IEEE 2012 Annual Meeting

Cincinnati, Ohio
Integrated Vehicle Energy
Technology (INVENT) Overview
Changing the Culture through
Model Based Engineering

4 May 2012

Integrity

Service

Excellence

STEVEN M. IDEN
INVENT Program Manager
Energy / Power / Thermal Division
Air Force Research Laboratory

Cleared for public release, 88ABW-2011-4647, 26Aug11

Challenge
In the Past
Aircraft designed for peak power and peak thermal loads
Over-design offered future growth potential
Optimized based on mass and volume metrics

Today
3 to 5 times heat load of legacy aircraft
Limited ability to reject heat to environment
Increasing secondary power demands

On demand peak power for flight controls

On demand peak power for engine thrust actuation devices

Increased complexity

Future
Energy efficiency and optimization approaches
Dynamic energy picture of the subsystems and vehicle airframe

Stored energy converted energy distributed energy dissipated energy

Requires new design processes

Cleared for public release, 88ABW-2011-4647, 26Aug11

Power & Thermal Management

Requirements
Heat Sink: Fuel, Lube, Ram Air,
Fan Duct, Thermal Energy
Storage, Expendable?

Active Denial
Laser Fighter

ELLA

~
~

LRSII

kW

Power & Thermal Requirements

LRSIII

F-22

Heat Sink: Fuel

MEA I
F-35 STOVL
F-35 CTOL, CV

F-15E
F-16

F-15C, D

Time

Heat Sink: Ram Air

& Fuel

More Electric Aircraft Gen I

Electric Engine Start
Electric Primary Flight Control
PTMS

Today

Cleared for public release, 88ABW-2011-4647, 26Aug11

Energy Optimized Aircraft (EOA)

Energy Efficiency >>>
Mission Capability >>>
Reduce Demand
Change Culture

Reduced Fuel Burn

Increased Range or Endurance
Increased Performance
No Thermal Management System Limits
on Operations
Mega-Watt Class Power & Cooling for
Self-Defense Weapons

Mission
Capable
Efficient
Systems

Adaptive Versatile
Turbine Engine (ADVENT)

On-Demand
Robust, Adaptive
Variable Cycle Engines
Advanced Aero
Highly Efficient Embedded
Turbine Engine (HEETE)
Cleared for public release, 88ABW-2011-4647, 26Aug11

AF INVENT Future Vision & Goals

Spirals 1,2, & 3 Capabilities Growth
Providing Future Warfighter Capabilities
F-35

UAV

Large Aircraft DEW

Subsonic LRS
Long Endurance UAV

Mobility
F-22

Hypersonic

6th Gen Fighter/DEW

Persistent ISR
Supersonic LRS

10% Fuel Savings or Range for 5th

Gen Tactical, Subsonic Strike, and
Persistent/ISR (P/ISR)
2X Ground Hold Time for 5th Gen
Tactical & Strike (120 min Goal)
4X CAS Low Alt Ops Time for
Tactical & Strike (120 min Goal)
+15-20% Power and Thermal
(P&T) Mission Capability
5th

INVENT Near-Term
GEN More Electric Aircraft

50% Improved Range/Endurance Goal

High Altitude Airship

10% On-Demand Integrated Systems

Power & Thermal for High Mach to

Hypersonic Vehicles

30% Advanced Engine Cycles

(leveraged)

10X Increased P&T for Hi Duty

Cycle DEW

10% Aero Improvements (leveraged)

10X P&T Systems Growth for Long

Endurance ISR Missions

No Thermal Management System (TMS)

Restrictions
5X P&T Capacity (MW Class DEW)
INVENT Mid-Term
Next Gen. Energy Opt. Aircraft

Cleared for public release, 88ABW-2011-4647, 26Aug11

INVENT Far-Term
Revolutionary Energy Opt. Aircraft

Integrated Vehicle Energy Technology (INVENT)

The Next System Revolution

Adaptive P &T
Management System

High Performance
Electromechanical
Actuation

Dynamic Energy
Management System

Adaptive Cycle Engine

MW-class Power

Electrical
Accumulator Unit

Robust Electrical
Power System

Adaptive Smart Aircraft Power Systems

Cleared for public release, 88ABW-2011-4647, 26Aug11

Model Based Design

6

Integrated Vehicle Energy Technology (INVENT)

Reduced Energy Demand

For steady level flight:
Lift=Weight and Thrust=Drag

INVENT can reduce energy consumption in three ways:

Reduce combined subsystem weight
Currently 2x single engine weight

Reduce bleed air

Reduces the SFC and thrust penalties

Reduce engine power extraction

Reduces the SFC and thrust penalties

Cleared for public release, 88ABW-2011-4647, 26Aug11

Integrated Vehicle Energy Technology (INVENT)

Rapid Model Based Design

The
Need:
Full Mission
Capability

The
Solution:
Energy
Optimized
Aircraft

Near

Cockpit Simulation
Full Mission Capability

Develop Integrated
Subsystems & Models

Mid

Far

Verified and Validated Multifidelity Platform Based Toolsets

Develop Integrated System

Models and Conduct Full
System Optimization

Iterative Virtual & Real Rapid Design Approach

Cleared for public release, 88ABW-2011-4647, 26Aug11

INVENT Model Requirements

and Implementation Plan (MRIP)
Govt./Industry collaboration to
establish modeling framework
Mission & Segment
Interface definitions
Losses, heat
Interactions

Defines fidelity, data stream, and

V&V requirements
Software documentation
requirements
Standard for AF, industry and
academia
MRIP is open for public release

Tip-to-Tail Diagram
Government, Industry, Academia Collaboration for System-Level
Development of Evolving MS&A Toolsets Capabilities
Cleared for public release, 88ABW-2011-4647, 26Aug11

Need for Time-Accurate

Mathematical Models
Historically: S-S tabular-based look-up models

Goal: Dynamic mathematical models

2

Tabular data limits scope of possible

investigations
Steady-state information (neglects transient
response between states)
Data generated by resources not available to
system integrator

1
s

Math Layer
Develop time-accurate
mathematical models

Improves:
Model reusability
Variable fidelity options
Reconfigurable

One architecture/mission/platform

Multiple architectures/missions/platforms

Cannot address dynamic controls

interactions

Address controls interactions / on-demand

systems

Move away from steady-state tabular data to time-accurate

models to improve versatility and increase fidelity
Cleared for public release, 88ABW-2011-4647, 26Aug11

10

M&S System
Integration Challenge
Orders of magnitude differences in required simulations rates
Two different model fidelities defined (segment / mission)
Propulsion/Thermal
Simulation

REPS

Heat Loads

Electrical
Distributed
Heterogeneous
Simulation (DHS)

Propulsion

Mission Params
Bay Temps
Shaft Speed
Shaft Power

HPEAS
HPEAS Transient Response
Altitude
Mission Profile
Aircraft Maneuver

FTMS

Vehicle Electrical
Simulation

Vehicle
Distributed
Heterogeneous
Simulation (DHS)

APTMS
Mach
Altitude
Thrust
Engine Transient Response

6-DOF Simulations
Detailed Transient
Analysis

1x10-7 s

Prop/Power/
Thermal Analysis

1x10-6 s

1x10-5 s

Segment Level

1x10-4 s
0.001 s
Simulation Time Step Domain

0.01 s

0.1 s

1.0 sec

Mission-Level

Cleared for public release, 88ABW-2011-4647, 26Aug11

11

Thermal Tip-to-Tail Model

(Mission Level)
Fuel Thermal Management
System (FTMS)
Fuel mass & temp
Convection, conduction,
radiation
Ram air HX

Aircraft Heat Loads

Actuators
Cockpit
Engine (pumps, bearings, and
gearbox)
Avionics (air cooled and liquid
cooled)
Electrical System

Engine (quasi-steady state)

Controls return to tank flow
Calculates engine heat loads
Calculates net thrust
Calculates fuel burn / SFC
Interfaces with APTMS supplying
bleed air & shaft power
Drag

Engine
Ram Air

Fuel
Thrust

FTMS

Q FAN

Power Thermal
Management
System (PTMS)
Air cycle or vapor cycle
Cold air heat sink
Heat sink for PAO loop

Thrust Command

Fuel

Bleed Air/
Shaft Power

Fuel

PTMS

Q Load

Cleared for public release, 88ABW-2011-4647, 26Aug11

AVS

Air Vehicle System (AVS)

6-DoF to vehicle model
Notional Long Range Strike
Closed loop control over
mission profile (speed,
altitude, heading)
Track metrics (range,
endurance, fuel burn)
12

Electrical Tip-to-Tail Model

(Segment Level)
Robust Electrical Power
System (REPS) (Transient)
Generator
Electrical Distribution Unit
Electrical Accumulator Unit

Engine (Transient)
Calculates thrust
Calculates fuel burn / SFC
Interfaces with REPS System
through shaft power.
Shaft
Speed

REPS
High Performance
Electrical Actuation
System (HPEAS)
(Transient)
Actuators
EMI Circuit

Engine

Air Vehicle System (AVS)

(Transient)
6-DoF to vehicle model
Notional Long Range Strike
Closed loop control over mission
profile (speed, altitude, heading)
Track metrics (range, endurance,
fuel burn)

Thrust Command

Thrust

AVS

Shaft
Torque

Voltage
Current

Actuation Feedback
Actuation Command

HPEAS
Aerodynamic Loads
Cleared for public release, 88ABW-2011-4647, 26Aug11

13

Validation through
Hardware in the Loop (HIL)
Real-Time Turbine
Engine and FADEC
Models

6 DoF Airframe
Dynamics and
Autopilot Models

Thrust Achieved

Actuator / Load Model

Actuation
Feedback

Fuel Burned
Actuation
Command

Altitude
Mach Number

Aerodynamic
Loads

Thrust Request
Real-Time
Simulator

Real-Time Simulator

Real-Time
Simulator

Simulation

Drive Stand

ELECTRICAL
ACCUMULATOR UNIT
Vdc

Measured
Bus Voltage

Current
Command

Measured Generator
Torque

Measured
Spool Speed

Speed
Command

Hardware

Energy Storage
Device

Converter

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Gen

Turbine Emulator

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Vdc

ADVANCED
LOAD
EMULATOR

Average Power
Dissipator

Energy Storage
Device

Converter

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Cleared for public release, 88ABW-2011-4647, 26Aug11

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INVENT Technology
Demonstration & Validation Strategy
2008

Develop Models, Hardware, Integrate, Simulate, Test & Validate

2015+

Component Dev.

Subsystem & Dynamic

INVENT Ground

INVENT Flight

INVENT 6.2

Modeling

Demos INVENT 6.3

Demo INVENT 6.3

INVENT 6.2, 6.3

BATTERY

ESG
270
VDC
MAIN
BUS

ISIF

EMA
ACTUATOR
P&CE
EHA
ACTUATOR
P&CE
IAP
ACTUATOR
P&CE

Robust Electrical
Power System

F-35 Derivatives

Bi-Directional
Converter

Battery

Capacitor
Possible solution

Adaptive Power &

Thermal
Management
System
High
Performance
Electric
Actuation
System

Long Range Strike

VAATE

Integration of Adaptive
Cycle Engine Capabilities

Persistent ISR

Mobility
Cleared for public
88ABW-2011-4647,
26Aug11
Forrelease,
Official
Use Only

15

Future MS&A Needs

Desired Future Capabilities
IP Protection
Improve capability of RSTOOL to plot higher order response surfaces
Integrated Configuration Management
Physical Modeling Standard Toolboxes

exs. 2 phase thermodynamic flow, hydraulic with thermal, others

Data Management

large data set logging, managing, consistent formats

Automated simulation solver selection (speed / accuracy)

Ability to capture model uncertainty associated with solver, parameters,
and user input (physics modeled)
Errors associated with launching Matlab engines
Update Simulink Scope to measure point to point (cursor)
Cleared for public release, 88ABW-2011-4647, 26Aug11

16

Future MS&A Needs (cont)

Desired Future Capabilities (cont)
Ability to read AMPL/GMPL files to create linear programs

An GAMS format model interpreter is a workable solution

Create a solver for mixed integer programs

Ability to specify optimality gap for termination of the algorithm

Future Modeling, Simulation, and Analysis Needs

Distributed simulation capability for non-real time and real time
Running segment level electrical models in real time

make use of floating point FPGA or GPUs

Availability of Jacobian for model reduction

Cleared for public release, 88ABW-2011-4647, 26Aug11

17

INVENT

is our Nations Planning and Execution Construct for

Energy Optimized Aircraft

THE PARTNERSHIP

THE MISSION
Increase
Capability,
Performance
Integrated
Energy
Management

GE Rolls-Royce
Fighter Engine Team

1
7

3
5

Reduce
Acquisition
Time/Cost

Government, Industry, Academia Collaborative Team

Cleared for public release, 88ABW-2011-4647, 26Aug11

18

Questions?

Cleared for public release, 88ABW-2011-4647, 26Aug11

19