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J Anat. Soc. India 52(1) 28-31 (2003)

The Shapes Of Head And Face In Normal Male Newborns In SouthEast Of Caspian Sea (Iran-Gorgan)
*Golalipour, M.J. * Haidari, K. * Jahanshahi, M. **Farahani, R.M.
*Department of Anatomy, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan. IRAN.
**Department of Anatomy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. (IRAN)
Abstract. Anthropometric dimensions are basis for evaluation of health of newborns. This study is conducted in view of the
importance of anthropometric indices of head and face in forensic medicine, surgery, pediatrics, and medical imaging.
This descriptive and cross-sectional study is undertaken on 420 normal one- day old newborns to determine range of their head and face
dimensions in Fars and Turkman races (Turkman group : n = 217, Fars group : n = 203). Means and SD of cephalic and prosopic indices
in Fars group were 77.97 + 5.347, 72.95 + 11.21 and in Turkman group were 77.00 + 5.21, 80.93 + 9.73 respectively. Dominant and rare
types of head in Fars group were mesocephalic. (36.5%) and hyperbrachycephalic (8.9%) and in Turkman group were mesocephalic
(38.2%) and hyperbrachycephalic (7.4%) respectively. Dominant and rare types of faces in Fars group were hypereuriprosopic (71.9%) and
hyperleptoprosopic (2.5%) and in Turkman group were hypereuriprosopic (34.6%) and hyperleptoprosopic (0.9%) respectively.
This study determines the possible effects of racial factor on the diversity of face shape in normal male newborns.
Key words :

Craniofacial forms, Caphalometry, Cephalic index, Prosopic index, Race, Male.

Introduction :
The evaluation and measurement of human
body dimensions are achieved by physical
anthropometry (Chamella, 1997; Williams et al,
1995), The human body dimensions are affected by
ecological, biological, geographical, racial, gender
and age factors (Mibodi & Frahani, 1996; Okupe et
al, 1984; Toil et al, 1995).
On the basis of above factors, anthropometric
studies are conducted on the age, sex and racial
groups in certain geographical zones (Williams et al,
1995; Afak and Turgut, 1998). On the other hand,
dimensions of newborns body can be basis for all
changes in anthropometric indices. Therefore, these
dimensions are important in this field, because this
is one of the newborns health evaluation indices
(Golalipour et al, 2000; Azizi, 1993; Afak and Turgut,
1998). Cephalometry is one of the important parts of
anthropometry in which dimensions of head and
face are measured. Cephalometric results are used
in pediatrics, forensic medicine, plastic surgery, oral
surgery and diagnostic comprehension between patient and normal populations (Williams et al, 1995).
Although, anthropometric studies of newborns,
other age groups, and its relationship between
health and disease have been performed but there
is a scope for research in various geographical and
racial groups. Inspite of determination of some
anthropometric features such as weight, height and

circumference of head in this area (Golalipour et al,


2000) study on cephalometry has not been carried
out. The present study was planned for determining
normal range of head and face shapes in normal
male newborns in native Fars and Turkman races.
Material and Method :
This study was done on 420 normal male newborns (Fars group n = 203; Turkman group, n =
217).
Turkman group : Turkmans population are living for more than two centuries in this area, who
imigrated from central Asia. Turkman people are
only marrying in intra-group because of religious
and ethnic beliefs. Thus, they are nearly pure race.
Native Fars group : populations of native Fars
have been selected from amongst last three generations who lived in this zone.
All newborns were evaluated in 12-24 hours
after birth. Head circumference of newborns were
determined by tapes meter without elasticity (+ 1
mm <n). Other measurements, which were determined by Martin spreading caliper, were included :
Head length = Summit of glabella to
farthest occipital point.
Head width = greatest breadth, at right
angles to median plane.
J. Anat. Soc. India 52(1) 28-31 (2003)

29

Golalipour, M.J. et al

Face length = nasion -gnathion height.


Face width = bizygomatic breadth.
Auricular height =
between vertex to
meatus.
Caphalic Index =
Prosopic Index =

Vertical
external

distance
acoustic

Results :

Head Width
100
Head Length

I.

Face Length
100
Face Width

Above indices were determined on the basis of


international anatomical descriptions (Williams et al,
1995). Depending upon these indices the types of
head and face shapes were classified as given by
Williams et al, 1995 and Panero, 1979) :
Head shape

Range of Cephalic Index (CI) (%)

Dolicocephalic

< 74.9

Mesocephalic

75 79.9

Brachycephalic

80 84.9
Range of Prosopic Index (PI) (%)

Hypereuriprosopic

< 79.9

Euriprosopic

80 84.9

Mesoprosopic

85 89.9

Leptoprosopic

90 94.9

Hyperleptoprosopic

> 95

Means and SD of head length, width, and


circumference; length and width of face and
auricular height in Turkman and native Fars are
depicted in table 1.

II. Indices : Means and SD of cephalic index in


Turkman and Fars groups were 77.00 + 5. 91,
77,97 + 5.34 respectively. There was no
significant difference between two groups.
Prosopic indices of two groups were 80.93 +
9.73, 72.95 + 11.21 respectively and there was
significant difference between two groups
(P < 0.00001).
III. Morphological classification of head (Table 2) :

Hyperbrachycephalic 85 89.9
Face Shape

The data for each newborn was recorded in a


special form and then analyzed by EP16. For determining morphological indices in racial group we
used Chi square test and for comparison of the
means of anthropometric measurements T student
test (a = 0.05) was used.

Head was classified by cephalic index, so that


mesocephalic type with 38.2% was dominant and
hyperbrachycephalic type with 7.40% was rare in
Turkmans male newborns. Dominant and rare types
in native Fars were mesocepahalic (36.5%) and
hyperbrachycephalic (8.9%) respectively (table.2).
There was no significant difference between
dominant and rare types in two racial groups.

Table. 1 : Showing various parameters of head & face in Turkman & Fars male newborns

Different Parameters

Turkman

Fars male

male newborn

newborn

p-value

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Head length

114.424

5.294

114.532

5.857

0.837051

Head width

88.041

6.329

89.197

6.221

0.056681

Face length

54.171

7.454

49.562

7.487

0.000002

Face width

67.120

6.517

68.320

7.139

0.068705

Auricular height

79.336

6.704

81.443

7.371

0.002695

Circumference of head

349.977

14.857

351.064

13.746

0.556133

J. Anat. Soc. India 52(1) 28-31 (2003)

Head And Face In Male Newborns

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Table.2 Distribution of head shapes in Turkman & Fars male newborns


Turkman Race

Fars Race

Head shapes

N (Percent)

N (Percent)

p-value

Dolicocephal

73 (33.6)

58(28.6)

0.3100

Mesocephal

83 (38.1)

74(36.5)

0.7801

Brachycephal

45 (20.7)

53(26.1)

0.2359

16(7.4)

18 (8.9)

0.7025

Hyperbrachycephal

Table. 3 : Distribution of Face shapes in Turkman & Fars male newborns


Turkman Race

Fars Race

N (percent)

N(percent)

p-value

Hypereuryprosopic

75(34.6)

146 (71.9)

0.0000

Euryprosopic

53 (2.4)

31 (15.3)

0.0263

Mesoprosopic

62 (28.6)

12 (5.9)

0.0000

Leptoprosopic

25(11.5)

9(4.4)

0.0130

2(0.9)

5(2.5)

0.1981

Face shapes

Hyperleptoprosopic

IV. Morphological classification of the face :


Hypereuriprosopic
type
(34.60%)
and
hyperleptoprosopic type (0.90%) were dominant and
rare types in Turkmans male newborns (table.3) and
also dominant and rare types of faces in Fars male
newborns were hypereuriprosopic (71.9%) and
hyperleptoprosopic (2.5%) respectively (table.3)
Discussion :
In this research cephalic indices were 77.00 +
5.211 and 77.97 + 5.347 in Turkman and Fars races
respectively. The cephalic indices of this study were
lower than Jordaans study in South Africa (80.29 +
0.89) (Jordaan, 1976) and India (88.4 + 1.1)
(Rajlakshmi et al, 2001 ) They resembled to Imamis
study in Quzvin-North-West in IRAN (87.5 + 6.4)
(Mibodi and Frahani, 1996).
Dominant type of head shape in both native
Fars & Turkman group was mesocephalic (36.5% &
38.2% respectively). However, the types of head
shape between two groups were somewhat diverse.
Our results resembled Mibodi and Frahani, 1996
(40% mesocephalic). Dominant type of head didnt
resemble to Jordaans Study (Brachycephalic) in

South Africa (Jordaan, 1976) and India (Tuli et al,


1995) (Dolicocephalic).
In respect to the variation of head shape in
various races and geographical zones, we believe
that hereditory factor primarily affects on the shape
of head, however environment has secondary effect
on it.
It must be remembered that the reaction to a
given environment represents the interaction of the
genotype of the population being studied with the
environment (Jordaan, 1976)
The anthropological studies on basis of racial
changes have determined that the people of Africa,
India, Australia are central part of Europe and north
of America and dolicocephalic type, head shape of
people in pacific Ocean are brachycephalic type and
in middle East, Russia and central parts of Europe
are mesocephlic type and also the most of people in
Atlantic Ocean border were mesocephalic type
(Chamella, 1997).
Head shape is affected by factor of time as
reported by Nakishima (1986) in Japan that head
shape had changed during 30 years.
Prosopic indices in two groups didnt resemble
to Mibodi and Farahani, (1996). The dominant type
J. Anat. Soc. India 52(1) 28-31 (2003)

Golalipour, M.J. et al

of face shapes in Fars race was the same as their


study and so was hypereuriprosopic in Turkmans.
However, dominant type of face shape in Turkman
group was hypereuriprosopic (34.6%), but percentage of diversity of faces in two groups were different
because of possible effect of racial factor.
The prosopic was lower in children and was
affected by time period (Chamella, 1997). Therefore,
this study determines the possible effect of racial
factor on the diversity of head and face shapes.
We suggest that the efforts are necessary for
determining the role of environment, heredity, aging,
and racial factors on the shapes of head and face.
Acknowledgements :
We appreciate the research department of
Golestan University of Medical Sciences and newborns ward of Deziani Hospital in Gorgan, Mr M. A
Vakili for statistical analysis, and Mrs. L. Sharifi for
the manuscript typing, and Special thanks to Dr. A.
Rayej.
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