingtocostsandoperatingcharacteristics.Inthe21stcenturythedieselenginehasbeen
increasinginpopularitywithautomobileowners.However,thegasolineengineandtheDieselengine,
withtheirnewemissioncontroldevicestoimproveemissionperformance,havenotyetbeen
significantlychallenged.Anumberofmanufacturershaveintroducedhybridengines,mainlyinvolvinga
smallgasolineenginecoupledwithanelectricmotorandwithalargebatterybank,butthesetoohave
yettomakemuchofaninroadintothemarketsharesofgasolineandDieselengines.
Airquality

Exhaustfromasparkignitionengineconsistsofthefollowing:nitrogen70to75%(byvolume),water
vapor10to12%,carbondioxide10to13.5%,hydrogen0.5to2%,oxygen0.2to2%,carbonmonoxide:
0.1to6%,unburnthydrocarbonsandpartialoxidationproducts(e.g.aldehydes)0.5to1%,nitrogen
monoxide0.01to0.4%,nitrousoxide<100ppm,sulfurdioxide15to60ppm,tracesofother
compoundssuchasfueladditivesandlubricants,alsohalogenandmetalliccompounds,andother
particles.[17]Carbonmonoxideishighlytoxic,andcancausecarbonmonoxidepoisoning,soitis
importanttoavoidanybuildupofthegasinaconfinedspace.Catalyticconverterscanreducetoxic
emissions,butnotcompletelyeliminatethem.Also,resultinggreenhousegasemissions,chieflycarbon
dioxide,fromthewidespreaduseofenginesinthemodernindustrializedworldiscontributingtothe
globalgreenhouseeffectaprimaryconcernregardingglobalwarming.
Noncombustingheatengines
Someenginesconvertheatfromnoncombustiveprocessesintomechanicalwork,forexampleanuclear
powerplantusestheheatfromthenuclearreactiontoproducesteamanddriveasteamengine,oragas
turbineinarocketenginemaybedrivenbydecomposinghydrogenperoxide.Apartfromthedifferent
energysource,theengineisoftenengineeredmuchthesameasaninternalorexternalcombustion
engine.Anothergroupofnoncombustiveenginesincludesthermoacousticheatengines(sometimes
called"TAengines")whicharethermoacousticdeviceswhichusehighamplitudesoundwavestopump
heatfromoneplacetoanother,orconverselyuseaheatdifferencetoinducehighamplitudesound
waves.Ingeneral,thermoacousticenginescanbedividedintostandingwaveandtravellingwave
devices.[18]

Nonthermalchemicallypoweredmotor
Nonthermalmotorsusuallyarepoweredbyachemicalreaction,butarenotheatengines.Examples
include:
Molecularmotormotorsfoundinlivingthings
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine

7/13

07/02/2015

EngineWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Syntheticmolecularmotor.

Electricmotor
Anelectricmotoruseselectricalenergytoproducemechanicalenergy,usuallythroughtheinteraction
ofmagneticfieldsandcurrentcarryingconductors.Thereverseprocess,producingelectricalenergy
frommechanicalenergy,isaccomplishedbyageneratorordynamo.Tractionmotorsusedonvehicles
oftenperformbothtasks.Electricmotorscanberunasgeneratorsandviceversa,althoughthisisnot
alwayspractical.Electricmotorsareubiquitous,beingfoundinapplicationsasdiverseasindustrialfans,
blowersandpumps,machinetools,householdappliances,powertools,anddiskdrives.Theymaybe
poweredbydirectcurrent(forexampleabatterypoweredportabledeviceormotorvehicle),orby
alternatingcurrentfromacentralelectricaldistributiongrid.Thesmallestmotorsmaybefoundin
electricwristwatches.Mediumsizemotorsofhighlystandardizeddimensionsandcharacteristics
provideconvenientmechanicalpowerforindustrialuses.Theverylargestelectricmotorsareusedfor
propulsionoflargeships,andforsuchpurposesaspipelinecompressors,withratingsinthethousandsof
kilowatts.Electricmotorsmaybeclassifiedbythesourceofelectricpower,bytheirinternal
construction,andbytheirapplication.
Thephysicalprincipleofproductionofmechanicalforcebytheinteractionsofanelectriccurrentanda
magneticfieldwasknownasearlyas1821.Electricmotorsofincreasingefficiencywereconstructed
throughoutthe19thcentury,butcommercialexploitationofelectricmotorsonalargescalerequired
efficientelectricalgeneratorsandelectricaldistributionnetworks.
Toreducetheelectricenergyconsumptionfrommotorsandtheirassociatedcarbonfootprints,various
regulatoryauthoritiesinmanycountrieshaveintroducedandimplementedlegislationtoencouragethe
manufactureanduseofhigherefficiencyelectricmotors.Awelldesignedmotorcanconvertover90%
ofitsinputenergyintousefulpowerfordecades.[19]Whentheefficiencyofamotorisraisedbyevena
fewpercentagepoints,thesavings,inkilowatthours(andthereforeincost),areenormous.Theelectrical
energyefficiencyofatypicalindustrialinductionmotorcanbeimprovedby:1)reducingtheelectrical
lossesinthestatorwindings(e.g.,byincreasingthecrosssectionalareaoftheconductor,improvingthe
windingtechnique,andusingmaterialswithhigherelectricalconductivities,suchascopper),2)
reducingtheelectricallossesintherotorcoilorcasting(e.g.,byusingmaterialswithhigherelectrical
conductivities,suchascopper),3)reducingmagneticlossesbyusingbetterqualitymagneticsteel,4)
improvingtheaerodynamicsofmotorstoreducemechanicalwindagelosses,5)improvingbearingsto
reducefrictionlosses,and6)minimizingmanufacturingtolerances.Forfurtherdiscussiononthis
subject,seePremiumefficiencyandCopperinenergyefficientmotors.)
Byconvention,electricenginereferstoarailroadelectriclocomotive,ratherthananelectricmotor.

Physicallypoweredmotor
Somemotorsarepoweredbypotentialorkineticenergy,forexamplesomefuniculars,gravityplaneand
ropewayconveyorshaveusedtheenergyfrommovingwaterorrocks,andsomeclockshaveaweight
thatfallsundergravity.Otherformsofpotentialenergyincludecompressedgases(suchaspneumatic
motors),springs(clockworkmotors)andelasticbands.
Historicmilitarysiegeenginesincludedlargecatapults,trebuchets,and(tosomeextent)batteringrams
werepoweredbypotentialenergy.
Pneumaticmotor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine

8/13

07/02/2015

EngineWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Apneumaticmotorisamachinethatconvertspotentialenergyintheformofcompressedairinto
mechanicalwork.Pneumaticmotorsgenerallyconvertthecompressedairtomechanicalworkthough
eitherlinearorrotarymotion.Linearmotioncancomefromeitheradiaphragmorpistonactuator,while
rotarymotionissuppliedbyeitheravanetypeairmotororpistonairmotor.Pneumaticmotorshave
foundwidespreadsuccessinthehandheldtoolindustryandcontinualattemptsarebeingmadeto
expandtheirusetothetransportationindustry.However,pneumaticmotorsmustovercomeefficiency
deficienciesbeforebeingseenasaviableoptioninthetransportationindustry.
Hydraulicmotor
Ahydraulicmotorisonethatderivesitspowerfromapressurizedfluid.Thistypeofenginecanbe
usedtomoveheavyloadsorproducemotion.[20]

Aspects
Soundlevels
Inthecaseofsoundlevels,engineoperationisofgreatestimpactwithrespecttomobilesourcessuchas
automobilesandtrucks.Enginenoiseisaparticularlylargecomponentofmobilesourcenoisefor
vehiclesoperatingatlowerspeeds,whereaerodynamicandtirenoiseislesssignificant.[21]Generally
speaking,petrolanddieselenginesemitlessnoisethanturboshaftsofequivalentpoweroutputelectric
motorsveryoftenemitlessnoisethantheirfossilfuelpoweredequivalents.Thrustoutputtingengines,
suchasturbofans,turbojetsandrocketsemitthegreatestamountofnoisebecausetheirmethodof
producingthrustisdirectlyrelatedtotheproductionofsound.Variousmethodshavebeendevisedto
reducenoise.Petrolanddieselenginesarefittedwithmufflers(silencers)newerturbofansoftenhave
outsizedfans(thesocalledhighbypasstechnology)inordertoreducetheproportionofnoisy,hot
exhaustfromtheintegratedturboshaftintheexhauststream,andhushkitsexistforolder,lowbypass
turbofans.Noknownmethodsexistforreducingthenoiseoutputofrocketswithoutacorresponding
reductioninthrust.

Enginespeed
Enginespeedismeasuredinrevolutionsperminute(RPM).Enginesmaybeclassifiedaslowspeed,
mediumspeedorhighspeedbutthesetermsareinexactanddependonthetypeofenginebeing
described.Generally,dieselenginesoperateatlowerspeedcomparedtogasolineengines.Electric
motorsandturboshaftsarecapableofveryhighspeeds.

Torque
Torqueistheforcebeingexertedonatheoreticalleverconnectedtotheoutputshaftofanengine.This
isexpressedbytheformula:

whereristhelengthoftheleverandFistheforceappliedonit.Torquecanbeconsideredtherotational
equivalentofforce.Itismeasuredtypicallyeitherinnewtonmetres(Nm,SIunits)orinfootpounds
(ftlb,imperialunits).Usageoftorquethereforeexcludesenginesliketurbofans,rocketsandthrusters.

Power
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine

9/13

07/02/2015

EngineWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Poweristheamountofworkbeingdone,orenergybeingproduced,perunitoftime.Thisisexpressed
bytheformula:

Therelationshipbetweenpowerandtorquewillbedemonstratedfromthisformula.First,turnthe
derivativeintoadifferential:

The(inthiscaseinfinitesimal)changeinworkdone,

,hasalsoanotherexpression:

So:

Andsince

canbesafelyeliminated,wehave:

where istheforcevector, isthevelocityvector,and

isthescalar
product.Thisformulawithlinearforcesandspeedscanbeusedequallywellforbothenginesoutputting
thrustandenginesexertingtorque.Toplaceourselvesinthecontextoftorque,simplyconsiderthe
following:

where istherotationalspeedvector,itsmagnitudeinrads1,and isthetorquevector,itsmagnitude

ineitheroneoftorqueunitsspecifiedbefore.Wethereforehave:

Andsince and areonthesameaxis,

,and,finally:

.
Thisisthereasonwhyanyengineoutputtingitspoweronarotatingshaftalwaysinforms,alongwithits
ratedpower,therotationalspeedatwhichthatratedpowerisdeveloped.
Typically,amongenginesdrivingarotatingshaft,combustionengineshavetheirpowerratedin
horsepower,whileelectricengineshavetheirpowerratedinwattsormultiplesthereof.

Efficiency
Dependingonthetypeofengineemployed,differentratesofefficiencyareattained.

Enginesbyuse
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine

10/13

07/02/2015

EngineWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Particularlynotablekindsofenginesinclude:
Aircraftengine
Automobileengine
Modelengine
Motorcycleengine
MarinepropulsionenginessuchasOutboardmotor
Nonroadengineisthetermusedtodefineenginesthatarenotusedbyvehiclesonroadways.
Railwaylocomotiveengine
SpacecraftpropulsionenginessuchasRocketengine
Tractionengine

Seealso
Timelineofmotorandenginetechnology
Timelineofheatenginetechnology
Electricmotor
Enginecooling
Multifuel
Gasolineengine
Hesselmanengine
HCCIengine
Hotbulbengine
IRISengine
Solidstateengine

Notes
1. ^"Motor"(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/motor).Dictionary.reference.com.Retrieved20110509.
"apersonorthingthatimpartsmotion,esp.acontrivance,asasteamengine,thatreceivesandmodifies
energyfromsomenaturalsourceinordertoutilizeitindrivingmachinery."
2. ^Dictionary.com:(Worldheritage)(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/motor)"3.anydevicethat
convertsanotherformofenergyintomechanicalenergysoastoproducemotion"
3. ^"Engine",McGrawHillConciseEncyclopediaofScienceandTechnology,ThirdEdition,SybilP.Parker,
ed.McGrawHill,Inc.,1994,p.714.
4. ^"Primemover",McGrawHillConciseEncyclopediaofScienceandTechnology,ThirdEdition,SybilP.
Parker,ed.McGrawHill,Inc.,1994,p.1498.
5. ^Press,AIP,Associated(2007).StylebookandBriefingonMediaLaw(42ndeded.).NewYork:Basic
Books.p.84.ISBN9780465004898.
6. ^CollinsEnglishDictionaryRetrievedSeptember03,2012fromCollinsDictionary.com
website:http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/Engine
7. ^abAhmadYHassan,TransferOfIslamicTechnologyToTheWest,PartII:TransmissionOfIslamic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine

11/13

07/02/2015

EngineWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Engineering(http://www.historysciencetechnology.com/Articles/articles%2071.htm)
8. ^"UniversityofRochester,NY,''Thegrowthofthesteamengine''onlinehistoryresource,chapterone"
(http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/thurston/1878/Chapter1.html).History.rochester.edu.Retrieved
20100203.
9. ^"Powerplantengineering(http://books.google.com/books?
id=Cv9LH4ckuEwC&pg=PA432&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false)".P.K.Nag(2002).TataMcGraw
Hill.p.432.ISBN0070435995
10. ^"Ladocumentazioneessenzialeperl'attribuzionedellascoperta"
(http://www.barsantiematteucci.it/inglese/documentiStorici.html)."AlaterrequestwaspresentedtothePatent
OfficeoftheReignofPiedmont,underNo.700ofVolumeVIIofthatOffice.Thetextofthispatentrequest
isnotavailable,onlyaphotoofthetablecontainingadrawingoftheengine.Thismayhavebeeneitheranew
patentoranextensionofapatentgrantedthreedaysearlier,on30December1857,atTurin."
11. ^abHarrison,RoyM.(2001),Pollution:Causes,EffectsandControl(http://books.google.com/books?
id=1kFbRYQUqcAC&pg=PA332#v=onepage&q&f=false)(4thed.),RoyalSocietyofChemistry,
ISBN9780854046218,retrievedFebruary20,2012
12. ^ProctorII,CharlesLafayette."InternalCombustionengines"
(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/290504/internalcombustionengine).EncyclopdiaBritannica
Online.Retrieved20110509.
13. ^"Internalcombustionengine"(http://www.answers.com/topic/internalcombustionengine?cat=technology).
Answers.com.Retrieved20110509.
14. ^"Columbiaencyclopedia:Internalcombustionengine"(http://inventors.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?
site=http://www.bartleby.com/65/in/internco.html).Inventors.about.com.Retrieved20110509.
15. ^"Internalcombustionengine"(http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0825332.html).Infoplease.com.2007.
Retrieved20110509.
16. ^"Externalcombustion"(http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/external%20combustion).Merriam
WebsterOnlineDictionary.20100813.Retrieved20110509.
17. ^PaulDegobert,SocietyofAutomotiveEngineers(1995),AutomobilesandPollution
18. ^Emam,Mahmoud(2013).ExperimentalInvestigationsonaStandingWaveThermoacousticEngine,M.Sc.
Thesis,(http://www.scribd.com/doc/147785416/ExperimentalInvestigationsonaStandingWave
ThermoacousticEngine#fullscreen).Egypt:CairoUniversity.Retrieved20130926.
19. ^"Motors".AmericanCouncilforanEnergyEfficientEconomy.http://www.aceee.org/topics/motors
20. ^"Howstuffworks"Engineering" "(http://reference.howstuffworks.com/hydraulicengineencyclopedia.htm).
Reference.howstuffworks.com.20060129.Retrieved20110509.
21. ^Hogan,C.Michael(September1973)."AnalysisofHighwayNoise"
(http://www.springerlink.com/content/x1707075n815g604/).JournalofWater,Air,andSoilPollution
(SpringerVerlag)2(3):387392.ISSN00496979(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/00496979).Retrieved
20110509.

References
J.G.Landels,EngineeringintheAncientWorld,ISBN0520041275

Externallinks
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine

12/13

07/02/2015

EngineWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

U.S.Patent194,047
(https://www.google.com/patents/US194047)
DetailedEngineAnimations
(http://www.animatedpiston.com)
Videofrominsideafourstrokeenginecylinder
(http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=73e_1192001762).
Working4StrokeEngineAnimation
(http://www.gbm.dk/gbm/Motore.htm)

WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoEngines.
Lookupenginein
Wiktionary,thefree
dictionary.
Lookupmotorin
Wiktionary,thefree
dictionary.

Animatedillustrationsofvariousengines(http://www.animatedengines.com)
5WaystoRedesigntheInternalCombustionEngine
(http://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/news/industry/5alternativeenginearchitectures?
click=main_sr)
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engine&oldid=646019784"
Categories: Enginetechnology Engines
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon7February2015,at10:41.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionalterms
mayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisa
registeredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine

13/13