Josef Mengele
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Josef Mengele, mdico alemn y capitn de las SS. En 1943, fue nombrado mdico de la
guarnicin militar de las SS (Standortartz) de Auschwitz. Como tal, tena la responsabilidad
de diferenciar y seleccionar a quienes eran aptos para trabajar y a aquellos que seran
destinados a las cmaras de gas. Mengele asimismo realiz experimentos con los
prisioneros del campo, en especial con hermanos gemelos. Lugar y fecha inciertos.
National Museum of Auschwitz-Birkenau
Josef Mengele fue mdico de las SS, de reputacin infame por sus experimentos mdicos
inhumanos con prisioneros de campos de concentracin en Auschwitz.
Naci el 16 de marzo de 1911 en Gnzburg, cerca de Ulm, y era el hijo mayor de Karl
Mengele, prspero fabricante de herramientas agrcolas. En 1935, Mengele obtuvo el
doctorado en antropologa fsica en la Universidad de Mnich. En enero de 1937, en el
Instituto de Biologa Hereditaria e Higiene Racial de Frankfurt, se convirti en asistente del
Dr. Otmar von Verschuer, un destacado cientfico muy conocido por sus investigaciones
con gemelos.
En 1937, Mengele se uni al partido nazi. El ao siguiente, el mismo ao en que recibi su
ttulo de mdico, se uni a las SS. En junio de 1940, fue reclutado en el ejrcito y luego se
ofreci como voluntario en el servicio mdico de las Waffen-SS (fuerzas armadas de las
SS). Si bien la documentacin es escasa y a menudo contradictoria respecto de las
actividades de Mengele desde esta poca hasta comienzos de 1943, es claro que, en primer
lugar, se desempe como experto mdico para la Oficina Principal de Raza y
Asentamiento (Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt o RuSHA) en el verano de 1940 en la
Oficina Central de Inmigracin (Einwandererstelle) Nordeste de Posen (actualmente,
Poznan) y, despus de ello, tuvo el cargo de oficial mdico en el Wiking de la divisin de
las SS (Batalln V de pioneros de las SS), con el cual particip en acciones de guerra en el
frente oriental.
Mengele fue herido en campaa y regres a Alemania en enero de 1943, donde comenz a
trabajar en el Instituto Kiser Guillermo (KWI) de Antropologa, Gentica Humana y
Eugenesia dirigido por su antiguo mentor von Verschuer. En abril de 1943, lo ascendieron
al rango de capitn de las SS. Este progreso antecedi brevemente el traslado de Mengele a
Auschwitz, el 30 de mayo de 1943.
Durante su infame cargo en el campo de concentracin, Josef Mengele no fue el nico
mdico en Auschwitz ni, como la sabidura popular sostiene a menudo, el mdico de mayor
rango en el campo. Esta distincin perteneca al capitn de las SS, Dr. Eduard Wirths,
cuyo cargo de mdico de guarnicin lo responsabilizada de todos los asuntos mdicos del
complejo entero de campos. Mengele comenz su carrera en Auschwitz en la primavera de
1943 como oficial mdico responsable del campo de gitanos de Birkenau. Varias semanas
despus de su liquidacin, asumi un nuevo cargo de jefe mdico de campo de Auschwitz
II (es decir, Birkenau) en noviembre de 1943, an bajo la jurisdiccin de Wirths.
Alrededor de 30 mdicos trabajaban en Auschwitz durante el perodo en que Mengele fue
asignado al campo. Como requisito de sus rondas, el personal mdico realizaba
selecciones de prisioneros en la rampa y determinaba, entre la masa de personas que
llegaban a Auschwitz, quin sera retenido para que trabaje y quin morira inmediatamente
en las cmaras de gas. Conocido como el ngel de la muerte" o, a veces, como el "ngel
blanco" por su conducta cruel y fra en la rampa, Mengele es asociado con esta "tarea de
seleccin" ms estrechamente que cualquier otro oficial mdico en Auschwitz aunque,
segn la mayora de los relatos, no realizaba esta tarea ms a menudo que cualquiera de sus
colegas. Sin dudas, esta asociacin se explica en parte con su notoriedad despus de la
guerra, pero la imagen omnipresente de Mengele en la rampa en tantos relatos de
sobrevivientes tambin se relaciona con que l a menudo apareca fuera de servicio en el
rea de seleccin, siempre que llegaban trenes llenos de nuevos prisioneros, en busca de
gemelos.
Mengele se haba interesado en el uso de gemelos para la investigacin mdica gracias a
Verschuer, famoso por experimentar con mellizos y gemelos a fin de rastrear el origen
gentico de diversas enfermedades. Durante la dcada de los treinta, la investigacin de
gemelos se consideraba una herramienta ideal para estimar los factores de variantes de la
herencia humana y el entorno. Mengele, con su mentor, haba realizado una cantidad de
protocolos de investigacin lcita con gemelos como sujetos de prueba durante toda esa
dcada. Entonces, en Auschwitz, con toda la libertad para mutilar o matar a sus sujetos,
llev a cabo una amplia gama de experimentos agnicos y a menudo letales con gemelos
judos y romanes ("gitanos), la mayora de los cuales eran nios.
Tena muchos otros intereses de investigacin, los cuales incluan una fascinacin por la
heterocroma, una condicin en la cual los iris de una persona tienen diferente color.
Durante toda su estada en Auschwitz, Mengele junt los ojos de sus vctimas asesinadas en
parte para brindar "material de investigacin" a su colega Karin Magnussen, investigador
de pigmentacin ocular del KWI. Tambin condujo l mismo diversos experimentos con el
objeto de revelar el secreto para cambiar artificialmente el color de los ojos. De un modo
menos difundido, document con afn, en prisioneros de los campos, el avance de la noma,
una clase de gangrena que destruye las membranas mucosas de la boca y otros tejidos.
JOSEPH MENGELE
retenido cerca de Nuremberg. Fue liberado por los aliados, que desconocan su
identidad. Tras esconderse como granjero en Alta Baviera, Mengele parti hacia
Argentina en 1949 donde muchos otros oficiales nazis huidos tambin haban
encontrado refugio. Mengele se divorci de su esposa Irene y en 1958 se cas
con la mujer de su hermano Karl, Martha. Ella y su hijo se mudaron a Argentina
para reunirse con Mengele, aunque ambos regresaron a Europa aos despus.
UN BUEN ESTUDIANTE.
En la dcada de los 20, Alemania era el centro cultural y artstico del mundo.
La medicina y la msica florecan y Berln era considerada una de las ciudades
ms refinadas, sobrepasando incluso a Pars.
Nadie abraz esta idea con mayor pasin que Mengele. En 1934 se uni al
Partido Nazi, pero sigui con sus estudios y recibi el Doctorado en Filosofa,
para luego aprobar los exmenes de ingreso a Medicina.
EL SAGRADO JURAMENTO
HROE NACIONAL
Josef Mengele se hizo miembro del cuerpo de elite Waffen SS, una organizacin
que exiga pureza racial en sus miembros, cnyuges y familiares,
preferiblemente hasta la 4 generacin. Mengele se haba enamorado de
Irenna Schumbaimm, de quien ms tarde afirmara: "Era hermosa y bien
educada... fue el amor de mi vida".
familia aria pura, y adems catlica. Por otra parte Irenna provena de una
familia luterana.
AUSCHWITZ
Cuando las heridas de Mengele sanaron fue declarado no apto para combate.
Por ello, se ofreci voluntariamente como mdico de campamento: es decir
como mdico en los campos de concentracin. Por qu querra alguien con tan
elevadas calificaciones y antecedentes, ir a un sitio como Auschwitz? "Porque
l buscaba zwillingen (gemelos) para sus experimentos y tendra a numerosos
de ellos y hasta se poda dar el lujo de matarlos. All, desde el principio, dispuso
de 226 gemelos, con edades entre 2 y 18 aos. Y poda hacer lo que quisiera
con ellos." (Michael Barembaum, mdico, Director del US Memorial Museum).
Una de las asignaciones de los mdicos de campamento era recibir los trenes
cargados con judos.
Mengele era uno de los pocos mdicos de campamento que poda llevar a cabo
la tarea de seleccin a sangre fra, siempre en busca de gemelos.
Mengele luchaba contra el reloj para descubrir los secretos que permitieran
crear una raza aria pura, mientras la marea de la guerra se volva adversa a
Alemania.
Por qu podra alguien querer cambiar el color de los ojos? Qu haca tan
especial a los ojos azules? Mengele intentaba responder mediante sus
experimentos eugensicos, Por qu la "raza superior aria" presentaba ms
cantidad de personas con ojos azules, que con ojos de otros colores
caractersticos de las razas inferiores? Para resolver el intrincado
rompecabezas gentico Mengele tendra un poder de decisin absoluto: poda
hacer lo que quisiera.
Cuando l llegaba con su terrible voz, los guardias nazis se aterrorizaban, y eso
aterrorizaba an ms a los judos. Mengele siempre se presentaba con su
uniforme impecable y sus botas de cuero perfectamente lustradas, muy
CONSTANTE HUIDA
Esos trmites, capturados por los oficiales aliados de Estados Unidos, eran
utilizados para determinar qu sujeto era arrestado en forma automtica. No
hay documento que explique por qu Mengele careca del tatuaje obligatorio
de oficial de la SS, que se haca en la parte interior del brazo izquierdo, dos
pulgadas por debajo de la axila. Antiguos doctores de la SS, confirmaron que
no estaba tatuado.
Otro de los elementos que jug a su favor fue la urgencia con que los aliados
liberaron a millones de prisioneros de guerra alemanes. Mengele se retir
IMPUNIDAD
Mengele pas diecisis aos viviendo con los Stammer en una granja cercana a
So Paulo, adquirida por la firma alemana Mengele. En 1976 la convivencia con
sus familiares adoptivos se torn imposible, por lo que solicit una nueva
familia. Peter y Geza Bossert se ofrecieron para acoger a Mengele en su hogar,
donde permaneci hasta su muerte.
Segn testigos, Mengele pasaba sus horas construyendo botes y jugando con
los hijos de sus anfitriones. Su temor a ser atrapado creca, y siempre dorma
en su pequea y oscura habitacin, con una pistola al alcance. En 1976 recibi
la visita de su hijo Rolf, quien luego declarara para una revista alemana "Mi
padre asegura que nunca hizo algo incorrecto en Auschwitz. Dice que slo
seleccionaba prisioneros para trabajar, y nada ms. Odio lo que hizo, pero es
mi padre, y quiero creer en l".
SU MUERTE
"Mengele se introdujo en el mar, hasta que el agua alcanz sus rodillas. En ese
momento desapareci.
De hecho, alguna vez Mengele pronunci las palabras sagradas del juramento
hipocrtico: "Si cumplo acabadamente con este juramento, ganar para
siempre reputacin entre los hombres, por mi vida y mi arte. Si lo transgredo,
que lo opuesto recaiga sobre m".
En cierta forma, su juramento se ha cumplido: el ngel de la Muerte, demoniomdico de Auschwitz, es un sinnimo universal de muerte y genocidio.
Desde hacer crueles pruebas con gemelos hasta usar a una familia con
enanismo
para su diversin personal, el ngel de la muerte no conoca la compasin
En contraposicin con los actos que cometera slo unos pocos aos despus,
tal era su espritu solidario que lleg a inscribirse en la Cruz Roja y en varios
grupos juveniles similares. No obstante, pronto desarrollara un gran inters por
la antropologa, algo que marcara su vida para siempre.
De nio, tambin hubo ocasiones en las que se escap por los pelos de
enfermedades y accidentes. A los 6 aos () se cay en un profundo barril de
agua de lluvia y estuvo a punto de ahogarse. Tambin padeci un terrible
ataque de envenenamiento en sangre. En 1926 el mdico de la familia le
diagnostic osteomielitis, una inflamacin de la mdula sea () que (te)
puede dejar tullido en casos graves, pero a l no le produjo ninguna
discapacidad significativa, explican por su parte Gerald L. Posner y John Ware
en su libro Mengele. El mdico de los experimentos de Hitler.
A los 20 aos su inters por la medicina se hizo patente, aunque en una rama
que no tena tanto que ver con curar enfermedades. Concretamente, pronto se
A esas ideas Mengele sum las del doctor Ernest Rudin, personaje al que
admiraba, y cuya mentalidad era la de que los mdicos deban apiadarse de
aquellos cuya vida no tuviera valor matndolos. De hecho, este mdico fue el
que sent las bases de la ley de esterilizacin obligatoria promovida por el
nazismo. Segn la misma, todos aquellos que tuvieran, entre otras dolencias,
esquizofrenia, imbecilidad o deformidades fsicas, deban ser asesinados para
preservar la raza aria.
Una vez dentro del nazismo, las influencias y los conocimientos de Mengele
sobre la evolucin humana -afirmaba que poda saber la raza de una persona
analizando las facciones de su cara- le granjearon un rpido ascenso. De esta
forma, y con tan slo 27 aos, fue aceptado en la SS despus de confirmarse
que sus antepasados eran arios.
Poco despus, en 1942, fue enviado al frente, donde ejerci, entre otras cosas,
de mdico de campaa. En batalla, lleg incluso a conseguir varias medallas
por la valenta mostrada en acto de servicio. De esta forma, Josef Mengele se
convertira en toda una leyenda viva para los miembros de la SS.
No obstante, este sdico doctor tuvo que esperar todava un tiempo hasta que,
ya con rango de capitn, se le concedi un puesto como mdico en el campo
de concentracin de Auschwitz. Ser enviado a este lugar era un sueo hecho
realidad para Mengele, pues significaba que poda llevar a cabo todos los
crueles experimentos que deseara.
Este sdico doctor decidi que, para detener la epidemia, deba enviar a las
cmaras de gas a 1.600 gitanos y judos (tanto hombres como mujeres y nios)
que tuvieran cualquier sntoma de tifus. Algo que, segn narran algunos
supervivientes, hizo con total frialdad.
Sin embargo, esta no fue la nica medida que llev a cabo el ngel de la
muerte. Segn la doctora Ella Lingens, una mdico austraca enviada a
Auschwitz, envi a la cmara de gas a todo un barracn de judas, 600
mujeres, y lo hizo limpiar. Luego lo hizo desinfectar de arriba abajo. Despus,
puso baeras entre este barracn y el siguiente, sac a las mujeres del
siguiente para que las desinfectaran y las envi al barracn limpio. All les
dieron un camisn limpio y nuevo. El barracn siguiente se limpi de la misma
manera. Fin del tifus. Lo triste es que no pudieran meter en ningn lado a las
600 primeras, explican Posner y Ware en el texto.
Los mdicos nazis pretendan clonar una nueva raza muchas dcadas antes
de que se descubriera la secuencia completa del ADN humano. Crean que en
los gemelos estaba la clave para la reproduccin selectiva de la raza aria,
seala el periodista espaol en su libro. Es decir, buscaban que las madres
alemanas pudieran dar a luz a multitud de hijos arios que reemplazaran a las
razas inferiores.
En una ocasin trat los ojos de cuatro parejas de gemelos de origen gitano
que haba asesinado y los envi al Instituto Kaiser Wilhelm, donde serviran a
A pesar de todo, esta familia con enanismo logr salvarse y mantenerse viva
entreteniendo a este loco doctor nazi. Para ello, cantaban en las ocasiones
especiales canciones en alemn y actuaban para los oficiales del campo.
La suerte de Mengele, sin embargo, cambi en 1945, cuando los oficiales nazis
del campo de concentracin recibieron el aviso de que deban abandonar
Auschwitz y destruir todas las pruebas incriminatorias de sus mltiples
crmenes. Y es que los rusos se acercaban peligrosamente liberando a su paso
todos los centros de exterminio que encontraban.
En este caso el destino le sonri, pues pocos meses despus, en abril de 1945,
fue identificado como uno de los principales criminales de guerra nazis y se
encontraba en las listas de la Comisin de Crmenes de Guerra de Naciones
Unidas. A partir de ese momento, los aliados nunca detuvieron su bsqueda.
Alrededor de las 4.30 de la tarde, para refrescarse del sol abrasador, Mengele
decidi probar las suaves olas de Atlntico. Diez minutos despus, se
encontraba luchando por su vida. El joven Andreas Bossert fue el primero que
lo vio () Alertado por su hijo, Wolfram Bossert levant la vista y vio un
movimiento violento del mar. Le pregunt a Mengele si se encontraba bien. La
nica respuesta fue una mueca de dolor. Bossert se meti en el mar y nad a la
mayor velocidad que pudo para rescatar a su amigo. Cuando lleg () la
parlisis le haba agarrotado el cuerpo, explican los autores anglfonos en su
libro. Mengele, tras realizar miles de torturas y protagonizar una huda de
pelcula, haba fallecido.
M. P. V. Madrid
Lo definira como la encarnacin del mal absoluto. Mengele era un sdico que
disfrutaba causando dolor a los otros; personaje absolutamente fro, sin
empata, calculador, representante impecable de la organizacin criminal a la
que perteneca, la SS de Heinrich Himmler. Entregado a su sanguinario trabajo
con una devocin rayana en la locura. El apodo con el que se le conoca en
Auschwitz no puede ser ms acertado: el ngel de la Muerte.
juzgarle en Jerusaln, no pudieron detener a Mengele, quien vivi sin pagar por
sus crmenes durante 35 aos.
Neal Adams, Joe Kubert y Stan Lee unen fuerzas en un proyecto para conseguir
que Dina Gottliebova Babbitt, encerrada durante dos aos en Auschwitz
durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, recupere los retratos a la acuarela que
realiz durante su cautiverio para Josef Mengele, el infame mdico y
antroplogo conocido como El ngel de la Muerte por sus experimentos con
seres humanos.
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During World War II, a number of German physicians conducted painful and often deadly
experiments on thousands of concentration camp prisoners without their consent.
Unethical medical experimentation carried out during the Third Reich may be divided into
three categories. The first category consists of experiments aimed at facilitating the survival
of Axis military personnel. In Dachau, physicians from the German air force and from the
German Experimental Institution for Aviation conducted high-altitude experiments, using a
low-pressure chamber, to determine the maximum altitude from which crews of damaged
aircraft could parachute to safety. Scientists there carried out so-called freezing experiments
using prisoners to find an effective treatment for hypothermia. They also used prisoners to
test various methods of making seawater potable.
The second category of experimentation aimed at developing and testing pharmaceuticals
and treatment methods for injuries and illnesses which German military and occupation
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Euthanasia Program
Josef Mengele
Auschwitz-Birkenau:
Nazi Medical Experimentation
The German physicians who ran SS and Wehrmacht medical institutions, along
with medical personnel at lower levels, participated actively in carrying out
Nazi extermination plans. SS physicians assigned to the concentration camps,
including Auschwitz, played a special role. They conducted criminal medical
experiments on prisoners and committed other acts that violated medical
ethics. Having furthered the extermination program in the concentration
camps, they have gone down in history as medical criminals.
Carl Clauberg experimented with sterilization in the camp. Part of Block No. 10
in the Main Camp was put at his disposal. Several hundred Jewish women from
various countries lived in two large rooms on the second floor of the building.
Like Clauberg, Horst Schumann was searching for a convenient means of mass
sterilization that would enable the Third Reich to carry out the biological
destruction of conquered nations by "scientific methods"--through depriving
people of their reproductive capacity. "X-ray sterilization" equipment was set up
for Schumann in one of the barracks at Birkenau. Every so often, several dozen
Jewish men and women prisoners were brought in. The sterilization
experiments consisted of exposing the women's ovaries and the men's testes
to X-rays. Schumann applied various intensities at various intervals in his
search for the optimal dose of radiation. The exposure to radiation produced
severe burns on the belly, groin, and buttocks areas of the subjects, and
festering sores that were resistant to healing. Many subjects died from
complications. The results of the X-ray sterilization experiments were
unsatisfactory. In an article that he sent to Himmler in April 1944, titled "The
Effect of X-Ray Radiation on the human Reproductive Glands," Schumann
Josef Mengele held a Ph.D. and a medical doctorate. In close collaboration with
the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Genetics, and Eugenics, he
studied the phenomena of twins, as well as the physiology and pathology of
dwarfism. He was also interested in people with different-colored irises and in
the etiology and treatment of noma ("water cancer" of the cheek). This latter
disease, widespread in the Gypsy Camp, had been previously almost unknown
in Europe. Mengeles first experimental subjects were Gypsy children. He had a
laboratory in the so-called "Gypsy Family Camp." On Mengele's orders, children
suffering from noma were put to death in order for pathology investigations to
be carried out. Organs and even complete heads of children were preserved
and sent in jars to institutions including the Medical Academy in Graz, Austria.
Mengele also began selecting dwarves and persons with physical peculiarities
(including inborn disabilities and the developmental defects that appear in
dwarfism) from the Jewish transports brought to Birkenau for extermination,
from the Jewish "Theresienstadt Family Camp" in Birkenau, and from the socalled Mexico (Sector BIII).
In the first phase of his experiments, Mengele subjected pairs twins and people
with physical handicaps to special medical examinations that could be carried
out on the living organism. Usually painful and exhausting, these examinations
lasted for hours and were a difficult experience for starved, terrified children
(for such were the majority of the twins). The subjects were photographed,
plaster casts were made of their teeth and jaws, and their fingerprints and
toeprints were taken. As soon as the examinations of a given pair of twins or
dwarf were finished, Mengele ordered them killed by phenol injection so that he
could go on to the next phase of his experiments, the comparative analysis of
internal organs at autopsy. "Scientifically" interesting anatomical specimens
were preserved and shipped to the Institute in Berlin-Dahlem for more detailed
examination.
The killing of prisoners was also accompanied by research into the changes
that occur in the human organism as a result of starvation--in particular, liver
atrophy ("braune Atrophie"). This research was carried out at Auschwitz
Concentration Camp by SS-Obersturmfhrer Johann Paul Kremer, M.D., Ph.D.,
professor at the University of Mnster, where he lectured on anatomy and
human genetics. At the Block No. 28 clinic in the main camp, he carried out
assessments of prisoners attempting to gain admission to the hospital. Many of
them were at the point of exhaustion, in the "Musselman" state, in the final
stages of starvation to death. Kremer ordered most of them killed by phenol
injection. Kremer selected prisoners who struck him as particularly good
experimental material, and questioned them just before their deaths, as they
lay on the autopsy table awaiting injection, about such personal details as their
weight before arrest and any medicines they had used recently. In some cases,
he ordered these prisoners photographed. Before their bodies were cold, they
were subjected to autopsies and slides were made for Kremer of the liver,
spleen, and pancreas.
By Anne S. Reamey
Gisella Perl
In 1944 she, along with almost all of Sighet's Jews, was transported to
Auschwitz, where she was put to work in the infirmary. In the years since the
war, her role as a physician in Auschwitz has led her work to be cast under
The woman who would later be called the "Angel of Auschwitz," Dr. Gisella Perl
was born in Maramaros Sighet, a city that was part of Hungary before World
War I and during World War II. In the interwar period it was part of Romania. At
16 years old, Gisella Perl was the only woman (and the only Jew) to graduate
from her secondary-school class.1
With Hungary serving as an ally of Germany throughout the war, the Jewish
community was largely immune to the terrible fates of other Jews throughout
Europe. In 1944, however, their false sense of security was brought to an
abrupt halt as the Nazis began their rapid extermination plan. Spreading
quickly throughout Hungary, the Nazis sent the bulk of the Hungarian Jews to
the Auschwitz concentration camp.2
As with many Jews across Hungary, Dr. Perl and her family were forced into a
ghetto before being transported to Auschwitz in March 1944.3 After eight
excruciating days packed tightly into cattle cars with almost no food or water,
Dr. Perl's transport arrived at the gates of Auschwitz. As they entered into what,
for many, would be their final resting place, families were separated into two
lines: those going to the right were subjected to forced labor (about 3,000
people) while those going to the left were exterminated immediately in the gas
chambers (7,000-9,000 people). 4
Auschwitz-Birkenau
"Like big, black clouds, the smoke of the crematorium hung over the camp.
Sharp, red tongues of flame behind the sky, and the air was full of the
nauseating smell of burning flesh." 5
After passing the initial selection, Gisella Perl became an inmate of BA I (the
women's camp of Birkenau, also known as Auschwitz II). There, she
encountered the struggles and hardships of the rest of her transport before
being selected to work in the camp "hospital." This name, however, implies
more hope than could be found there. This camp was, after all, "an assault and
a biological disaster"6 leaving the women with little hope of survival.
This lack of equipment was compounded by the lack of proper (or, in fact,
almost any) nourishment, which led to fights between inmates. Years later, Dr.
Perl recalled that shortly after beginning her work in the camp hospital, she
"always had most to do after food distribution. I had to bandage bloody heads,
treat broken ribs, and clean wounds. This work of mine was really quite
hopeless, for the same would start all over again the next day."8
The lack of personal hygiene was another of the most deadly issues faced by
inmates at Auschwitz. With only one public latrine designed to accommodate
between 30,000 and 32,000 women -- and even then only at designated times
-- the latrines immediately began to overflow, leaving prisoners to wade
through knee-high feces in order to relieve themselves. Those who suffered
from dysentery, a common ailment among prisoners, could not wait through
the long lines into the latrines and often soiled themselves. Because prisoners
almost never received new uniforms, the unfortunate prisoners with dysentery
were forced to suffer the indignity, as well as the increased chance of further
infection, by being forced to wear their soiled clothing.
The "Angel of Death" and the "Angel of Life": Dr. Mengele and Dr. Perl
Our whole being concentrated on Mengele's hands. Those hands had the power
to condemn us to immediate execution or to prolong our miserable life by a few
days11
The hospital in Auschwitz operated with only five doctors and four nurses, all
hand selected by Dr. Josef Mengele himself.12 It was the job of the hospital
staff to provide the little care they could manage without supplies to those
suffering from starvation, and those suffering from the torture inflicted upon
them.
Surgery in Auschwitz
Without any anesthesia to assist with the pain, or bandages and antibiotics to
aid in the healing after, Dr. Perl performed surgery on hundreds of patients in
the hospital at Auschwitz. Two types of surgery were particularly common -those on the pregnant women, and those to repair the damage done to
women's breasts through the brutality of the SS officers, who lacerated the
breasts of prisoners with whips.13
Although Dr. Perl's work assisting fellow inmates in Auschwitz saved many
lives, after the war many critics of her work asked how a doctor who truly cared
about their patients could place pregnant mothers under Dr. Mengele's surgical
knife, knowing that they were later destined for the gas chambers. The answer
is simple: no one knew the truth about the work done at Auschwitz until it was
too late. Upon her arrival as one of the new camp physicians, Dr. Mengele
instructed Dr. Perl to inform him of any pregnant woman she discovered. "He
told me that he would send them to another camp, for milk, for better
nutrition," Dr. Perl recalled during an interview in 1984.14 The women were
even taken away in "Red Cross trucks,"15 which turned out to be nothing more
than disguised death-transports.
But Dr. Mengele's true intentions quickly became apparent. Dr. Perl
remembered that "At first I believed him, but later I learned that he used them,
together with the physically handicapped and twins, for his inhumane medical
experiments. When he finished with them, they were all destroyed in the gas
chambers."16
Pregnancy in Auschwitz
When Dr. Perl first arrived in Auschwitz, the fate of all pregnant women
entering the camp was the same - an immediate trip to the gas chambers.
Later, the fate of some became even more horrific: the women were subjected
to gruesome medical experiments before being killed, or worse, burned alive
without being murdered first.
In an interview with Nadine Brozan for the New York Times in 1982, Dr. Perl
recalled her initial experiences with Dr. Mengele's "cure" for pregnancy in
Auschwitz. ''Dr. Mengele told me that it was my duty to report every pregnant
woman to him,'' Dr. Perl said. ''He said that they would go to another camp for
better nutrition, even for milk. So women began to run directly to him, telling
him, 'I am pregnant.' I learned that they were all taken to the research block to
be used as guinea pigs, and then two lives would be thrown into the
After Dr. Perl's startling realization of the fates of the pregnant women
discovered by Dr. Mengele, she began to perform surgeries that before the war
she would have believed herself incapable of - abortions. In spite of her
professional and religious beliefs as a doctor and an observant Jew, Dr. Perl
began performing abortions on the dirty floors and bunks of the barracks in
Auschwitz "using only my dirty hands."20 Without any medical instruments or
anesthesia, and often in the cramped and filthy bunks within the women's
barracks, Dr. Perl ended the lives of the fetuses in their mothers' womb
(estimated at around 3,00021) in the hopes that the mother would survive and
later, perhaps, be able to bear children.
In some instances, the pregnancy was too far along to be able to perform an
abortion. In these cases Dr. Perl broke the amnionic sac and manually dilated
the cervix to induce labor. In these cases, the premature infant (not yet
completely developed), died almost instantly.22 Without the threat of their
pregnancy being discovered, women were able to work without interruption,
gaining them a temporary reprieve from their death sentences.
In addition to her work as a physician and surgical assistant to Dr. Mengele, Dr.
Perl assisted prisoners in any way possible throughout the night. "Ms. B", a
prisoner at Auschwitz from April-September 1944, testified as part of the
Claims Conference: The Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against
Germany. She recalled the work of Dr. Perl with great reverence:
Dr. Gisella Perl assisted Dr. Mengele during the day. However, at night Dr. Perl
came into the barrack and administered an ointment with glue-like consistency
to every sore, in order to heal this horrific rash. Dr. Perl came periodically to
Barrack No. 10 and also went to other barracks to administer this ointment. The
rash needed several weeks to clear up; however, it would often return a few
days later. In Auschwitz, there was a belief among the female prisoners that the
soup we were given to eat was drugged and the drug was the reason why we
suffered from this horrific rash. Without Dr. Perl's medical knowledge and
willingness to risk her life by helping us, it is would be impossible to know what
would have happened to me and to many other female prisoners. I lived in
Sighet, the same town as Dr. Gisella Perl, until I was 16, when I was sent away
to the ghetto. I remember what a wonderful reputation she had, and how wellknown she was in our area. My mother was her patient, and my grandmother
went to her husband, Dr. Krauss, who was an internist. When we both in
Auschwitz, I remember she was the doctor of the Jews there. 28
Auschwitz to Bergen-Belsen
Unable to cope with this devastating blow, Dr. Perl attempted suicide. After her
failed attempt, she was taken to a French dentist who was asked by a Catholic
Priest to look after "this woman whose soul is still very ill after all the horror of
many prison camps."30
well as those who witnessed the abortions? Those who looked on with the
knowledge that their doctor could end life as well as give it understood that in
the outside world, abortions were immoral and not considered a real doctor's
work. Inside the camp, however, life and death decisions looked different. As
part of the Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Network, Jeff Heinrich
published an article (Born in the Holocaust: A Hungarian woman's miraculous
birth in the death camp of Auschwitz24 ) on the astonishing birth and life of an
infant born inside the confines of Auschwitz. Heinrich described the moral
landscape in the following terms: "Some of the inmates in Camp C, Auschwitz's
barrack for Hungarian Jewish women and girls, were able to bring their
pregnancies to term, but their babies were almost invariably taken from them
right after and killed - "mercifully" strangled to death by Jewish inmate doctors
forced to work for the Nazis." He continued, noting that, "most pregnancies
never got that far; the usual clandestine practice was to abort fetuses before
they could be born - a life-saving measure for the mother, who was an easy
target for liquidation if her pregnancy became too obvious."25
While most prisoners understood Dr. Perl's rationale and appreciated her
efforts, there were those that criticized her work after the war. While Jews and
Protestants often have fairly flexible views on abortions (particularly given Dr.
Perl's circumstances), Roman Catholics maintain that no matter the
circumstances, abortion is always a moral sin.26 Even fellow physicians, such
as David Deutschman (New York) claim, "there is no rational or moral
justification for . . . wholesale slaughter of infants . . . whether it was done by
the brutal Nazis, or by a sentimental and well-meaning female medical
personality."27
Following the conclusion of the Second World War, Dr. Perl was granted a
temporary visa to serve as a lecturer in the Unites States (sponsored by the
Hungarian-Jewish Appeal and the United Jewish Appeal31) and moved to an
upper class neighborhood in New York.32 Initially, New York Representative
(and Democrat) Sol Bloom petitioned the Justice Department to pass his
proposed bill that would make Dr. Perl a permanent resident of the United
States. The Justice Department rejected the appeal; however, they decided not
to prosecute.33
On March 12, 1948, President Truman signed a bill granting haven to Dr. Perl in
the United States. Without the bill, Dr. Perl could have been subjected to
deportation to Rumania and the possibility of persecution.34 Once in America,
Dr. Perl worked to help raise funds to aid fellow refugees.35
During her long and tiring struggle to gain citizenship and have her medical
practice licensing reinstated, Dr. Perl faced thorough interrogations by the
Immigration and Naturalization Service in an attempt to ensure she did not
sympathize with the Nazis.36 Eventually, Dr. Perl was able to resume her
practice of gynecology.37 Her prayer at the entrance to the delivery room was
always the same: "God, you owe me a life - a living baby."38
In 1979, Dr. Perl moved once again, this time immigrating to Israel. Her
daughter (hidden with a non-Jewish family during the war) moved to Israel to
live with her mother.39
Unfortunately, the fate of Dr. Josef Mengele was not as satisfying as that of Dr.
Gisella Perl. Although she was prepared to testify against the murderer as a war
criminal, Mengele eluded authorities and was never brought to trial. 42
After forty-three years and the delivery of approximately 3,000 healthy babies
after liberation, Gisella Perl passed away at the age of eighty-eight on
December 16, 1988. The Jerusalem Post referred to Perl as, "the angel of
Auschwitz"43 for her work at the camp, serving both hospital patients and
expectant mothers.
Auschwitz Today
Only eight years after her death, Showtime and Paramount Pictures came
together to produce a movie that would chronicle Dr. Perl's experiences in
Auschwitz, and her struggle to gain American citizenship due to her
involvement in the performing of abortions - Out of the Ashes 45. On August
12, 1996 Marcia Magus issued a letter to readers of The Jerusalem Post
requesting information on Dr. Perl who knew her "before, during, or after the
war."46 However, it wasn't until 2002 that Christine Lahti was cast to play the
role of Dr. Perl, and not until 2003 when the film was finally released.
Christine Lahti, who had for years followed the life of Dr. Perl through
newspaper clippings, played the role of Dr. Perl in Out of the Ashes.47 Inspired
by Dr. Perl's story, Lahti exhibited a moving portrayal of the personal and
professional struggles Perl faced in Auschwitz. When interviewed, Lahti
explained, "we wanted to explore the gray toneswhat we call the 'choiceless
choices'-things she had to do to survive but things that were not so
honorable."48
In response to both the Holocaust deniers who claim that Jewish doctors killed
out of sheer maliciousness to their own people, and to those who claimed that
Dr. Perl "collaborated" with Dr. Mengele when he planned and performed
experiments and executions on the pregnant women in Auschwitz, Anne
Meredith claims there was no such possibility. As author of the screenplay for
Out of the Ashes, Meredith traveled the world to gain as much first-hand
knowledge of Dr. Perl -- and the circumstances surrounding her extraordinary
works -- as possible. In the process, Meredith interview survivors of Auschwitz
who had interacted with Dr. Perl while interned at the camp. During the
interviews, Meredith determined that the omnipresent terror with which the
inmates at Auschwitz lived, make it impossible to pass moral judgment - "She
was in fear of him for the rest of her life."49 She further notes that, "the real
problem for all of us who weren't there is to look at these situations that were
so horrific with a kind of judgment we can't comprehend what they went
through. Everyone did things that in normal situations they would never do."50
Following the film's release, critics praised the portrayal of Dr. Perl, describing
its personal impact and sobering reality. Josh Friedman, writer for the Los
Angeles Times, describes the personality of Dr. Perl coming through her
character: "Though Perl resents the INS board's interrogation as she defends
her actions, her devotion as a doctor and a Jew who treasures the gift of life
soon becomes obvious. If the verdict is never in doubt, neither is the power of
Perl's testimony."51
After being released to the public in theaters around the world, Out of the
Ashes continues to be shown in schools, Jewish education centers, and
Holocaust remembrance events. Several cities, including Milwaukee, have even
hosted Holocaust film festivals where the public is able to view some of the
most powerful films. Melissa Kerbel, former coordinator for Milwaukee's
Coalition for Jewish Learning's (CJL) Holocaust Education and Resource Center
(HERC), remarked during a telephone interview with the Wisconsin Jewish
Chronicle, "Our mission is to educate the community about the Holocaust and
promote remembering the Holocaust. We wanted to make it possible for the
community to view Holocaust films they otherwise wouldn't see." 52
For the Jewish people, particularly those who survived the Holocaust, talking
about their past is often a painful, if not unbearable, experience. Those who
attempt to castigate or judge the experience of Nazi victims (especially
antisemites, Nazi apologists, and Holocaust deniers) make the process even
more excruciating.
their nature, they should not be considered as historical fact, but should be
considered as information publicly available that must be combated by true
Holocaust historians.
Five Chimney's - Two Liars? (by J. Belling, published through The Website of
Carlos Whitlock Porter)
Belling seeks to discredit both, and at the very least one, account(s) of Irma
Grese's abortion performed at Auschwitz by Dr. Perl. By comparing the specifics
of the testimonies presented by Dr. Perl and Olga Lengyel (author of Five
Chimneys), a nurse serving with Dr. Perl, Belling compares minute details of the
conversations that occurred prior to, during, and following Grese's abortion
procedure. After each section, Belling comments repeatedly that slight the
slight differences in their recounting makes one woman, if not both women, (a)
liar(s).54 In doing so, Belling attempts to use minute differences in the personal
memories of two victims of extremely traumatic events basis for destroying
their moral dignity.
Abortion turned out to be a thriving business for Gisella Perl, the author of "I
was a Doctor in Auschwitz." According to various accounts authored by
former inmates of Auschwitz, Perl was the envy of her former associates, due to
her leading role in aborting Jewish infants in Auschwitz, thus assisting the Nazis
in their attempted genocide of Jewish children - for a profit.
In order to maintain a standard of living higher than the average inmate in
Birkenau, Perl devoted her energies to performing abortions on women who
became pregnant after sordid trysts in the latrine - a service for which the
abortionist lived in rather luxurious style while at the camp, and for which she
was paid rather handsomely in food and material goods .55
Irma Grese
Belling follows his character analysis (itself filled with inaccuracies and
completely insupportable by historical records) with a large excerpt from Olga
Lengyel's book Five Chimneys: The Story of Auschwitz. The account relates
Lengyel's memories of a camp doctor (Dr. "G") who Belling assumes is Dr.
Gisella Perl. Once the original source is examined and compared with an
account of the abortion Dr. Perl was forced to perform on Dr. Grese, the reader
finds that there is nothing to tie the name "Dr. G" to Dr. Perl (she is instead
referred to as "one of my best friends"). Further, at the beginning of chapter
18, "Our Private Lives", in which Belling pulls his quote, Lengyel states that "Dr.
G" was from Transylvania, while Dr. Perl came from Hungary.56
After an examination of the remainder of the Website Belling has published the
above article on, it becomes clear that the site is dedicated in tribute to Irma
Grese, a "victim of lies."57 He refers to her double conviction (for the "illtreatment of certain such persons, causing the deaths"58) and subsequent
hanging following the conclusion of the Belsen war crime trials as "a German
girl's heroic death."59
Irma Grese: Victim of Lies - Part IV (by J. Belling, published through The Website
of Carlos Whitlock Porter)
Perl, who "lived in high style while at the camp, devoting her energies to
performing abortions on women who became pregnant after sordid trysts in the
latrine, a service for which the abortioness was paid rather handsomely in food
and goods."60
Belling continues to note more horrific accusations made against Grese while
she was on trials, before returning to his slander against Dr. Perl, during which
he says, "Perl is one of the most notorious fabricators and liars to ever have
soiled the pages of a book with trash." Concluding this section, Belling notes
that " if anyone seriously believes the above, I suggest that they go for
psychiatric counseling immediately. In fact, these sci-fi Tales from the Crypt are
quite representative of the tripe which was bandied about during the
immediate post-war years."61
Notes
1.Brozan, Nadine. "Out of Death, A Zest for Life." The New York Times [New
York] 15 Nov. 1982, sec. Health. The New York Times. 24 Feb. 2009
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?
sec=health&res=9901EFDE1539F936A25752C1A964948260.
3.Brozan, Nadine. "Out of Death, A Zest for Life." The New York Times [New
York] 15 Nov. 1982, sec. Health. The New York Times. 24 Feb. 2009
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?
sec=health&res=9901EFDE1539F936A25752C1A964948260.
6.Dwork, Deborah, and Robert Jan van Pelt. Auschwitz: 1270 to the Present. 1st
ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1996.
8.Gutman, Yisrael, Michael Berenbaum, and Yehuda Bauer, eds. Anatomy of the
Auschwitz Death Camp. New York: Indiana University, Folklore Institute, 1998.
10.Brozan, Nadine. "Out of Death, A Zest for Life." The New York Times [New
York] 15 Nov. 1982, sec. Health. The New York Times. 24 Feb. 2009
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?
sec=health&res=9901EFDE1539F936A25752C1A964948260.
12."Angel of Auschwitz Dies at 88." The Jerusalem Post 30 Nov. 1988: 2. The
Jerusalem Post Archives. 30 Nov. 1988. The Jerusalem Post. 25 Feb. 2009
http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/results.html?QryTxt=gisella%20perl
13."Angel of Auschwitz Dies at 88." The Jerusalem Post 30 Nov. 1988: 2. The
Jerusalem Post Archives. 30 Nov. 1988. The Jerusalem Post. 25 Feb. 2009
http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/results.html?QryTxt=gisella%20perl
14."Angel of Auschwitz Dies at 88." The Jerusalem Post 30 Nov. 1988: 2. The
Jerusalem Post Archives. 30 Nov. 1988. The Jerusalem Post. 25 Feb. 2009
http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/results.html?QryTxt=gisella%20perl
15.Pogrebin, Robin. "Entering the Gray Areas of Survivalist Mentality." The New
York Times 13 Apr. 2003, Cover Page sec. NYTimes.com. The New York Times.
28 Feb. 2009 http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?
res=9503E0DA1238F930A25757C0A9659C8B63&scp=6&sq=gisella
%20perl&st=cse
16."Angel of Auschwitz Dies at 88." The Jerusalem Post 30 Nov. 1988: 2. The
Jerusalem Post Archives. 30 Nov. 1988. The Jerusalem Post. 25 Feb. 2009
http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/results.html?QryTxt=gisella%20perl
19.Brozan, Nadine. "Out of Death, A Zest for Life." The New York Times [New
York] 15 Nov. 1982, sec. Health. The New York Times. 24 Feb. 2009
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?
sec=health&res=9901EFDE1539F936A25752C1A964948260.
20."Angel of Auschwitz Dies at 88." The Jerusalem Post 30 Nov. 1988: 2. The
Jerusalem Post Archives. 30 Nov. 1988. The Jerusalem Post. 25 Feb. 2009
http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/results.html?QryTxt=gisella%20perl
23.Cohen, Judy. "Childbirth And Sadistic Irony." Lessons Learned From Gentle
Heroism: Women's Holocaust Narratives. 25 Feb. 2009
http://www.theverylongview.com/WATH/essays/lessons3.htm.
29."Dr. Perl, Nazi Victim, Gets U.S. Residence." The New York Times 13 Mar.
1948: 7. NYTimes.com. The New York Times. 28 Feb. 2009
http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?
res=FA0E1FFF395A157B93C1A81788D85F4C8485F9&scp=4&sq=gisella
%20perl&st=cse.
31."Dr. Perl, Nazi Victim, Gets U.S. Residence." The New York Times 13 Mar.
1948: 7. NYTimes.com. The New York Times. 28 Feb. 2009
http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?
res=FA0E1FFF395A157B93C1A81788D85F4C8485F9&scp=4&sq=gisella
%20perl&st=cse.
32.Dr. Perl resided at 1295 Madison Avenue in New York City, New York. "Dr.
Perl, Nazi Victim, Gets U.S. Residence." The New York Times 13 Mar. 1948: 7.
NYTimes.com. The New York Times. 28 Feb. 2009
http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?
res=FA0E1FFF395A157B93C1A81788D85F4C8485F9&scp=4&sq=gisella
%20perl&st=cse.
33."Dr. Perl, Nazi Victim, Gets U.S. Residence." The New York Times 13 Mar.
1948: 7. NYTimes.com. The New York Times. 28 Feb. 2009
http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?
res=FA0E1FFF395A157B93C1A81788D85F4C8485F9&scp=4&sq=gisella
%20perl&st=cse.
34."Dr. Perl, Nazi Victim, Gets U.S. Residence." The New York Times 13 Mar.
1948: 7. NYTimes.com. The New York Times. 28 Feb. 2009
http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?
res=FA0E1FFF395A157B93C1A81788D85F4C8485F9&scp=4&sq=gisella
%20perl&st=cse.
35.Magus, Marcia. "Dr. Gisella Perl." The Jerusalem Post Archives 12 Aug. 1996.
The Jerusalem Post. 25 Feb. 2009
http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/results.html?QryTxt=gisella%20perl
36.Pogrebin, Robin. "Entering the Gray Areas of Survivalist Mentality." The New
York Times 13 Apr. 2003, Cover Page sec. NYTimes.com. The New York Times.
28 Feb. 2009 http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?
res=9503E0DA1238F930A25757C0A9659C8B63&scp=6&sq=gisella
%20perl&st=cse
37."Angel of Auschwitz Dies at 88." The Jerusalem Post 30 Nov. 1988: 2. The
Jerusalem Post Archives. 30 Nov. 1988. The Jerusalem Post. 25 Feb. 2009
http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/results.html?QryTxt=gisella%20perl
38."Angel of Auschwitz Dies at 88." The Jerusalem Post 30 Nov. 1988: 2. The
Jerusalem Post Archives. 30 Nov. 1988. The Jerusalem Post. 25 Feb. 2009
http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/results.html?QryTxt=gisella%20perl
39."Angel of Auschwitz Dies at 88." The Jerusalem Post 30 Nov. 1988: 2. The
Jerusalem Post Archives. 30 Nov. 1988. The Jerusalem Post. 25 Feb. 2009
http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/results.html?QryTxt=gisella%20perl
40."Angel of Auschwitz Dies at 88." The Jerusalem Post 30 Nov. 1988: 2. The
Jerusalem Post Archives. 30 Nov. 1988. The Jerusalem Post. 25 Feb. 2009
http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/results.html?QryTxt=gisella%20perl
41.Brozan, Nadine. "Out of Death, A Zest for Life." The New York Times [New
York] 15 Nov. 1982, sec. Health. The New York Times. 24 Feb. 2009
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?
sec=health&res=9901EFDE1539F936A25752C1A964948260.
43."Angel of Auschwitz Dies at 88." The Jerusalem Post 30 Nov. 1988: 2. The
Jerusalem Post Archives. 30 Nov. 1988. The Jerusalem Post. 25 Feb. 2009
http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/results.html?QryTxt=gisella%20perl
44."Angel of Auschwitz Dies at 88." The Jerusalem Post 30 Nov. 1988: 2. The
Jerusalem Post Archives. 30 Nov. 1988. The Jerusalem Post. 25 Feb. 2009
http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/results.html?QryTxt=gisella%20perl
45.Out of the Ashes. Dir. Joseph Sargent. Perf. Christine Lahti, Bruce Davidson,
Beau Bridges. DVD. Showtime Ent., 2003.
46.Magus, Marcia. "Dr. Gisella Perl." The Jerusalem Post Archives 12 Aug. 1996.
The Jerusalem Post. 25 Feb. 2009
http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/results.html?QryTxt=gisella%20perl
47.Pogrebin, Robin. "Entering the Gray Areas of Survivalist Mentality." The New
York Times 13 Apr. 2003, Cover Page sec. NYTimes.com. The New York Times.
28 Feb. 2009 http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?
res=9503E0DA1238F930A25757C0A9659C8B63&scp=6&sq=gisella
%20perl&st=cse
48.Pogrebin, Robin. "Entering the Gray Areas of Survivalist Mentality." The New
York Times 13 Apr. 2003, Cover Page sec. NYTimes.com. The New York Times.
28 Feb. 2009 http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?
res=9503E0DA1238F930A25757C0A9659C8B63&scp=6&sq=gisella
%20perl&st=cse
49.Pogrebin, Robin. "Entering the Gray Areas of Survivalist Mentality." The New
York Times 13 Apr. 2003, Cover Page sec. NYTimes.com. The New York Times.
28 Feb. 2009 http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?
res=9503E0DA1238F930A25757C0A9659C8B63&scp=6&sq=gisella
%20perl&st=cse
50.Pogrebin, Robin. "Entering the Gray Areas of Survivalist Mentality." The New
York Times 13 Apr. 2003, Cover Page sec. NYTimes.com. The New York Times.
28 Feb. 2009 http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?
res=9503E0DA1238F930A25757C0A9659C8B63&scp=6&sq=gisella
%20perl&st=cse
51.Friedman, Josh. "A Jewish doctor's courage and caring in Auschwitz." Los
Angeles Times [Los Angeles] 12 Apr. 2003, sec. Entertainment: 23-23. Los
Angeles Times. 12 Apr. 2003. 25 Feb. 2009
http://articles.latimes.com/2003/apr/12/entertainment/et-friedman12
52.Cohen, Leon. "CJL to present first Holocaust film series." The Wisconsin
Jewish Chronicle 29 Aug. 2003. 4 Mar. 2009
http://www.jewishchronicle.org/article.php?article_id=2579>
53.Blumenthal, David R. Facing the Abusing God: A Theology of Protest. 1st ed.
Westminster John Knoz P, 1993
58.Phillips, Raymond, ed. Trial of Josef Kramer and Forty-Four Others (The
Belsen Trial). Vol. 2. Edinburgh: T. and A. Constable Ltd., 1949
60.Belling, J. "Irma Grese, Victim of Lies (Part IV)." The Website of Carlos
Whitlock Porter. 4 Mar. 2009 http://www.cwporter.com/grese4.htm
61.Belling, J. "Irma Grese, Victim of Lies (Part IV)." The Website of Carlos
Whitlock Porter. 4 Mar. 2009 http://www.cwporter.com/grese4.htm
Photo Credits
Works Cited
"Angel of Auschwitz Dies at 88". The Jerusalem Post 30 Nov. 1988: 2. The
Jerusalem Post Archives. 30 Nov. 1988. The Jerusalem Post. 25 Feb. 2009
http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/results.html?QryTxt=gisella%20perl
Belling, J. "Five Chimney's - Two Liars?" The Website of Carlos Whitlock Porter.
25 Feb. 2009 http://www.cwporter.com/fivech.htm.
Belling, J. "Irma Grese, Victim of Lies (Part IV)." The Website of Carlos Whitlock
Porter. 4 Mar. 2009 http://www.cwporter.com/grese4.htm
Blumenthal, David R. Facing the Abusing God: A Theology of Protest. 1st ed.
Westminster John Knoz P, 1993.
Brozan, Nadine. "Out of Death, A Zest for Life." The New York Times [New York]
15 Nov. 1982, sec. Health. The New York Times. 24 Feb. 2009
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?
sec=health&res=9901EFDE1539F936A25752C1A964948260
Cohen, Judy. "Childbirth And Sadistic Irony." Lessons Learned From Gentle
Heroism: Women's Holocaust Narratives. 25 Feb. 2009
http://www.theverylongview.com/WATH/essays/lessons3.htm
"Dr. Perl, Nazi Victim, Gets U.S. Residence." The New York Times 13 Mar. 1948:
7. NYTimes.com. The New York Times. 28 Feb. 2009
http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?
res=FA0E1FFF395A157B93C1A81788D85F4C8485F9&scp=4&sq=gisella
%20perl&st=cse
Dwork, Deborah, and Robert Jan van Pelt. Auschwitz: 1270 to the Present. 1st
ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1996.
Friedman, Josh. "A Jewish doctor's courage and caring in Auschwitz." Los
Angeles Times [Los Angeles] 12 Apr. 2003, sec. Entertainment: 23-23. Los
Angeles Times. 12 Apr. 2003. 25 Feb. 2009
http://articles.latimes.com/2003/apr/12/entertainment/et-friedman12
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La unidad japonesa 731 (sgm.caspocidad.com
finales de 1932 bajo el nombre de Unidad de Kamo o Unidad de Togo. Ishii fue
promovido a coronel y recibi un presupuesto de 200.000 yens.
Algunos de los experimentos llevados a cabo all incluan inyectar a los sujetos
con bacteria causantes de la peste bubnica producidas en moscas infectadas,
para luego registrar la evolucin de la enfermedad e incluso disecarlos en
estado consciente.
Los japoneses no dejaron nada sin probar: hongos, fiebre amarilla, tularemia,
hepatitis, gangrena gaseosa, ttano, clera, disentera, fiebre escarlata, ntrax,
muermo, encefalitis de las garrapatas, fiebre hemorrgica, difteria, neumona,
meningitis cerebroespinal, enfermedades venreas, peste bubnica, tifus,
tuberculosis y otras endmicas de China y Manchuria. Realizaron pruebas con
cianuro, arsnico, herona, con veneno de serpientes y de pez erizo. En este
programa murieron ms de 10.000 personas.