4 - Perforations PDF

Perforating
Equipment, Concepts, Techniques, Skin
Copyright 2007,
, All rights reserved
Perforating
The productivity of a given reservoir is primarily dependent

on the near wellbore pressure drop.
This is governed by drilling damage and perforation

parameters.
Furthermore, successful stimulation and sand control

operations are strongly dependent on perforation
parameters.
Copyright 2007,
History
Mechanical, prior to 1932.
Bullet Gun, 1932 to present
Hydraulic, 1958 to present

Abrasive jetting
Shaped Charge, 1946 to present

Spin-off from DOD and DOE Technology most popular
Copyright 2007,
Cavity Effect
Copyright 2007,
Shaped Charge Perforator

Case
Primer
Conical liner
Main explosive
Copyright 2007,
The Perforation Process

High velocity 7,000 m/sec
High Pressure millions psi
High Speed microseconds
Low temperature
Particulated jet does the work
Copyright 2007,
T0
Detonator cord
Case
Liner
Primer charge
Explosive
Detonation front
(30 GPa)
T1
Tip (7000 m/sec)
Tail (500 m/sec)
T2
Jet tip
(15 106 psi)
T3
Tail particles
Classifications of Perforating Gun Systems
Thru-Tubing
Small guns to get through the tubing string can be shot
underbalance
Casing
Larger guns with big charges
Usually shot overbalance
High Shot Density

Larger gun with more shots per foot
Used for tubing conveyed applications
Copyright 2007,
Thru-Tubing Guns
Copyright 2007,
Casing Guns
Copyright 2007,
High-Shot Density (HSD) Guns

45
Copyright 2007,
10
Another Classification of Gun Systems
Capsule Charge
Enerjet (1 11/16 & 2 1/8-in.)
Pivot Gun (1 11/16-in.)
Hollow Carrier
Copyright 2007,
Scallop Guns (1 11/16 & 2 1/8-in.)

HEGS (3 1/8 & 4-in.)
Port Plug Guns (4-in.)
HSD (2 to 7-in.)
11
Capsule and Hollow Carrier Guns
Copyright 2007,
12
Wellhead
Wellhead
Tubing
Casing
Packer
Production
zone
Large shapedcharge gun
Mud, oil and
salt water
Tubing-Conveyed Completion
pw < pf
Extreme Overbalance Completion

pw > pf
Derrick
Pressure
control
equipment
Packer
Tubing
Casing
Cable to truck
Cable
Casing
Production
zone
Large shapedcharge gun
Salt water
Mud, oil and

salt water
Wireline
Casing Gun Completion
pw > pf
Copyright 2007,
Small
throughtubing gun
Wireline
Through-Tubing Gun Completion
pw < pf
13
Downhole Parameters that Affect Performance

Major effects
Gun clearance
Casing and formation strength
Effective formation stress
Wellbore Fluid
Temperature (selection of explosive)
Copyright 2007,
14
Factors Affecting Performance
Copyright 2007,
15
Gun Clearance
Copyright 2007,
16
Factors Affecting Productivity
Copyright 2007,
17
Formation Strength Effects

Penetration decrease is charge dependent
Penetration decrease ranges between 0.5" to 1.75" per 1 ksi
strength increase
__________________________________________________
All of these factors affecting performance can be simulated with
a PC program which will output penetration and productivity
results for a particular gun system in a particular environment.
Copyright 2007,
18
Penetration vs Target Type
Copyright 2007,
19
Underbalance Perforating
Cement
Overbalanced Perforation
Before Flowing
Mud-damaged zone
Virgin formation
Casing
Charge debris
Crushed and compacted

low-permeability zone
Overbalanced Perforation
After Flowing
Part of low-permeability zone
still exists
Perforation partially plugged

with charge debris
Ideal Underbalanced Perforation
Immediately After Perforating
Copyright 2007,
Low-permeability zone and

charge debris expelled by
surge of formation fluid
20
Underbalance Criteria
Copyright 2007,
21
Gun/Charge Selection

Temperature Rating
BH (Big Hole Charge) or DP (Deep Penetration Charge)
BH only for gravel pack completion and fracturing
Gun Size
generally, larger the guns, better the performance
Shot Density
higher the shot density, better the performance
Shot Phasing
60, 90, 120 are better than 180 or 0 degree phasing
180 or 0 degree guns for oriented perforation
Copyright 2007,
22
Perforating for Sand Control
Hole size from 0.5 to 1.0 in.

0.60 to 0.75 in most common
Adjust hole size for

Gun clearance
Casing grade
Consider positioning the gun (standoff)
Increase shot density to mitigate permeability reduction

(mixing of formation with gravel)
Copyright 2007,
23
Perforating for Fracturing
Copyright 2007,
24
Azimuth Oriented Perforations
Perforate the Preferential Fracture Plane to improve

hydraulic fractures
Sand Prevention
Improve near-well bore tortuously for natural completions
Re-shoot intervals for increasing shot density effectively
Directional cement squeeze jobs

N
Copyright 2007,
25
Azimuth Oriented Perforation

Gyro Trip
Gyro Trip
String
String
PEH-A
PEH-A
AH-64
AH-64
SAH-E
SAH-E
Perforating
TripTrip
Perforating
String
String
Inclinometer
Tool
Inclinometer Tool
3-3/8 in.
Gyro Carrier
Gyro Tool
CAL-B
3-3/8 in.
Inclinometer
Tool
Inclinometer Tool
CAL-B
WSPD - upper
Indexing sub
upper
3-3/8 in.
WSPD - upper
Indexing Sub
Upper
Indexing Sub
Upper
W
3-3/8 in. HSD

6spf, 180 phased
Indexing sub
upper
3-3/8 in. HSD

6spf, 180 phased
Indexing Sub
Lower
Indexing sub
lower
WSPD - lower
Indexing Sub
Lower
Indexing sub
lower
WSPD - lower
Copyright 2007,
26
Minimizing Debris
Debris From:
Case and liner of charges
Charge jacket
Low Debris Perforating System

Zinc alloy case
Powdered metal liner
No plastics
Copyright 2007,
27
Slick Line Perforating Head
Copyright 2007,
Low cost Perforating services
Single run reduces operating

time
Direct control throughout

operation
Selective firing reduces runs in

hole
Improved operation from job log
28
Slick Line Perforating Head

Electronic computer controlled firing mechanism
Responds only to direct commands
Firing sequence enabled when RIH
Power applied to detonator through several safety circuits
No radio silence required
No primary explosives
Copyright 2007,
29
Formation Damage Skin, Sdp
sdo
k
rd
=
1 ln
k
r
d
w
sd p sd o
+
1 s p
kd
Effective perforations can

overcome formation damage
kd
l p = l p 1 ld
k
'
kd
rw = rw + 1 + ld
k
'
Copyright 2007,
30
Perforation Damage Skin, Spd
S pd
h k
rpd
=
1 ln
l p k pd
rp
Perforation damage skin

Perforation length
Perforation shot density
Crushed zone permeability
Thickness of the crushed zone
Copyright 2007,
31
Vertical Converging Skin, Sv
Copyright 2007,
32
Plane-Flow Skin, Sh
= 0
rw
S h = ln
0.25l p
Copyright 2007,
rw
S h = ln
fn( ) l p + rw
33
Non-symetric Perforations
Copyright 2007,
34
Total Skin
( (
1
st = s F +
f pd s pd + sdp + f s s
F
s F , Partial penetration skin
s p d , Perforation skin
s , Deviation skin
sdp , Formation damage skin

F , Fraction of zone open to flow
Copyright 2007,
35

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Perforating

Equipment, Concepts, Techniques, Skin

, All rights reserved

The productivity of a given reservoir is primarily dependent

This is governed by drilling damage and perforation

Furthermore, successful stimulation and sand control

, All rights reserved

Mechanical, prior to 1932.

Bullet Gun, 1932 to present

Hydraulic, 1958 to present

Shaped Charge, 1946 to present

, All rights reserved

, All rights reserved

Shaped Charge Perforator

, All rights reserved

The Perforation Process

, All rights reserved

Tip (7000 m/sec)

Tail (500 m/sec)

Classifications of Perforating Gun Systems

High Shot Density

, All rights reserved

, All rights reserved

, All rights reserved

High-Shot Density (HSD) Guns

, All rights reserved

Another Classification of Gun Systems

Scallop Guns (1 11/16 & 2 1/8-in.)

, All rights reserved

Capsule and Hollow Carrier Guns

, All rights reserved

Extreme Overbalance Completion

Large shapedcharge gun

Mud, oil and

, All rights reserved

Downhole Parameters that Affect Performance

Casing and formation strength

Effective formation stress

Temperature (selection of explosive)

, All rights reserved

Factors Affecting Performance

, All rights reserved

, All rights reserved

Factors Affecting Productivity

, All rights reserved

Formation Strength Effects

, All rights reserved

Penetration vs Target Type

, All rights reserved

Crushed and compacted

Perforation partially plugged

, All rights reserved

Low-permeability zone and

, All rights reserved

, All rights reserved

Perforating for Sand Control

Hole size from 0.5 to 1.0 in.

Adjust hole size for

Increase shot density to mitigate permeability reduction

, All rights reserved

Perforating for Fracturing

, All rights reserved